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X PPPVN > Antiseptics and Disinfectants > Flashcards

Antiseptics and Disinfectants Flashcards

1
Q

define disinfectant

A

a chemical applied to inanimate objects to kill or inhibit further growth of microorganisms. What they kill depends on the product

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2
Q

what is an antiseptic?

A

similar to disinfectant but can be used on living tissues (e.g. patient preparation)

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3
Q

define detergent

A

solutions with cleaning activity, usually used to remove organic material that could affect the efficacy of disinfectants

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4
Q

define sterilisation

A

when a product is freed of all microorganisms

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5
Q

define asepsis

A

removal of all microorganisms and spores usually removed through sterilisation

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6
Q

define disinfection

A

removal of microorganisms

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7
Q

what two states do bacteria exist as?

A

spores and vegetative

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8
Q

what are vegetative bacteria?

A

bacteria that are living and replicating

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9
Q

what are spores?

A

dormant bacteria resistant to lots of chemicals

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10
Q

how are gram + and gram - bacteria differentiated?

A

how they stain

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11
Q

How may bacteria present?

A

rods, cocci. In singles, pairs or a cluster

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12
Q

give an example of 2 gram positive bacteria

A

staphylococcus and bacillus

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13
Q

give 2 examples of gram negative bacteria

A

E coli, Pseudomonas

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of viruses?

A

enveloped and non enveloped

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15
Q

describe enveloped viruses

A

surrounded by a lipid layer which makes them easier for disinfectants to break down

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16
Q

describe non-enveloped viruses

A

much more resistant to chemicals as outer layer is not lipid based

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17
Q

give 2 examples of enveloped viruses

A

canine distemper and feline immunodeficiency virus

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18
Q

give examples of non-enveloped viruses

A

parvovirus and feline calicivirus (khalisi)

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19
Q

what are protozoa?

A

single celled organisms

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20
Q

what are prions?

A

folded proteins

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21
Q

describe the ideal disinfectant

A

broad spectrum but particularly effective against HAI’s
non-irritant and non-toxic
easy to use on inanimate objects without causing corrosion or stains
stable and not easily inactivated
cost effective
rapid mode of action
remains on the surface for full contact time
not deactivated by organic matter or detergents

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22
Q

what factors should be considered when choosing a disinfectant or antiseptic?

A

what will it be used for (living tissue/inanimate objects)
degree of organic matter present
contact time (and time available to you - e.g. not extending anesthetic unnecessarily
is it being used for regularly encountered bacteria or isolation cases

23
Q

what are the 6 types of disinfectants/antiseptics

A 
alcohols
aldehydes
biguanides
halogens
QAC's
phenols
24
Q

How do alcohols work?

A

cause cell membrane damage

25
Q

how fast does alcohol act?

A

fast

26
Q

is there any residual activity of alcohol?

A

no - evaporates quickly

27
Q

what is alcohol effective against?

A

broad spectrum but not non enveloped viruses or spores

28
Q

what is the clinical use of alcohol?

A

hand disinfection

patient prep

29
Q

how do aldehydes work?

A

denature proteins

30
Q

what are two types of aldehydes?

A

formaldehyde and gluteraldehyde

31
Q

why are aldehydes not often used?

A

they are carcinogenic

32
Q

what are aldehydes effective against?

A

broad spectrum including non enveloped viruses and spores

33
Q

what are aldehydes not used for due to their toxicity?

A

cleaning

34
Q

what are aldehydes used for?

A

sample preservation

35
Q

how do biguanides work?

A

alter permeability of cell membrane

36
Q

what is the problem with biguanides?

A

inactivated by organic material

37
Q

do biguanides have good residual action?

A

yes

38
Q

what are biguanides effective against?

A

gram + and some gram - bacteria, limited fungi

39
Q

what are biguanides not effective against?

A

spores or mycobacteria

40
Q

what is the clinical use of biguanides?

A

patient prep and surgical scrub

41
Q

give an example of a biguanide

A

chlorhexidine (hibiscrub)

42
Q

What are halogens?

A

chlorine and iodophors

43
Q

what are halogens effective against?

A

broad spectrum including unenveloped viruses

44
Q

what are halogens used for?

A

chlorine - cleaning (bleach)

iodophors - skin disinfectant

45
Q

what does QAC stand for?

A

Quaternary ammonium compounds

46
Q

what effect do QACs have?

A

inactivate enzymes, denature proteins

47
Q

what is the residual activity of QACs?

A

some

48
Q

what are QACs effective against?

A

broad spectrum but not effective against unenveloped viruses, mycobacteria and spores

49
Q

what are QACs used for?

A

surface disinfectant

50
Q

what is the effect of phenols?

A

denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes

51
Q

what is an issue with phenols?

A

toxic at certain concentrations and toxic at all times for cats

52
Q

what are phenols effective against?

A

broad spectrum but no unenveloped viruses or spores

53
Q

what are phenols used for?

A

surface disinfectants

54
Q

what is most important when using disinfectants?

A

read the labels to ensure correct disinfectant and concentration are used for the circumstances

X PPPVN (27 decks)

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