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Large Animal Surgery > Teat and Udder Surgery > Flashcards

Teat and Udder Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Surgical disease of the udder is most common in what type of cow?

A

Dairy cow

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2
Q

What is the most common congenital anomaly in cattle?

A

Supernumerary teats

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3
Q

When should supernumerary teats be removed?

A

6 months of age

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4
Q

What are 3 problems with supernumerary teats?

A
  • Interfere with milking
  • Increased risk of mastitis
  • Cosmetics
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5
Q

What are three ways the determination of which supernumerary teats should be removed is made?

A
  • Ultrasound
  • Palpation
  • Probe with teat cannula
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6
Q

Using a scope to go inside a teat cistern/sinus is known as what?

A

Theloscopy

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7
Q

What is a surgical procedurel that allows obstructing tissue to be resected with minimal surgical trauma?

A

Theloscopy

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8
Q

After teat injury, the incidence of mastitis is the affected quarter increases by what percent?

A

50%

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9
Q

What are 3 complications seen with teat injury?

A
  • Teat obstruction
  • Reduced milk flow
  • Longer milking time
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10
Q

An annular ring obstruction is also known as what?

A

“Spider Teat”

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11
Q

What are 3 possible things that could cause obstruction in the teat?

A
  • Fibrosis
  • Papilloma/polyp
  • Calculus
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12
Q

What are 4 possible causes of reduced milk flow?

A
  • Congenital/acquired obstructions
  • Agenesia
  • Tissue proliferation
  • Milk stones
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13
Q

What are 2 possible causes of a tight streak canal?

A
  • Self-inflicted injury to the apex of the teat

- Poor functioning milking machine

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14
Q

What tool can be used to increase the diameter of the teat canal?

A

Lichty teat knife

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15
Q

A Lichty teat knife can be used to make up to how many cuts to open up a streak canal?
At what angles?

A
  • 4 cuts

- 90 degrees

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16
Q

What is done to increase milk flow after the diameter of the teat canal has been increased?

A

Milk by hand every hour between morning and afternoon milking.

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17
Q

What can be done with the milk collected right after a Lichty knife has been used to increase the diameter of the teat canal?
What can’t be done with the milk?

A
  • Can be used to feed calves.

- Can’t be put in the milk tank.

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18
Q

What is a tool that can be used to enlarge a teat canal by gently twisting all the way up into the cistern and then pulling it straight out?

A

Spiral teat curette

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19
Q

Obstruction in the area of the teat cistern can be corrected in what way?

A

Surgery by introducing instrument through the teat orifice.

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20
Q

What is a tool that can be used to remove a mass inside a teat cistern?

A

Hugs teat tumor extractor

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21
Q

What is a tool that can be used in an awake animal to rapidly remove mucosa?

A

Cornell teat curette

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22
Q

Milk stones/floating calculi can be removed by what tool?

A

Alligator forceps

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23
Q

What are 2 conditions that can make a cow more prone to teat lacerations?

A
  • Over-crowding

- Anatomy of animal (short legs, pendulous mammary glands)

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24
Q

Is a teat laceration considered an emergency situation?

Why?

A
  • Yes

- Increased risk of mastitis

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25
Is there a better blood supply proximally or distally on the teat?
Proximally
26
What has a better prognosis, a horizontal or vertical laceration?
Vertical laceration
27
Is streak canal repair easy or difficult? | Why?
- Difficult | - Streak canal has a small diameter
28
There is a greater risk of what occurring with a full thickness laceration perforation of the teat sinus?
Risk of mastitis
29
The prognosis worsens with a traumatic injury to the teat when what is involved? Why?
- Teat sphincter | - Difficult to achieve anatomic repair and restore sphincter function.
30
If there is irreversible trauma to a teat, what is the best treatment?
Teat amputation
31
What are 2 different formulas to use for chemical destruction?
- 100 cc 10% formaldehyde diluted in 500 cc saline | - 100 cc 3% silver nitrate solution
32
What kind of a diagnosis does a degloving injury have?
Poor prognosis
33
What are 2 types of blocks that can be used for teat anesthesia?
- Ring block | - Inverted "V"
34
What type of suture should be used for the first layer of a surgical repair of a teat laceration? What type of pattern?
- 3-0 or 4-0 absorbable suture | - Continuous pattern
35
What type of suture should be used for the submucosal layer of a surgical repair of a teat laceration?
4-0 or 5-0 absorbable suture
36
What suture pattern should be used to close the skin in the surgical repair of a teat laceration?
Vertical mattress
37
What is an important consideration with teat laceration repair?
Need to save as much tissue as possible.
38
With a partial thickness teat laceration, what two layers need to be closed?
- SQ | - Skin
39
How often should milk be drained after teat laceration repair? How should it be done?
- Every second day | - Passively by hand or teat cannula
40
When can a cow be put back on a milking machine after a teat laceration repair?
After pain and inflammation are gone.
41
A draining tract/opening between the mucosa and skin on a teat is known as what?
Teat fistula
42
How should an acute teat fistula be treated?
Medically with debridement and antibiotics.
43
At what point during a cow's lactation cycle is a good time to repair a teat fistula?
Dry period
44
What is a type of cannula that can be used in a teat?
Larson teat cannula
45
What is a risk associated with using a teat cannula?
Ascending infection
46
A slow or hard milker could be due to what?
Mass in the wall of the teat cistern
47
What allows for good evaluation and treatment of teat obstructions?
Thelotomy
48
What are 2 tools that can be used to remove tissue in a teat?
- Cornell teat curette | - Hugs teat tumor extractor
49
It is important to preserve what when removing tissue within the teat canal?
Preserve the mucosa
50
A thelotomy is closed in how many layers?
3
51
Milk leakage through an attempted full thickness teat closure can lead to what?
Teat fistula formation
52
What can be used for a teat implant?
Silastic tubing
53
What are 2 indications for using a teat implant?
- Teat cistern mucosa cannot be closed over the defect. | - Membrane present in heifer between the gland and teat cistern.
54
A teat implant needs to be anchored to the teat wall with what type of suture?
Non-absorbable suture
55
What is the number one risk associated with a teat implant? | What is the second most common risk?
- Ascending infection | - Implant migrates into gland cistern if not properly anchored
56
What type of skin graft is used in teat repair? | Where is the graft harvested from?
- Autograft | - Mucosa of the gums
57
An udder amputation is known as a what?
Mastectomy
58
What is more commonly seen in large animal surgery, a mastectomy or a teat laceration?
Teat laceration
59
With chronic or severe mastitis, what is another option to surgical mastectomy?
Chemically destroying the quarter
60
If the milk is bloody and red, if could indicate what type of infection?
Pasteurella
61
What needs to be considered when dealing with a mastectomy in preparation for skin closure?
Need to preserve as much skin as possible for closure.
62
What shape incision is used around the udder for a mastectomy?
Elliptical incision
63
When performing a mastectomy, it is important to isolate what?
Isolate the vasculature
64
What can be used when dealing with smaller vessels, but not larger vessels?
Electrosurgical unit
65
What are 2 sets of vessels that are important to ligate when performing a mastectomy?
- Milk veins | - Perineal arteries and veins
66
What is the main source of blood supply to the udder?
External pudendal artery and veins
67
It is important to do what to the major vessels associated with the udder?
Double ligate using non-absorbable suture
68
The external pudendal vessels can be what size in a cow?
1.5 cm in diameter
69
When suturing up after a mastectomy, what is a good pattern to use in the deeper tissue for good apposition?
Near-far-far-near

Large Animal Surgery (30 decks)

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