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Large Animal Surgery > Surgical Eye Disease > Flashcards

Surgical Eye Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma is also known as what?

A

Cancer eye

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2
Q

What are 3 examples of squamous cell tumors?

A
  • Plaques and keratomas
  • Papillomas
  • Squamous cell carcinomas
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3
Q

What is the most common eye tumor seen with cattle?

A

Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma

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4
Q

In what parts of the world is “cancer eye” seen?

A

Occurs throughout the world.

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5
Q

What age group of cattle is most commonly affected by “cancer eye”?

A

Older cattle

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6
Q

What are 3 examples of common bovine tumors?

A
  • Ocular squamous cell carcinoma
  • Bovine leukosis
  • Adenocarcinoma of the uterus
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7
Q

What percentage of squamous cell carcinoma cases in cattle metastasize?

A

10%

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8
Q

What type of tumor is locally invasive?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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9
Q

What are 4 contributing factors for squamous cell carcinoma development in cattle?

A
  • Genetic (Hereford)
  • UV light
  • Increased altitude
  • Decreased latitude
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10
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas are most common in what breed of cattle?

A

Herefords

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11
Q

Lack of what can predispose cattle to squamous cell carcinoma of the eye?

A

Periocular pigmentation

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12
Q

High levels of what can predispose cattle to squamous cell carcinoma of the eye?

A

Sunlight

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13
Q

What are 7 problems that cancer eye can cause?

A
  • Causes pain
  • Stops eye from closing properly
  • Becomes infected
  • Interferes with growing
  • Interferes with normal behavior
  • Leads to loss of condition
  • Eventual death
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14
Q

Cancer eye can cause economic loss in cattle in what 5 ways?

A
  • Loss of condition
  • Condemnation of the carcass
  • Orphaning of the calves
  • Treatment
  • Death
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15
Q

What are 3 ways to diagnose cancer eye in cattle?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Histopathology
  • Cytology
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16
Q

What are 2 questions that should be asked when weighing the risks vs benefits of surgery for cancer eye in cattle?

A
  • Is it cost effective?

- Is it spreading systematically?

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17
Q

What are 6 examples of forms of treatments for squamous cell carcinomas in cattle?

A
  • Excisional surgery
  • Cryotherapy
  • Hyperthermia
  • Radiation
  • Immunotherapy
  • Combination of the above
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18
Q

What are 3 forms of restraint that can be used for squamous cell carcinoma treatment?

A
  • Squeeze chute
  • Secure restraint of the head
  • Xylazine
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19
Q

What is something that is typically necessary for horses with the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the eye?

A

General anesthesia

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20
Q

When there is superficial bulbar involvement with squamous cell carcinoma, what are 4 components to include?

A
  • Auriculopalpebral nerve block
  • Topical anesthesia
  • Keratectomy
  • Conjunctival resection
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21
Q

What is an example of a topical anesthetic that can be used directly on the cornea with squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Lidocaine

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22
Q

What can be used to immobilize the globe of an eye?

A

Spoon

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23
Q

What type of keratectomy can be used with some forms of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Superficial keratectomy

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24
Q

What are 2 types of drugs that can be given post-op excision of a squamous cell carcinoma tumor?

A
  • Antibiotics

- Corticosteroids

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25
Q

Hyperthermia can be used as a treatment on what size tumor?

A

Small circumscribed tumor

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26
Q

What is used to create the increased temperature for hyperthermia treatment?

A

Radio frequency

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27
Q

Malignant cells are sensitive to what temperature range?

A

41-45 C

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28
Q

What is the typical temperature reached with hyperthermia treatment?
For how long?

A
  • 50 C

- 30-60 seconds

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29
Q

What other form of treatment can be combined with hyperthermia?

A

Surgical resection

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30
Q

How does hyperthermia affect the tumor?

A

Blood supply to tumor gets destroyed so the tumor becomes necrotic.

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31
Q

What are 2 colors a tumor can turn after hyperthermia treatment?

A
  • Red

- Blue

32
Q

How long does it usually take for a tumor to slough off after being treated with hyperthermia?

A

3 days

33
Q

What might be seen on the skin once a tumor has been sloughed off after hyperthermia?

A

Dark red surface

34
Q

Is cryosurgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the eye usually done under anesthesia?

A

Yes

35
Q

What are 3 examples of blocks that can be used with cryosurgery?

A
  • Local
  • Retrobulbar
  • Peterson block
36
Q

Cryosurgery can be used on tumors less than what size?

A

50 mm

37
Q

What is the best cryosurgery technique to use?

A

Double freeze-thaw cycle

38
Q

What substance is often used for cryosurgery?

A

Liquid nitrogen

39
Q

What effect does cryosurgery have on the tumor?

A

Necrosis

40
Q

What temperature is the tumor frozen to with cryosurgery?

A

-25 C

41
Q

What border of normal tissue around the tumor should also be frozen with cryosurgery?

A

0.2 - 0.4 cm

42
Q

When removing tumors on or near the eyelid, one has to be careful not to do what?

A

Do not leave the eye exposed.

43
Q

What is the preferred plastic surgery technique with eyelids?

A

H-plasty/Modified H-plasty

44
Q

What should be included in the corners of the modified H-plasty to prevent dog ears or puckering from forming?

A

Triangles

45
Q

What are two types of skin patterns that can be used to appose the skin after an eyelid H-plasty/modified H-plasty?

A
  • Simple interrupted

- Cruciate

46
Q

What can be done to reduce swelling after an eyelid modified H-plasty is performed?

A

Hot-packing

47
Q

Removal of the intra-ocular contents while preserving the cornea and sclera is known as what?

A

Evisceration

48
Q

What can be placed after an evisceration has been performed?

A

An inta-scleral silicone prosthesis

49
Q

Removal of the globe, conjunctiva and nictitating membrane is known as what?

A

Enucleation

50
Q

Removal of the entire orbital content is known as what?

A

Exenteration

51
Q

What type of removal is often used for malignant tumors?

A

Exenteration

52
Q

If deep layers of the globe are affected, what block and method are used?

A
  • Peterson block

- Orbital exenteration

53
Q

If exenteration is being considered, you have to make sure that what is not affected?

A

Underlying bone

54
Q

What type of needle can be used to perform a four point retrobulbar block?

A

Curved spinal needle

55
Q

What are two vessels that are difficult to ligate with an exenteration?

A
  • Optic artery

- Optic vein

56
Q

What is a type of clamp that can be used on the optic pedicle?

A

Stelle vessel pattern clamp

57
Q

What can be used to pack the orbit?

A

Absorbable gelatin sponge

58
Q

Pressure from what forming can help to control the bleeding after eye removal?

A

Hematoma

59
Q

What are two ways to try to prevent squamous cell carcinoma around the eye in cattle?

A
  • Close observation 3x year

- Tattooing of non-pigmented lids

60
Q

What can be used to treat pink eye in cattle?

What is this composed of?

A
  • Subconjunctival injection

- Non-irritating 50/50 combo of penicillin and corticosteroid

61
Q

What kind of effect does administering a high drug concentration in local tissues have?

A

Depot effect

62
Q

Atropine can be used for what type of supportive therapy for pink eye?

A

Relieves discomfort

63
Q

What do corticosteroids help reduce when used for pink eye?

A

Reduce inflammation

64
Q

Are corticosteroids contraindicated with corneal ulcers in cattle?

A

No

65
Q

Corticosteroids are not used for corneal ulcers in what species?

A

Horses

66
Q

What percentage are the atropine ointment or drops used?

A

1%

67
Q

What should be done to the periorbital hair before working on the eye?
How should this be done?

A
  • It should be clipped

- Use scissors NOT clippers

68
Q

What type of agents should not be used around the eye to clean it?
What are two that can be used?

A
  • Detergents shouldn’t be used

- Eye wash and aqueous antibiotics

69
Q

If suturing the third eyelid, what part should the needle be placed through?
How deep?
From which surface?

A
  • In the cartilage of the 3rd eyelid
  • Partial thickness
  • Palpebral surface
70
Q

Where is the 3rd eyelid sutured to with a third eyelid flap?

A

Upper eyelid

71
Q

What type of suture pattern is used with a third eyelid flap?
How many are placed?

A
  • Horizontal mattress

- 3

72
Q

What is a good type of suture to use with a third eyelid flap?

A

Catgut suture

73
Q

What is a temporary way to keep an eye closed?

A

Temporary tarsorrhaphy upper to lower eyelid

74
Q

What is a condition that can lead to corneal ulceration or perforation?

A

Entropion

75
Q

What are 4 possible treatments for entropion with cattle?

A
  • Manual eversion of the eyelid
  • Injection of 4 mL of saline close to lid margins
  • Skin staple or horizontal mattress suture
  • Skin removal techniques
76
Q

What is an example of a skin removal technique that can be used to treat entropion?

A

Hotz-celsus

77
Q

An eyelid laceration closure is performed in how many layers?

A

2 layers

Large Animal Surgery (30 decks)

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