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Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Define nutrition

A

process of providing or obtaining food necessary for health and growth

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2
Q

what are nutrients?

A

components in the diet that have specific functions within the body

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3
Q

what are essential nutrients?

A

those that cannot be synthesised by the body and so must be supplied by the diet

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4
Q

what are nonessential nutrients?

A

those that can be synthesised by the body

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5
Q

give the 6 main nutrient categories

A 
water
protein
carbohydrates
fats
vitamins
minerals
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6
Q

what is the most important nutrient?

A

water

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7
Q

what percentage of body weight is made up of water?

A

60-70%

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8
Q

what is the main component of CSF?

A

water

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9
Q

what is the main function of water in the body?

A

maintains electrolyte concentration in body fluids

provides a medium for chemicals to dissolve into

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10
Q

what should always be readily available to pets?

A

fresh drinking water

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11
Q

what key body function is water involved in?

A

homeostasis

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12
Q

what percentage of body water is located in the ICF?

A

40%

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13
Q

what percentage of body water is located in the ECF?

A

20%

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14
Q

what makes up the ECF?

A

transcellular fluid
plasma
interstitial fluid

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15
Q

what are the main input of water into the body?

A

drinking
food
metabolic water

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16
Q

what is metabolic water?

A

water produced by body during chemical reactions

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17
Q

what are the main outputs of water from the body?

A

urine
faeces
saliva
other (vomit, sweat etc)

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18
Q

what is the normal total fluid loss of an animal?

A

50ml/kg/24 hours

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19
Q

why is it important to be aware of the normal total fluid loss?

A

in order to maintain hydration

when calculating fluid therapy rate

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20
Q

what happens to total fluid loss in a dehydrated animal and what does it depend on?

A

increases - amount depends on deficit the animal has (e.g. vomiting or diarrhoea)

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21
Q

what are amino acids formed of?

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

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22
Q

what are the constituents of proteins?

A

amino acids

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23
Q

what are amino acids bonded by?

A

peptide bonds

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24
Q

what are the functions of protein?

A 
growth
repair
source of nitrogen
energy
metabolism
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25
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

23

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26
Q

how many essential amino acids are there?

A

10

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27
Q

how many essential amino acids do cats need?

A

11

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28
Q

what extra amino acid is essential in cats?

A

taurine

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29
Q

what is an essential amino acid?

A

one which cannot be synthesised by the animal

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30
Q

why should cats not be fed dog feed?

A

will not contain taurine which commercial cat food does

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31
Q

how is taurine produced in dogs?

A

by conversion of methionine or cystine

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32
Q

why do cats require taurine in their diet?

A

cannot convert methionine or cystine quickly enough

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33
Q

where is taurine found?

A

animal protein

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34
Q

what can inadequate levels of taurine cause in cats?

A

blindness and heart problems

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35
Q

why should cats not be fed a vegan or vegetarian diet?

A

taurine comes from animal proteins which would not be found in a vegan or vegetarian diet

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36
Q

where can protein be found?

A

meat
plants
milk/dairy

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37
Q

what is biological value?

A

the proportion of essential amino acids in any protein source and how available they are

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38
Q

what does the quality of protein depend on?

A

number and amount of essential amino acids it contains

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39
Q

what must protein be in order to have high biological value?

A

acceptable/digestible/utilizable

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40
Q

what are excess levels of protein broken down by?

A

liver and kidneys and excreted from the body

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41
Q

in what patients is excess protein particularly harmful?

A

those with compromised hepatic or renal function

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42
Q

when may excess dietary protein be needed?

A

if the patient has a disease process causing increased protein loss

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43
Q

why may protein deficiency occur?

A

low levels of protein in the diet or insufficient levels of one amino acid

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44
Q

what are the signs of protein deficiency?

A

weight loss, poor growth, dull coat, muscle atrophy, oedema.

can lead to death

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45
Q

what are carbohydrates a source of?

A

energy

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46
Q

what do carbohydrates contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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47
Q

where do carbohydrates come from?

A

plant matter

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48
Q

what are the 3 main carbohydrate groups?

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

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49
Q

how can carbohydrates be stored in the body?

A

as fats or as glycogen for future use

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50
Q

what are the issues with carbohydrates?

A

not easily digested
possibility of diarrhoea in older animals
obesity

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51
Q

what are the two types of fibre?

A

insoluble

soluble

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52
Q

where are insoluble fibres found?

A

vegetables and cereal grains

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53
Q

where are soluble fibres found?

A

fruit, vegetables, oats, beans and lentils

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54
Q

what are the functions of fibre?

A

to aid control of faeces and helps to prevent constipation

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55
Q

how are faeces affected by a high fibre diet?

A

softer, increased in bulk and passed more frequently

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56
Q

how does fibre prevent constipation?

A

accelerates the transit time of faeces

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57
Q

how can fibre aid patients with diarrhoea?

A

slows down transit time

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58
Q

how does fibre decrease the calorie density of diet?

A

by making other nutrients less available for absorption

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59
Q

what are the adverse affects of fibre?

A

flatulence and increased faecal output

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60
Q

what are fats carriers for?

A

fat soluble vitamins

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61
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E and K

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62
Q

what are fats a source of?

A

essential fatty acids (EFA)

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63
Q

what are the functions of fats in the body?

A 
increases palatability
major energy source
formation of cell membranes
improves hair/coat condition
controls water loss from skin
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64
Q

what is the most important type of fat in the diet?

A

triglycerides

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65
Q

what are triglycerides made up of?

A

3 fatty acids linked together

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66
Q

how many essential fatty acids are there?

A

3

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67
Q

what are the 3 essential fatty acids?

A

linoleic acid
linolenic acid
arachidonic acid

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68
Q

where is linolenic acid commonly found?

A

vegetable oil

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69
Q

how is linolenic acid produced?

A

synthesised from linoleic acid in dogs and cats so is not needed in their diet

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70
Q

how is arachidonic acid produced in dogs?

A

synthesised from linoleic acid

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71
Q

why do cats need arachidonic acid in their diet?

A

unable to synthesise it like dogs can

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72
Q

what are the 5 main sources of fat?

A 
animal fat oils
vegetable fats
oily fish
red meat
dairy products
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73
Q

what are the effects of fatty acid deficiency?

A

impaired reproductive performance
impaired wound healing
dry coat
dry, scaly skin

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74
Q

where does fatty acid deficiency most commonly occur?

A

in dogs fed a low fat dry dog food
food that has been stored for too long
food stored in hot humid conditions

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75
Q

what does essential fatty acid excess cause?

A

obesity and so obesity related conditions (reduced mobility, ‘yellow fat disease’)

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76
Q

where is essential fatty acid excess common?

A

cats fed a diet high in red meat tuna

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77
Q

what are vitamins?

A

organic molecules required in the body’s metabolic processes

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78
Q

what does a vitamins absence cause?

A

deficiency

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79
Q

why must vitamins form part of the diet?

A

cannot be synthesised

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80
Q

what are vitamins used for within the body?

A

regulation of energy metabolism

involved in numerous biological reactions

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81
Q

are all vitamins essential for all species?

A

no

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82
Q

what are the 2 groups of vitamins

A

water soluble

fat soluble

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83
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B complex vitamins

vitamin C

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84
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

vitamin A
vitamin D
vitamin E
vitamin K

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85
Q

what is the function of vitamin A?

A

vision, bone growth, reproduction and maintenance of epithelial tissue

86
Q

what are the sources of vitamin A?

A

caroteniods, fish oils, milk, liver and egg

87
Q

what can vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

impaired growth, skin disease and reproductive failure

88
Q

what can vitamin A excess cause?

A

skeletal abnormalities

89
Q

what is the function of vitamin D?

A

helps to regulate calcium and phosphate

90
Q

what is the D vitamin with the most nutritional importance in dogs and cats?

A

D3

91
Q

when is vitamin D3 synthesised by the body?

A

when 7-dehydrocholesterol is exposed to light

92
Q

where is 7-dehydrocholesterol found?

A

in the skin

93
Q

where can vitamin D3 be obtained from?

A

the skin or consumption of animal products

94
Q

what are the main sources of vitamin D?

A

liver, fish, egg , sunshine

95
Q

what can vitamin D deficiency cause?

A

rickets, osteomalacia, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

96
Q

what can vitamin D excess cause?

A

hyper calcaemia, bone reabsorption, soft tissue calcification

97
Q

what are the properties of vitamin E?

A

antioxidant

98
Q

what chemically related compounds is vitamin E a group of?

A

tocopherols and tocotrienols

99
Q

what vitamin can the liver store small amounts of?

A

vitamin E

100
Q

what are the main sources of vitamin E?

A

wheat germ, soy, bean oils

101
Q

what can vitamin E deficiency cause?

A

reproductive failure, pancreatitis

102
Q

what can excess vitamin E do?

A

nothing, it is non-toxic

103
Q

what group of compounds is vitamin K a part of?

A

quinones

104
Q

what are the main sources of vitamin K?

A

green leafy plants, some fish and liver

105
Q

where is vitamin K synthesised?

A

large intestine

106
Q

what is the role of vitamin K in the body?

A

active role in the clotting cascade

required for the synthesis of clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10

107
Q

what can vitamin K deficiency cause?

A

increased clotting time/bleeding

108
Q

what can vitamin K excess cause?

A

no known problems

109
Q

what are the 5 main B vitamins?

A 
Thiamin - B1
Riboflavin - B2
Niacin
Cobalamin - B12
Folic acid
110
Q

What is the function of B vitamins?

A

act as co enzymes for specific cellular enzymes that are involved in metabolism and tissue synthesis

111
Q

what are sources of B vitamins?

A

meats, vegetables, eggs, dairy

112
Q

what are signs of B vitamin deficiency?

A

CNS signs, anaemia, weight loss

113
Q

what are signs of B vitamin excess?

A

none as it is non-toxic

114
Q

what is vitamin C also know as?

A

asorbic acid

115
Q

where is vitamin C synthesised from?

A

glucose

116
Q

what is vitamin C destroyed by?

A

oxidative processes

117
Q

why do animals not require vitamin C in their diets?

A

capable of of producing adequate levels of endogenous vitamin C

118
Q

what factors can affect vitamin requirements?

A

growth
reproduction
anorexia
renal failure

119
Q

what are minerals?

A

inorganic elements that are essential for the body’s metabolic processes

120
Q

how many minerals are essential?

A

more than 18

121
Q

what are macro-minerals?

A

those needed in large amounts

122
Q

what are micro-minerals?

A

those needed in smaller amounts

123
Q

what are micro-minerals also known as?

A

trace elements

124
Q

give 8 macro-minerals

A

calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, iron and sulphur

125
Q

give 6 micro-minerals

A

cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc, iodine and selenium

126
Q

what are the general functions of minerals?

A

cell function
nerve function
muscle contraction

127
Q

what does iron assist with?

A

within haemoglobin carries oxygen around the body

128
Q

why can excess of one mineral cause deficiency in another?

A

absorption of minerals is linked together

129
Q

when is the linking of mineral absorption important to remember?

A

when clients are feeding pets a variety of mineral supplements

130
Q

what is a good source of phosphorus?

A

muscle meat

131
Q

what is a good source of calcium?

A

milk

132
Q

what is a good source of micro-minerals?

A

vegetables

133
Q

what is a good source of iron and other macro-nutrients?

A

meat and liver

134
Q

what are calcium and phosphorus used for in the body?

A

skeleton and teeth

135
Q

what are calcium and phosphorus levels controlled by?

A

complicated reactions
parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
vitamin D

136
Q

what is the correct ratio of calcium to phosphorus for growth?

A

1:1

137
Q

what effect does excess of calcium and phosphorus have?

A 
skeletal abnormalities (especially where over supplementation has occurred)
e.g. OCD, canine hip dysplasia
138
Q

what effect does deficiency of calcium and phosphorus have on queens/bitches?

A

eclampsia

139
Q

what is magnesium required for?

A

normal function of heart and skeletal muscle

140
Q

where is magnesium found?

A

bone, grains, fibre

141
Q

what does magnesium deficiency cause?

A

muscle weakness

142
Q

what can magnesium excess cause?

A

FLUTD (feline lower urinary tract disease) and formation of struvite uroliths

143
Q

where are sodium and chloride found in the body?

A

as electrolytes in body water

144
Q

what is the role of sodium and chloride?

A

regulate other body fluids

145
Q

where are sodium and chloride found within food?

A

fish and eggs

146
Q

when does sodium and chloride deficiency occur?

A

in excessive fluid loss (e.g. vomiting or diarrhoea)

147
Q

what does sodium and chloride excess cause?

A

animal to take in more fluid than normal and results in oedema, hypertension and heart/kidney problems

148
Q

where is potassium found?

A

readily in cells throughout the body

149
Q

what is the role of potassium in the body?

A

maintains acid base balance, aids transfer of nerve impulses, aids muscle contraction

150
Q

where is potassium found in food?

A

soya, rice, bran, grains, wheat

151
Q

what is potassium deficiency known as?

A

hypokalaemia

152
Q

what does potassium deficiency cause?

A

anorexia, lethargy, muscle weakness

153
Q

what is potassium excess known as?

A

hyperkalaemia

154
Q

when does potassium excess occur?

A

when potassium excretion is impaired (e.g. during FLUTD)

155
Q

what does hyperkalaemia lead to?

A

bradycardia

156
Q

what is the role of iron in the body?

A

haemoglobin and myoglobin

157
Q

what does iron deficiency arise from?

A

chronic blood loss

158
Q

what does iron deficiency from chronic blood loss lead to?

A

anaemia and fatigue

159
Q

when is iron deficiency possible in kittens or puppies?

A

if they are fed only milk for a prolonged period

160
Q

what is copper important for?

A

formation of RBC and pigmentation of hair and skin

161
Q

what does copper deficiency cause?

A

poor reproductive performance
hair depigmentation
early foetal loss

162
Q

what does breed predisposition to inherited copper toxicity cause?

A

liver cirrhosis

163
Q

what is zinc necessary for?

A

healthy skin and coat

164
Q

what does zinc deficiency cause?

A

sparse hair and poor coat

165
Q

in what species is manganese essential?

A

birds

166
Q

what is manganese essential for in birds?

A

enzyme function and metabolic processes

167
Q

where is manganese found in food?

A

fibre and fish meal

168
Q

what is iodine a major constituent of?

A

thyroid hormones

169
Q

what is iodine involved with?

A 
vital to thyroid hormone production
thermoregulation
reproduction
growth
metabolism
170
Q

what foods are rich in iodine?

A

fish eggs and poultry

171
Q

what vitamin does selenium function in conjunction with?

A

vitamin E

172
Q

is selenium deficiency common in small mammals?

A

not often reported

173
Q

why may nutrient and energy levels vary between animals?

A

depends on life stage or disease process that the animal may have

174
Q

what are the 4 life stages of animals that require different nutritional needs?

A

puppies/kittens
adult
pregnancy and lactation
senior

175
Q

how many meals should puppies/kittens be fed a day?

A

3-4 meals until they are 6 months old

176
Q

what are the nutritional needs of puppies and kittens?

A

highly digestible and nutrient dense foods

fed to support a lean body condition

177
Q

what care should be taken when feeding large breeds?

A

reduce the calcium intake

178
Q

in what ratio should calcium and phosphorus be fed to growing puppies/kittens?

A

1:1

179
Q

what should be avoided when feeding all animals?

A

overfeeding

180
Q

what should not be added to a complete/balanced diet?

A

and extra nutrients

181
Q

how many meals a day should be fed to adults?

A

1-2 a day

182
Q

what are the nutritional needs of adult animals?

A

highly digestible and nutrient dense

feed to support lean body condition

183
Q

what number on the body condition score is ideal?

A

4 or 5

184
Q

describe 4 on the body condition score

A

ribs easily palpable with minimal fat covering. waist easily noted, viewed from above. Abdominal tuck evident

185
Q

describe 5 on the body condition score

A

ribs palpable without excess fat covering. waist observed behind ribs when viewed from above. Abdominal tucked up when viewed from the side

186
Q

when should feeding be increased in pregnancy?

A

after the 5th week

187
Q

what sort of food should be fed to pregnant and lactating dams?

A

highly digestible and energy dense

188
Q

how should pregnant dams be fed?

A

little and often

189
Q

how much should feed during pregnancy increase above RER?

A

1.5 times RER

190
Q

how much should feed during lactation increase above RER?

A

2-3 times RER

191
Q

when should feeds be reduced during lactation?

A

after 4 weeks

192
Q

what are the extra nutritional requirements of senior animals?

A

high quality protein
diet specially formulated for geriatrics
when necessary provide a therapeutic diet to manage or treat disease

193
Q

what are the types of food available in commercial diets?

A

canned foods
dry foods
semi-moist foods

194
Q

what is the water content of canned foods?

A

68-80% water

195
Q

what is the water content of dry foods?

A

6-10% water

196
Q

what is the water content of semi-moist foods?

A

24-40% water

197
Q

which are the most energy rich and therefore cost effective food?

A

dry foods

198
Q

what is a disadvantage of a raw diet?

A

no evidence that is is preferable to commercial cooked diets, there is high risk of illness of both animal and humans in the household due to the bacteria present in raw meat

199
Q

what are the ingredients that are often included in homemade diets?

A

meat, offal, fish, eggs, milk, cereals and vegetables

200
Q

why is cooking always advised?

A

to kill bacteria and parasites

201
Q

why do owners need to be wary of overcooking?

A

it destroys the nutrients in the food

202
Q

why is homemade food often nutritionally unbalanced?

A

as owner can’t calculate the correct ratio of nutrients needed

203
Q

when is energy balance achieved?

A

when expenditure matches intake

204
Q

what is resting energy requirement defined as?

A

the amount of energy expended when sitting quietly in a comfortable environment

205
Q

what does RER not consider?

A

work or exercise

206
Q

what is the best RER formula for dogs from 5-40kg?

A

RER=30 x BWT + 70

207
Q

what is the RER formula suitable for animals of any bodyweight?

A

70 x (BWT)to the power 0.75

208
Q

what is the formula RER = 60 x BWT used for?

A

animals under 5kg or over 40kg in weight

209
Q

why should RER be recalculated daily in the hospitalised patient?

A

to take weight change into account

210
Q

how can the quantity of food in grams to be fed be calculated using RER?

A

RER should be divided by kcal/gram of the chosen food

X PPPVN (27 decks)

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