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X PPPVN > Temperature, Pulse, Respiration and Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Temperature, Pulse, Respiration and Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

Why should temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure be monitored?

A

to pick up any abnormal readings

helps to identify any trends or changes which could lead to interventions

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2
Q

What are the normal temperature ranges for a dog?

A

38.3 - 39.2 C

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3
Q

What are normal temperature ranges for a cat?

A

38.2 - 38.6 C

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4
Q

What are normal temperature ranges for a horse?

A

38 - 38.2 C

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5
Q

What are the 6 types of thermometer?

A 
digital
mercury
biotherm
oesphegeal
rectal
aural
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6
Q

What must you ensure happens before a mercury thermometer is used?

A

mercury is shaken down to the end

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7
Q

What is an issue with mercury thermometers?

A

easily broken, presents health and safety issue to staff and patient

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8
Q

Why is a digital thermometer preferable to a mercury one?

A

safer, quicker, more pleasant for patient and easier to read

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9
Q

What is a biotherm thermometer?

A

thermometer inserted into microchip and placed at the time of micro-chipping patient. Placed in the scruff.
patient is scanned for chip with biotherm scanner and temperature shown at the same time

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10
Q

Why should you take a patients temperature?

A

determine the presence of abnormailities

guide as to patients health status

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11
Q

Which patients should have their temperatures monitored?

A

all

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12
Q

what is pyrexia?

A

increase in body temperature due to fever

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13
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

low body temperature

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14
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A

raised body temperature due to environmental factors

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15
Q

What is the proper procedure for restraint of patient for temperature and pulse recording?

A

arm under patients neck, hold head close to your chest
other arm under patients abdomen to lift into standing position
hold patients body close to your chest
do not allow to sit down

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16
Q

Describe how to take a rectal temperature

A

have a colleague restrain the patient correctly
if using a mercury thermometer shake down mercury or if using a digital thermometer turn it on
lubricate the thermometer
insert the thermometer into the rectum with a twisting motion
with thermometer flat, push it towards the dorsal aspect of the rectum to avoid being in faeces
hold thermometer in place for 30 secs to 1 minute (digital thermometer will usually beep when finished)
gently remove and wipe with cotton wool
hold the thermometer horizontal and read off figure
record figure on patient records
clean and disinfect end of thermometer
shake down mercury or reset digital thermometer
replace thermometer in storage location

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17
Q

Which patients should thermometers never be shared between even with disinfecting inbetween?

A

infectious

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18
Q

What is the problem with single use thermometer covers?

A

may reduce accuracy of reading

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19
Q

What are the potential causes of hyperthermia?

A

infection, heatstroke, convulsions, pain, excitement, clinical conditions, diseases

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20
Q

What are potential causes of hypothermia?

A

shock, circulatory collapse, impending parturition, general anesthesia

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21
Q

What is diphasic temperature?

A

fluctuating or spiking

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22
Q

What is pulse the overall evaluation of?

A

efficiency and condition of animals cardiovascular system

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23
Q

What is pulse the basic measurement of?

A

the heart rate

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24
Q

How can pulse be detected?

A

use a stethoscope to auscultate the thorax or palpate pulsations in the artery

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25
Q

What does a pulse correspond to?

A

expansion of an artery, corresponds with contraction of left ventricle of the heart as it pumps blood into the aorta and around the body

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26
Q

What is the normal pulse rate of a dog?

A

70 - 140 bpm

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27
Q

What is the normal pulse are of a cat?

A

100 - 200 bpm

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28
Q

What is the normal pulse rate of a horse?

A

32 - 44 bpm

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29
Q

Why is there such large variation in pulse rates within species?

A

larger animals will have slower pulse rates

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30
Q

Where can a central pulse be felt?

A

the femoral artery

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31
Q

what are the 3 types of peripheral pulses?

A

digital, tarsal and lingual

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32
Q

Where can the femoral pulse be found on an animal?

A

medial aspect of the femur

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33
Q

Where can the digital pulse be found?

A

palmar aspect of carpus

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34
Q

where can the tarsal pulse be found?

A

medial aspect of tarsus

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35
Q

where can the lingual pulse be found?

A

ventral aspect of the tongue

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36
Q

when should the lingual pulse only be used?

A

during anesthesia

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37
Q

what are peripheral pulses useful for?

A

early indication of peripheral shutdown

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38
Q

describe the process of taking a patients pulse

A 
ask colleague to restrain patient
locate artery of choice with fingers
count pulsations for 15 seconds and times by 4 or count for one minute
record on patients notes
take note of pulse character and quality
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39
Q

what is sinus arrhythmia?

A

normal variation in rate, pulse increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration

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40
Q

what do weak pulses indicate?

A

reduced circulating blood volume or shock

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41
Q

what do strong and jerky pulses indicate?

A

reduced circulatory volume or other cardiac abnormalities but there is a temporary compensatory mechanism in place

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42
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

increased heart and pulse rates

43
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

decreased heart and pulse rates

44
Q

what causes tachycardia?

A

excitement, exercise, pain, fear, shock, pyrexia, hypoxia

45
Q

what causes bradycardia?

A

unconsciousness, anesthesia, debilitating disease and sleep

46
Q

What is important to ensure when taking a patients heart pate with a stethoscope?

A

that the patient is as relaxed as possible and stress is reduced

47
Q

Describe how to take a heart rate with a stethoscope

A

patient is restrained in a standing position
place stethoscope head on lower left chest between 3rd and 6th ribs
listen to rhythm of heart and count heart beats for 15 seconds and multiply by 4
record heart rate on patient records

48
Q

How can you use the patients forelimb to show the correct position for the stethoscope on the chest?

A

correct position will be under the point of the elbow when the leg is flexed

49
Q

What does a pulseoximiter measure?

A

pulse rate and oxygen saturation

50
Q

How does a pulseoximiter work?

A

sensors are placed on skin or mucous membranes
light is emitted from pulseoximiter and passes through blood in tissues
the sensor measures changes in light absorption of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood

51
Q

Why would a pulseoximiter not be suitable for a patient with severe circulatory failure?

A

requires peripheral circulation in order to work

52
Q

Where may you see a pulseoximiter placed during surgery?

A

the tongue

53
Q

Why may a pulseoximiter not be reliable in animal patients?

A

pigmented skin or mucous membranes and fur can interfere

54
Q

under what circumstances may you use an oesphegeal stethoscope?

A

when the patient is under anesthetic

55
Q

describe how to use an oesphegeal stethoscope

A

pre-measure approximate length for insertion by laying tube alongside the mouth neck and chest
note the length from level of canine teeth to point of the olecranon
with stethoscope earpieces in ears advance the oesphegeal stethoscope into the oesphegus
when you hear heart rate stop advancing
do not advance further than your measured area
tape in place to avoid movement

56
Q

how is the rhythm and rate of respiration assessed?

A

watching the chest moving up and down or placing your hands on either side of the chest or by auscultating the chest

57
Q

When is respiration best assessed?

A

when the patient is at rest and relaxed

58
Q

what should be counted when assessing respiration?

A

either inspiration or expiration

59
Q

What should be recorded alongside respiration rate on the patients record?

A

effort

60
Q

How should respiration be calculated?

A

count breaths for 15 seconds and multiply by 4 or count for 1 minute

61
Q

what is dysponea?

A

difficulty breathing

62
Q

what could cause inspiratory dysponea?

A

obstruction or narrowing of trachea

63
Q

what could cause expiratory dysponea?

A

bronchitis or pleural effusions

64
Q

what can cause mixed dysponea?

A

pneumonia, pneumothorax, hydrothorax, pyothorax (pleural effusion)

65
Q

what is orthoponea?

A

patient changes position to assist with respiration

66
Q

what is stridor?

A

breathing associated with a shrill, harsh inspiratory sound

67
Q

what is stertor?

A

snoring

68
Q

What is paradoxical breathing?

A

abnormal respiratory pattern in which the diaphragm moves upwards during inspiration and downwards during expiration

69
Q

What is a wheeze?

A

high pitched whistling sound usually on exhalation

70
Q

what happens to mucous membranes if the patient is cyanotic?

A

turn blue

71
Q

what is rhoncus?

A

horse rattling sound when breathing

72
Q

what is flail chest?

A

occurs when segment of the rib cage breaks due to trauma and becomes detached form the rest of the chest wall. The damaged area moves slightly on inspiration and expiration

73
Q

what is abdominal respiration?

A

the abdomen moves up and down during respiration

74
Q

What is tachypnoea?

A

increased respiration rate

75
Q

What can cause tachypnoea?

A

heat, exercise, pain, poisons, excitement

76
Q

what is bradypnoea?

A

decreased respiration rate

77
Q

what can cause bradypnoea?

A

poisons (narcotic or hypnotic), sleep, anesthesia

78
Q

what are cheyne stokes?

A

respiratory pattern that occurs shortly before death (either natural or PTS) characterised by deep and shallow breathing

79
Q

what is apnoea?

A

cessation of breathing

80
Q

what does blood pressure provide information about?

A

cardiovascular function and an indirect measurement of cardiac output and tissue blood flow

81
Q

what is the equation that can be used to work out blood pressure?

A

blood pressure=cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

82
Q

what effect would vasoconstriction have on BP?

A

increased blood pressure as more resistance

83
Q

what effect would vasodilation have on BP?

A

decreased blood pressure as less resistance

84
Q

what is total peripheral resistance?

A

blood pressure created by systemic vasculature

85
Q

what is systolic blood pressure?

A

peak pressure in arteries when ventricles are contracting

86
Q

what is diastolic blood pressure?

A

minimum pressure in arteries when ventricles have filled with blood

87
Q

what is mean blood pressure?

A

average arterial blood pressure during cardiac cycle

88
Q

What does systolic blood pressure give information about?

A

peripheral vascular resistance, stroke volume and intravascular volume

89
Q

what does diastolic blood pressure show?

A

peripheral vascular resistance

90
Q

what does mean blood pressure give information about?

A

tissue perfusion

91
Q

when measuring blood pressure what needs to be considered relating to the method of measuring BP?

A

direct or indirect

invasive or non-invasive

92
Q

What are normal blood pressure values for a dog?

A

systolic: 131 - 154 mmHg
diastolic: 75 mmHg

93
Q

what are normal blood pressure values for a cat?

A

systolic: 115 - 162 mmHg
diastolic: 83 mmHg

94
Q

What are the 3 main methods for blood pressure measurement?

A

direct arterial blood pressure
indirect arterial blood pressure (oscillometric technique)
indirect arterial blood pressure (Doppler technique)

95
Q

How does direct arterial blood pressure measure blood pressure?

A

Electronic transducer converts signal into waveform and blood pressure. The transducer must be placed at the level of the right atrium and zeroed relative to atmospheric air before use

96
Q

What is the advantage of direct arterial blood pressure?

A

Gold standard method
Most accurate
Gives a beat-to-beat assessment
Useful for assessing the cardiovascular consequences of cardiac arrythmia

97
Q

what are the disadvantages of direct arterial blood pressure?

A

Technically demanding
Requires placement of an arterial catheter (usually in dorsal pedal artery)
Failure to place catheter correctly can result in haematoma
Risk of sepsis or infection if the catheter is not placed aseptically.

98
Q

how does indirect blood pressure (oscillometric technique) measure blood pressure?

A

Same principle as doppler technique but the cuff is automatically inflated and deflated by a machine.
The presence of pulsatile changes within the cuff signals blood pressure

99
Q

what are the advantages of indirect blood pressure (oscillometric technique)?

A

Non-invasive
Simple to use
Automated (can be set to monitor blood pressure every 3-5 mins)
Systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures are measured and calculated

100
Q

what are the disadvantages of indirect blood pressure (oscillometric technique)?

A

Less accurate than Doppler in small patients
Difficult to know if the measurement is accurate because the process is automated
Selection of cuff size/width important (approx. 40% circumference of limb)-too large and reading will be artificially lowered too small and reading will be artificially raised

101
Q

how does indirect blood pressure (Doppler technique) measure blood pressure?

A

Cuff is placed around the distal limb or tail and inflated manually to stop blood flow. Pressure in the cuff is released until the blood flow can be detected by the Doppler probe that is positioned over the peripheral artery. Systolic blood pressure is read from a pressure manometer that measures the pressure in the cuff.

102
Q

what are the advantages of indirect blood pressure (Doppler technique)?

A

Non-invasive
More accurate than oscillometric technique in smaller patients
Useful for monitoring blood flow in other situations (e.g. CPR)

103
Q

What are the disadvantages of indirect blood pressure (Doppler technique)?

A

Less accurate than direct measurement
Does not give a continuous reading
Must be measured manually
Most accurate measurement taken by this method is systolic pressure, diastolic pressure is not reliable.
Selection of cuff size/width important (approx. 40% circumference of limb)-too large and reading will be artificially lowered too small and reading will be artificially raised

X PPPVN (27 decks)

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