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Large Animal Surgery > Teat and Udder Surgery > Flashcards

Teat and Udder Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Surgical disease of the udder is most common in what type of cow?

A

Dairy cow

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2
Q

What is the most common congenital anomaly in cattle?

A

Supernumerary teats

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3
Q

When should supernumerary teats be removed?

A

6 months of age

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4
Q

What are 3 problems with supernumerary teats?

A
  • Interfere with milking
  • Increased risk of mastitis
  • Cosmetics
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5
Q

What are three ways the determination of which supernumerary teats should be removed is made?

A
  • Ultrasound
  • Palpation
  • Probe with teat cannula
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6
Q

Using a scope to go inside a teat cistern/sinus is known as what?

A

Theloscopy

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7
Q

What is a surgical procedurel that allows obstructing tissue to be resected with minimal surgical trauma?

A

Theloscopy

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8
Q

After teat injury, the incidence of mastitis is the affected quarter increases by what percent?

A

50%

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9
Q

What are 3 complications seen with teat injury?

A
  • Teat obstruction
  • Reduced milk flow
  • Longer milking time
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10
Q

An annular ring obstruction is also known as what?

A

“Spider Teat”

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11
Q

What are 3 possible things that could cause obstruction in the teat?

A
  • Fibrosis
  • Papilloma/polyp
  • Calculus
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12
Q

What are 4 possible causes of reduced milk flow?

A
  • Congenital/acquired obstructions
  • Agenesia
  • Tissue proliferation
  • Milk stones
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13
Q

What are 2 possible causes of a tight streak canal?

A
  • Self-inflicted injury to the apex of the teat

- Poor functioning milking machine

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14
Q

What tool can be used to increase the diameter of the teat canal?

A

Lichty teat knife

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15
Q

A Lichty teat knife can be used to make up to how many cuts to open up a streak canal?
At what angles?

A
  • 4 cuts

- 90 degrees

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16
Q

What is done to increase milk flow after the diameter of the teat canal has been increased?

A

Milk by hand every hour between morning and afternoon milking.

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17
Q

What can be done with the milk collected right after a Lichty knife has been used to increase the diameter of the teat canal?
What can’t be done with the milk?

A
  • Can be used to feed calves.

- Can’t be put in the milk tank.

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18
Q

What is a tool that can be used to enlarge a teat canal by gently twisting all the way up into the cistern and then pulling it straight out?

A

Spiral teat curette

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19
Q

Obstruction in the area of the teat cistern can be corrected in what way?

A

Surgery by introducing instrument through the teat orifice.

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20
Q

What is a tool that can be used to remove a mass inside a teat cistern?

A

Hugs teat tumor extractor

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21
Q

What is a tool that can be used in an awake animal to rapidly remove mucosa?

A

Cornell teat curette

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22
Q

Milk stones/floating calculi can be removed by what tool?

A

Alligator forceps

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23
Q

What are 2 conditions that can make a cow more prone to teat lacerations?

A
  • Over-crowding

- Anatomy of animal (short legs, pendulous mammary glands)

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24
Q

Is a teat laceration considered an emergency situation?

Why?

A
  • Yes

- Increased risk of mastitis

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25
Q

Is there a better blood supply proximally or distally on the teat?

A

Proximally

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26
Q

What has a better prognosis, a horizontal or vertical laceration?

A

Vertical laceration

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27
Q

Is streak canal repair easy or difficult?

Why?

A
  • Difficult

- Streak canal has a small diameter

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28
Q

There is a greater risk of what occurring with a full thickness laceration perforation of the teat sinus?

A

Risk of mastitis

29
Q

The prognosis worsens with a traumatic injury to the teat when what is involved?
Why?

A
  • Teat sphincter

- Difficult to achieve anatomic repair and restore sphincter function.

30
Q

If there is irreversible trauma to a teat, what is the best treatment?

A

Teat amputation

31
Q

What are 2 different formulas to use for chemical destruction?

A
  • 100 cc 10% formaldehyde diluted in 500 cc saline

- 100 cc 3% silver nitrate solution

32
Q

What kind of a diagnosis does a degloving injury have?

A

Poor prognosis

33
Q

What are 2 types of blocks that can be used for teat anesthesia?

A
  • Ring block

- Inverted “V”

34
Q

What type of suture should be used for the first layer of a surgical repair of a teat laceration?
What type of pattern?

A
  • 3-0 or 4-0 absorbable suture

- Continuous pattern

35
Q

What type of suture should be used for the submucosal layer of a surgical repair of a teat laceration?

A

4-0 or 5-0 absorbable suture

36
Q

What suture pattern should be used to close the skin in the surgical repair of a teat laceration?

A

Vertical mattress

37
Q

What is an important consideration with teat laceration repair?

A

Need to save as much tissue as possible.

38
Q

With a partial thickness teat laceration, what two layers need to be closed?

A
  • SQ

- Skin

39
Q

How often should milk be drained after teat laceration repair?
How should it be done?

A
  • Every second day

- Passively by hand or teat cannula

40
Q

When can a cow be put back on a milking machine after a teat laceration repair?

A

After pain and inflammation are gone.

41
Q

A draining tract/opening between the mucosa and skin on a teat is known as what?

A

Teat fistula

42
Q

How should an acute teat fistula be treated?

A

Medically with debridement and antibiotics.

43
Q

At what point during a cow’s lactation cycle is a good time to repair a teat fistula?

A

Dry period

44
Q

What is a type of cannula that can be used in a teat?

A

Larson teat cannula

45
Q

What is a risk associated with using a teat cannula?

A

Ascending infection

46
Q

A slow or hard milker could be due to what?

A

Mass in the wall of the teat cistern

47
Q

What allows for good evaluation and treatment of teat obstructions?

A

Thelotomy

48
Q

What are 2 tools that can be used to remove tissue in a teat?

A
  • Cornell teat curette

- Hugs teat tumor extractor

49
Q

It is important to preserve what when removing tissue within the teat canal?

A

Preserve the mucosa

50
Q

A thelotomy is closed in how many layers?

A

3

51
Q

Milk leakage through an attempted full thickness teat closure can lead to what?

A

Teat fistula formation

52
Q

What can be used for a teat implant?

A

Silastic tubing

53
Q

What are 2 indications for using a teat implant?

A
  • Teat cistern mucosa cannot be closed over the defect.

- Membrane present in heifer between the gland and teat cistern.

54
Q

A teat implant needs to be anchored to the teat wall with what type of suture?

A

Non-absorbable suture

55
Q

What is the number one risk associated with a teat implant?

What is the second most common risk?

A
  • Ascending infection

- Implant migrates into gland cistern if not properly anchored

56
Q

What type of skin graft is used in teat repair?

Where is the graft harvested from?

A
  • Autograft

- Mucosa of the gums

57
Q

An udder amputation is known as a what?

A

Mastectomy

58
Q

What is more commonly seen in large animal surgery, a mastectomy or a teat laceration?

A

Teat laceration

59
Q

With chronic or severe mastitis, what is another option to surgical mastectomy?

A

Chemically destroying the quarter

60
Q

If the milk is bloody and red, if could indicate what type of infection?

A

Pasteurella

61
Q

What needs to be considered when dealing with a mastectomy in preparation for skin closure?

A

Need to preserve as much skin as possible for closure.

62
Q

What shape incision is used around the udder for a mastectomy?

A

Elliptical incision

63
Q

When performing a mastectomy, it is important to isolate what?

A

Isolate the vasculature

64
Q

What can be used when dealing with smaller vessels, but not larger vessels?

A

Electrosurgical unit

65
Q

What are 2 sets of vessels that are important to ligate when performing a mastectomy?

A
  • Milk veins

- Perineal arteries and veins

66
Q

What is the main source of blood supply to the udder?

A

External pudendal artery and veins

67
Q

It is important to do what to the major vessels associated with the udder?

A

Double ligate using non-absorbable suture

68
Q

The external pudendal vessels can be what size in a cow?

A

1.5 cm in diameter

69
Q

When suturing up after a mastectomy, what is a good pattern to use in the deeper tissue for good apposition?

A

Near-far-far-near

Large Animal Surgery (30 decks)

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