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Large Animal Surgery > Lameness in Cattle > Flashcards

Lameness in Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

Is lameness important in cattle?

A

Yes!

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2
Q

Where are 88-92% of lameness issues in cattle located?

Where specifically?

A
  • Hoof

- Lateral hind hoof

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3
Q

What are 4 possible locations of hoof lameness in cattle?

A
  • Digits
  • Sole ulcer/abscess
  • White line disease
  • Interdigital necrobacillosis (footrot)
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4
Q

What are 4 possible causes of hoof lameness in cattle?

A
  • Corns (interdigital fibromas)
  • Hairy foot warts
  • Septic arthritis
  • Wounds
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5
Q

What are 3 reasons it is important to ID and treat lameness issues promptly?

A
  • Superficial conditions progress to deep infections
  • Deep infections are extremely difficult to treat
  • Revenue losses/cost of treatment
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6
Q

What are 4 types of structures that where a superficial injury can progress to a deep infection?

A
  • Synovial structures
  • Bone
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
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7
Q

What are 5 general factors that can play a role in lameness?

A
  • Environment
  • Genetics
  • Nutrition
  • Management
  • Infection
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8
Q

What are 5 signs of lameness to look for in cattle?

A
  • Hunched up back
  • Head bob
  • Joints not flexing equally
  • Limping, reluctance to bear weight
  • Not tracking up
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9
Q

What is a good surface to evaluate lameness in cattle on?

A

Level dry area

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10
Q

Which digit is usually affected in the forelimb?

A

Medial digit

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11
Q

Which digit is usually affected in the hindlimb?

A

Lateral digit

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12
Q

If a cow is putting weight onto right front lateral digit, where is the cause of lameness most likely located?

A

Right front medial digit

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13
Q

If a cow is putting weight on the medial side of the right hind hoof, where is the cause of the lameness most likely located?

A

Right hind lateral digit

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14
Q

How often are hooves trimmed in dairy cattle?

A

Every 6 months

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15
Q

What is a tool that is used to help restrain cattle for hoof trimming?
How long can it be used for?

A
  • Hoof trimming tilt table

- Can keep on table for about 30-45 minutes

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16
Q

When trimming hooves in cattle, how much sole should be left?

A

About 1/4 inch

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17
Q

How long should the length of the hoof be from coronary band to toe in cattle?

A

3 inches

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18
Q

What should be done before removing a nail from a hoof?

Why?

A
  • Take a radiograph

- Check to see if any internal structures are affected.

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19
Q

What are 2 possible causes of laminitis?

A
  • High concentrate diet

- Secondary to mastitis and metritis

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20
Q

What are 3 differences in the presentation of laminitis seen between cattle and horses?

A
  • Don’t see rotation as often in cattle
  • See horizontal grooves in cattle
  • See deviation of hoof wall in cattle
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21
Q

What type of stance can be seen with hind limb laminitis cattle?

A

Cross leg stance

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22
Q

Which digits are usually affected when a cross leg stance is seen in cattle?

A

Medial digits in hind limbs

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23
Q

Which NSAID can be used in cattle to treat acute laminitis?

A

Flunixin meglumine

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24
Q

What are 3 ways to treat chronic laminitis?

A
  • Hoof trimming
  • Diet
  • Good husbandry
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25
Q

A dry hoof wall can lead to what type of defect?

Is this a significant problem?

A
  • Vertical crack

- Not usually a big deal

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26
Q

What are 2 forms of treatment for a vertical crack?

A
  • Debridement

- Block good digit

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27
Q

What is a tool that can be used to debride a hoof wall with a vertical crack?

A

Small Dremel

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28
Q

A non-infectious skin growth that can occur between the digits is known as what?

A

Corn (interdigital fibroma)

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29
Q

What can happen if a corn becomes infected?

A

It can become ulcerated and painful.

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30
Q

What are 2 forms of treatment that can be used for a corn?

A
  • Hoof trim

- Surgery to remove corn

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31
Q

Are corns more common in males or females?

A

Males

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32
Q

What are 5 components included in treating a corn?

A
  • Tilt/trimming table
  • Sedation
  • Tourniquet
  • IV block
  • Local block
33
Q

What type of healing is used with corn treatment?

A

Second intention wound healing

34
Q

What should be taken off last when treating a corn?

A

Tourniquet

35
Q

What is another name for papillomatous digital dermatitis?

A

Hairy Foot Wart

36
Q

Is papillomatous digital dermatitis more common in beef or dairy cattle?

A

Dairy cattle

37
Q

What is an example of an infectious agent that can cause papillomatous digital dermatitis?

A

Treponema (spirochete)

38
Q

Is papillomatous digital dermatitis infectious?

A

Yes, highly infectious

39
Q

Where is the majority of papillomatous digital dermatitis located in the hoof of cattle?

A

80% located in plantar aspect of hind feet

40
Q

What are 4 possible treatments for papillomatous digital dermatitis?

A
  • Topical antibiotics
  • Clean area
  • Foot baths
  • Vaccination
41
Q

What are 2 types of topical antibiotics that can be used to treat papillomatous digital dermatitis?

A
  • Tetracycline

- Lincomycin

42
Q

What is a potential problem with using a foot bath to treat papillomatous digital dermatitis?

A

May spread

43
Q

What can be used to test for sole abscesses in cattle?

A

Hoof testers

44
Q

What are 3 aspects of treating a sole abscess in cattle?

A
  • Drain purulent material
  • Debride: must remove all detached sole
  • Block “good” digit
45
Q

What type of healing is used with sole abscesses in cattle?

A

Wound allowed to heal by secondary intention

46
Q

What is something that can be done with a chronic sole abscess to evaluate it?

A

Fistulogram

47
Q

When working on a digit with a sole abscess, what should be done with the other digit?

A

The “good” digit should be blocked

48
Q

What is something that can be used to raise the diseased digit?

A

Hoof block

49
Q

How are hoof blocks removed?

A

Usually wear off but can also be removed with nippers.

50
Q

Do you have the same risk of contralateral laminitis in cattle as you do in horses?

A

No, less risk in cattle.

51
Q

What are 3 possible etiologies for sole abscesses in horses?

A
  • Trauma
  • Puncture
  • Deep cracks in sole
52
Q

What are 4 possible clinical signs seen with sole abscesses in horses?

A
  • Sudden onset severe lameness
  • Increased digital pulses
  • Possible heat and swelling
  • Discoloration of sole
53
Q

Why are sole abscesses in horses considered an emergency?

A

Ascending infection or expansion of abscesses to other tissue.

54
Q

What tool can be used to look for sole abscesses in horses?

A

Hoof tester

55
Q

What can be used to pare away the sole of the hoof to look for discoloration?

A

Hoof knife

56
Q

If a sole abscess is not open, what should be done with it?

If you can’t do this then what should you do?

A
  • Open and drain

- Soak hoof

57
Q

How should a sole abscess be treated in a horse once it has been opened?
What needs to be left intact?

A
  • Remove all undermined sole

- Leave the hoof wall intact

58
Q

What do you soak a horse hoof in to soften it and help open a deep abscess?

A

Warm water and epsom salt

59
Q

Do you continue soaking a hoof once the abscess has ben opened?

A

No

60
Q

What are 2 things that should be done to the hoof of a horse once an abscess has been opened?

A
  • Lavage with dilute betadine solution

- Apply poultice

61
Q

What are two everyday items that can be used to help protect the hoof after an abscess has been opened in a horse?
What can the top be sealed with?

A
  • Duct tape and baby diaper

- Seal top with elastikon

62
Q

What are 2 more conventional means of protecting a hoof after an abscess has been opened in a horse?

A
  • Treatment plate/plate shoes

- Easy boot

63
Q

What is the name for when an abscess has travelled up the hoof wall and ruptured out the coronary band?

A

Gravel

64
Q

What are 3 requirements for treating severe cases of solar abscesses in horses?

A
  • Sterile bandaging packed with betadine or antibiotics
  • Change bandage daily
    Cover inner bandage with cotton padding and bandage hoof (or use sole plate)
65
Q

Where should a horse be kept with severe cases of solar abscesses?

A

In a stall with deep, soft bedding for support.

66
Q

What are 2 antibiotics that can be combined as a paste to pack in a sterile bandage to treat severe cases of solar abscesses in horses?

A
  • Metronidazole

- Gentamicin

67
Q

What type of a vaccination has to be given with a sole abscess?

A

Tetanus toxoid booster

68
Q

What is an NSAID that can be given to horses with sole abscesses?

A

Phenylbutazone

69
Q

Are antibiotics usually used in horses in the treatment of sole abscesses?

A

Not usually

70
Q

What is the prognosis for sole abscesses?

A

Good to excellent

71
Q

How quickly can improvement be seen after treatment of a sole abscess?

A

Less than 24 hours, can be immediate.

72
Q

How long are sole abscesses in horses usually treated for?

A

7-14 days

73
Q

When can horses return to work after having a sole abscess?

A

When lameness subsides.

74
Q

How long might a horse require a pad or treatment plate for after having a sole abscess?

A

Up to 6 months

75
Q

What are 2 signs of improvement to look for after treating a horse for a sole abscess?

A
  • Lameness resolves

- Tissue cornifies

76
Q

What are 2 signs that a horse’s condition is worsening after being treated for a sole abscess?

A
  • Lameness persists, doesn’t want to stand/walk

- Decreased appetite

77
Q

What are 2 examples of additional diagnostics that can be considered if a horse’s condition is worsening after being treated for a sole abscess?

A
  • Radiographs

- Fistulogram

78
Q

What are 3 ways to try to prevent sole abscess formation in the horse?

A
  • Clean hooves daily
  • Keep environment clean and dry
  • Hoof supplements
79
Q

What are 3 examples of hoof supplements that can be used in the attempt to prevent hoof abscesses in horses?

A
  • Biotin
  • Methionine
  • Zinc

Large Animal Surgery (30 decks)

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