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X PPPVN > Small Animals > Flashcards

Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

what is the average lifespan of a domestic rabbit?

A

8-12 years

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2
Q

what type of diet do rabbits eat?

A

herbivores

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3
Q

what should the majority of a rabbits diet be made up of?

A

grass (grazing or hay)

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4
Q

what food should you avoid feeding to a rabbit?

A 
dark greens (bladder stones)
fruit (fermentation can cause GI upset)
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5
Q

what is the maximum amount of pellets a rabbit should receive per day?

A

25g/kg - any more will reduce hay/grass intake causing GI upset

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6
Q

why are pellet better for rabbits than muesli?

A

they are selective feeders

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7
Q

what is the appropriate size of a rabbit enclosure?

A

3 hops and stand up within the hutch - with run area

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8
Q

what can rabbits be bedded on?

A

newspaper, straw and shavings

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9
Q

are rabbits sensitive to heat?

A

yes

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10
Q

should rabbits be housed alone?

A

no - in pairs or groups as they are social animals

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11
Q

what type of ovulators are rabbits?

A

induced ovulators

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12
Q

what is rabbit oestrus stimulated by?

A

presence of male

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13
Q

what is the average gestation of rabbits?

A

30-32 days

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14
Q

what is the average litter size for rabbits?

A

2-12

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15
Q

what is a key consideration if hand rearing rabbits?

A

mum will leave offspring in the day so they are only fed 2x a day

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16
Q

how can you determine a rabbit is female?

A

vulva present with slit of vagina visible

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17
Q

how can you determine if a rabbit is male?

A

testis obvious in male

penis visible if gentle downwards pressure applied above penile shaft

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18
Q

how can young rabbits be sexed?

A

male- tubular structure with open circle of tissue at tip

female - obvious slit showing vaginal opening

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19
Q

what are the key handling points for rabbits?

A

tuck into your body
keep paws on a surface as much as possible
ensure a curve remains in the back at all times
a hand placed on the rabbits back can prevent jumping

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20
Q

what is the lifespan of guinea pigs?

A

5-6 years

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21
Q

what part of guinea pig lifestyle makes them such good childrens pets?

A

not nocturnal

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22
Q

what type of diet do guinea pigs eat?

A

herbivores

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23
Q

what is essential about storage of guinea pig pellets?

A

appropriate to ensure vitamin C remains activated

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24
Q

what additional food can guinea pigs have each day?

A

leafy green salad

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25
Q

what vitamin must guinea pigs have supplemented?

A

C

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26
Q

do guinea pigs tolerate heat or cold?

A

no - require between 15 and 26 degrees

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27
Q

what size hutch should a guinea pig have?

A

3ft by 5ft with room to stand on hind legs

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28
Q

why must the bottom of a guinea pig cage be solid?

A

wires can cause foot problems

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29
Q

what should guinea pigs be bedded on?

A

recycled paper - shavings contain respiratory irritants

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30
Q

should guinea pigs be housed together?

A

yes - very social animals. Can be mixed groups if neutering has occurred

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31
Q

at what age should guinea pigs not become pregnant?

A

past 1 year old as their pelvis has fused and death of mother and babies during birth is likely

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32
Q

what sort of oestrus cycle do guinea pigs have?

A

polyoestrus

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33
Q

what size litter do guinea pigs normally have?

A

2-6

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34
Q

what is the gestation period for guinea pigs?

A

60-72 days

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35
Q

how can you determine the sex of a male guinea pig?

A

slit with a circle of folded tissue on top - pressure on cranial/lateral aspect of slit will cause penis to appear

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36
Q

how can you determine the sex of a female guinea pig?

A

distinct Y formation

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37
Q

what is an average chinchilla lifespan?

A

10-12 years

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38
Q

what diet do chinchillas eat?

A

herbivores

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39
Q

what housing do chinchillas require?

A

tall, roomy cage

multiple levels

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40
Q

how often should chinchilla bedding be changed?

A

weekly (more if there are multiple animals in one cage)

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41
Q

do chinchillas require baths?

A

dust baths - keep skin healthy, 2-3 times per week

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42
Q

what are chinchillas social needs?

A

neutered animals can live together

need plenty of human interaction if housed alone

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43
Q

are female chinchillas commonly neutered?

A

no - usually males

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44
Q

what is essential about chinchilla handling?

A

it is done gently as large patches of fur can come off incorrectly handled

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45
Q

what health issues are chinchillas predisposed to?

A

dental, heart and respiratory diseases

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46
Q

what should small rodents be fed with?

A

pelleted diet as they are selective feeders

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47
Q

what should small rodents be housed in?

A

roomy wire cage with solid bottom (except gerbils)

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48
Q

what sort of bedding should be avoided for small rodents?

A

dusty material

49
Q

what is key about handling newborn small rodents?

A

they are born deaf and blind - unable to regulate temperature so care must be taken if removing from the nest

50
Q

how can small rodents be sexed?

A

anogenital distance - much longer in males than in females

51
Q

what is the lifespan of rats?

A

2-3 years

52
Q

what sorts of diet do rats eat?

A

they are opportunistic omnivores

53
Q

what should rats be bedded on?

A

paper

54
Q

why should scented/dusty bedding be avoided for rats?

A

rats are predisposed to eye and respiratory problems

55
Q

can rats be housed in groups?

A

yes - if neutered

56
Q

what is the average litter size of rats?

A

6-12

57
Q

what is the gestation of rats?

A

20-22 days

58
Q

when do testes descend in rats?

A

6 weeks

59
Q

what are common diseases seen in rats?

A

respiratory disease
pneumonia
mammary tumors (prevented by neutering)

60
Q

what is the lifespan of mice?

A

2 years

61
Q

what is the gestation of mice?

A

19-21 days

62
Q

what is the average litter size of mice?

A

5-10

63
Q

what small mammals are nocturnal?

A

chinchillas

hamsters

64
Q

how should hamsters be sexed?

A

cup hamster and turn over to expose genitals - anogenital distance is virtually non-existent in the female

65
Q

what is the gestation of hamsters?

A

19-22 days

66
Q

what is the litter size of hamsters?

A

6-7

67
Q

what is the lifespan of gerbils?

A

4 years

68
Q

where should gerbils be housed?

A

gerbilarium - tank with ventilated roof

sand bath provided

69
Q

what groups should breeding gerbils be kept in?

A

threes

70
Q

how can gerbils be sexed?

A

male with have a dark scrotal sac

71
Q

when is sexing of gerbils usually done?

A

after weaning to reduce stress

72
Q

what can happen if gerbils are not correctly handled?

A

degloving of tail

convulsions

73
Q

what is the lifespan of ferrets?

A

6-7 years

74
Q

what sort of diets should ferrets eat?

A

carnivorous

75
Q

what sort of ovulators are ferrets?

A

induced

76
Q

when will ferrets season end?

A

when mated

77
Q

what is the gestation of ferrets?

A

42 days

78
Q

what happens to jill ferrets if not mated once per season?

A

at risk of bone marrow toxicity and fatal anaemia

79
Q

how can risks of not mating ferrets be managed?

A 
mating
use of vasectomised male
progesterone injections
neutering
implant to prevent season
80
Q

what are the risks associated with neutering ferrets?

A

adrenal disease as gonads regulate adrenal function

81
Q

how can a ferrets sex be determined?

A

anogenital distance is large in males

testes are obvious during season

82
Q

how do reptiles control their body temperature?

A

ectothermic - use environment

83
Q

what is required by many reptiles?

A

UVB

84
Q

why do reptiles require UVB?

A

vitamin D synthesis

85
Q

how close must the animal be able to get to their light bulb?

A

15cm

86
Q

when should the UVB light be turned off?

A

night times and to reflect photo-period at different times of year

87
Q

what does POTZ stand for?

A

preferred optimal temperature zone

88
Q

what is POTZ?

A

a range of temperatures for each animal which normal physiological processes occur - affects metabolic processes

89
Q

how can humidity be provided for species which need it?

A

bowl of water for them to sit in or spraying with water

90
Q

what is essential about a reptilian environment?

A

temperature gradient

heat bulbs - turned off at night to replicate photoperiod (night lamp required)

91
Q

where can a microchip be placed in lizards?

A

> 12.5cm in length - SQ in left inguinal region

<12.5cm in length - intracoelomic

92
Q

what 3 diets will lizards have?

A

herbivores - leafy greens
insectivores - crickets/mealworms
carnivores - rats/mice

93
Q

how can calcium be supplemented in lizards?

A

gut loading of insects to be fed

dusted with supplement before eating

94
Q

what is autotomy?

A

dropping of tail in small lizards when under stress

95
Q

how can lizards be sexed?

A

sexual dimorphism

96
Q

what is the POTZ of bearded dragons?

A

24-32 degrees (with basking spot @ 35-40 degrees)

97
Q

what size should the enclosure for a bearded dragon be?

A

4 times the length of the lizard

98
Q

should bearded dragons be housed individually?

A

yes

99
Q

what is a bearded dragons diet like pre-maturity?

A

omnivorous

100
Q

what can be averted by spaying?

A

reproductive issues

101
Q

what is the POTZ of the leopard gecko?

A

21-30 degrees

102
Q

if a gecko undergoes autotomy what will happen?

A

tail will reform but with cartilage rather than bone

103
Q

do snakes require UV light?

A

no

104
Q

where should a snake be microchipped?

A

SQ on left of neck - twice the length of the head from the tip of the nose

105
Q

what is a suggested night time temperature drop for snakes?

A

2-5 degrees

106
Q

what should snake houses be made from?

A

glass or plastic

107
Q

what size should a snake enclosure be?

A

minimum length of snake across the diagonal

108
Q

what can be provided to aid shedding?

A

shallow container with moss/peat to create high humidity

109
Q

what are snakes diets like?

A

either carnivore or insectivore

110
Q

what prey cannot legally be fed live in the UK?

A

vertebrate

111
Q

what snakes should be handled by 2 people?

A

anything over 1.5m

112
Q

how do most snakes reproduce?

A

oviparous - may even lay if not mated

113
Q

how can snakes be sexed?

A

sexual dimorphism or probing

114
Q

what is the purpose of hibernation?

A

allow animal to cope with food scarcity and reduced temperature in winter

115
Q

what will trigger hibernation?

A

food scarcity and shortening day length

116
Q

what is a usual tortoise diet?

A

obligate herbivores - 85% leafy greens, veg and fruit

117
Q

what can cause renal failure in herbivores?

A

high protein diet

118
Q

what must happen 3-4 week prior to hibernation?

A

starved to prevent food rotting in gut

119
Q

what temperature should tortoises be hibernated at?

A

3-8 degrees

X PPPVN (27 decks)

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