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Large Animal Surgery > Lameness in Cattle > Flashcards

Lameness in Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

Is lameness important in cattle?

A

Yes!

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2
Q

Where are 88-92% of lameness issues in cattle located?

Where specifically?

A
  • Hoof

- Lateral hind hoof

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3
Q

What are 4 possible locations of hoof lameness in cattle?

A
  • Digits
  • Sole ulcer/abscess
  • White line disease
  • Interdigital necrobacillosis (footrot)
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4
Q

What are 4 possible causes of hoof lameness in cattle?

A
  • Corns (interdigital fibromas)
  • Hairy foot warts
  • Septic arthritis
  • Wounds
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5
Q

What are 3 reasons it is important to ID and treat lameness issues promptly?

A
  • Superficial conditions progress to deep infections
  • Deep infections are extremely difficult to treat
  • Revenue losses/cost of treatment
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6
Q

What are 4 types of structures that where a superficial injury can progress to a deep infection?

A
  • Synovial structures
  • Bone
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
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7
Q

What are 5 general factors that can play a role in lameness?

A
  • Environment
  • Genetics
  • Nutrition
  • Management
  • Infection
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8
Q

What are 5 signs of lameness to look for in cattle?

A
  • Hunched up back
  • Head bob
  • Joints not flexing equally
  • Limping, reluctance to bear weight
  • Not tracking up
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9
Q

What is a good surface to evaluate lameness in cattle on?

A

Level dry area

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10
Q

Which digit is usually affected in the forelimb?

A

Medial digit

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11
Q

Which digit is usually affected in the hindlimb?

A

Lateral digit

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12
Q

If a cow is putting weight onto right front lateral digit, where is the cause of lameness most likely located?

A

Right front medial digit

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13
Q

If a cow is putting weight on the medial side of the right hind hoof, where is the cause of the lameness most likely located?

A

Right hind lateral digit

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14
Q

How often are hooves trimmed in dairy cattle?

A

Every 6 months

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15
Q

What is a tool that is used to help restrain cattle for hoof trimming?
How long can it be used for?

A
  • Hoof trimming tilt table

- Can keep on table for about 30-45 minutes

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16
Q

When trimming hooves in cattle, how much sole should be left?

A

About 1/4 inch

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17
Q

How long should the length of the hoof be from coronary band to toe in cattle?

A

3 inches

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18
Q

What should be done before removing a nail from a hoof?

Why?

A
  • Take a radiograph

- Check to see if any internal structures are affected.

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19
Q

What are 2 possible causes of laminitis?

A
  • High concentrate diet

- Secondary to mastitis and metritis

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20
Q

What are 3 differences in the presentation of laminitis seen between cattle and horses?

A
  • Don’t see rotation as often in cattle
  • See horizontal grooves in cattle
  • See deviation of hoof wall in cattle
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21
Q

What type of stance can be seen with hind limb laminitis cattle?

A

Cross leg stance

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22
Q

Which digits are usually affected when a cross leg stance is seen in cattle?

A

Medial digits in hind limbs

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23
Q

Which NSAID can be used in cattle to treat acute laminitis?

A

Flunixin meglumine

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24
Q

What are 3 ways to treat chronic laminitis?

A
  • Hoof trimming
  • Diet
  • Good husbandry
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25
A dry hoof wall can lead to what type of defect? | Is this a significant problem?
- Vertical crack | - Not usually a big deal
26
What are 2 forms of treatment for a vertical crack?
- Debridement | - Block good digit
27
What is a tool that can be used to debride a hoof wall with a vertical crack?
Small Dremel
28
A non-infectious skin growth that can occur between the digits is known as what?
Corn (interdigital fibroma)
29
What can happen if a corn becomes infected?
It can become ulcerated and painful.
30
What are 2 forms of treatment that can be used for a corn?
- Hoof trim | - Surgery to remove corn
31
Are corns more common in males or females?
Males
32
What are 5 components included in treating a corn?
- Tilt/trimming table - Sedation - Tourniquet - IV block - Local block
33
What type of healing is used with corn treatment?
Second intention wound healing
34
What should be taken off last when treating a corn?
Tourniquet
35
What is another name for papillomatous digital dermatitis?
Hairy Foot Wart
36
Is papillomatous digital dermatitis more common in beef or dairy cattle?
Dairy cattle
37
What is an example of an infectious agent that can cause papillomatous digital dermatitis?
Treponema (spirochete)
38
Is papillomatous digital dermatitis infectious?
Yes, highly infectious
39
Where is the majority of papillomatous digital dermatitis located in the hoof of cattle?
80% located in plantar aspect of hind feet
40
What are 4 possible treatments for papillomatous digital dermatitis?
- Topical antibiotics - Clean area - Foot baths - Vaccination
41
What are 2 types of topical antibiotics that can be used to treat papillomatous digital dermatitis?
- Tetracycline | - Lincomycin
42
What is a potential problem with using a foot bath to treat papillomatous digital dermatitis?
May spread
43
What can be used to test for sole abscesses in cattle?
Hoof testers
44
What are 3 aspects of treating a sole abscess in cattle?
- Drain purulent material - Debride: must remove all detached sole - Block "good" digit
45
What type of healing is used with sole abscesses in cattle?
Wound allowed to heal by secondary intention
46
What is something that can be done with a chronic sole abscess to evaluate it?
Fistulogram
47
When working on a digit with a sole abscess, what should be done with the other digit?
The "good" digit should be blocked
48
What is something that can be used to raise the diseased digit?
Hoof block
49
How are hoof blocks removed?
Usually wear off but can also be removed with nippers.
50
Do you have the same risk of contralateral laminitis in cattle as you do in horses?
No, less risk in cattle.
51
What are 3 possible etiologies for sole abscesses in horses?
- Trauma - Puncture - Deep cracks in sole
52
What are 4 possible clinical signs seen with sole abscesses in horses?
- Sudden onset severe lameness - Increased digital pulses - Possible heat and swelling - Discoloration of sole
53
Why are sole abscesses in horses considered an emergency?
Ascending infection or expansion of abscesses to other tissue.
54
What tool can be used to look for sole abscesses in horses?
Hoof tester
55
What can be used to pare away the sole of the hoof to look for discoloration?
Hoof knife
56
If a sole abscess is not open, what should be done with it? | If you can't do this then what should you do?
- Open and drain | - Soak hoof
57
How should a sole abscess be treated in a horse once it has been opened? What needs to be left intact?
- Remove all undermined sole | - Leave the hoof wall intact
58
What do you soak a horse hoof in to soften it and help open a deep abscess?
Warm water and epsom salt
59
Do you continue soaking a hoof once the abscess has ben opened?
No
60
What are 2 things that should be done to the hoof of a horse once an abscess has been opened?
- Lavage with dilute betadine solution | - Apply poultice
61
What are two everyday items that can be used to help protect the hoof after an abscess has been opened in a horse? What can the top be sealed with?
- Duct tape and baby diaper | - Seal top with elastikon
62
What are 2 more conventional means of protecting a hoof after an abscess has been opened in a horse?
- Treatment plate/plate shoes | - Easy boot
63
What is the name for when an abscess has travelled up the hoof wall and ruptured out the coronary band?
Gravel
64
What are 3 requirements for treating severe cases of solar abscesses in horses?
- Sterile bandaging packed with betadine or antibiotics - Change bandage daily Cover inner bandage with cotton padding and bandage hoof (or use sole plate)
65
Where should a horse be kept with severe cases of solar abscesses?
In a stall with deep, soft bedding for support.
66
What are 2 antibiotics that can be combined as a paste to pack in a sterile bandage to treat severe cases of solar abscesses in horses?
- Metronidazole | - Gentamicin
67
What type of a vaccination has to be given with a sole abscess?
Tetanus toxoid booster
68
What is an NSAID that can be given to horses with sole abscesses?
Phenylbutazone
69
Are antibiotics usually used in horses in the treatment of sole abscesses?
Not usually
70
What is the prognosis for sole abscesses?
Good to excellent
71
How quickly can improvement be seen after treatment of a sole abscess?
Less than 24 hours, can be immediate.
72
How long are sole abscesses in horses usually treated for?
7-14 days
73
When can horses return to work after having a sole abscess?
When lameness subsides.
74
How long might a horse require a pad or treatment plate for after having a sole abscess?
Up to 6 months
75
What are 2 signs of improvement to look for after treating a horse for a sole abscess?
- Lameness resolves | - Tissue cornifies
76
What are 2 signs that a horse's condition is worsening after being treated for a sole abscess?
- Lameness persists, doesn't want to stand/walk | - Decreased appetite
77
What are 2 examples of additional diagnostics that can be considered if a horse's condition is worsening after being treated for a sole abscess?
- Radiographs | - Fistulogram
78
What are 3 ways to try to prevent sole abscess formation in the horse?
- Clean hooves daily - Keep environment clean and dry - Hoof supplements
79
What are 3 examples of hoof supplements that can be used in the attempt to prevent hoof abscesses in horses?
- Biotin - Methionine - Zinc

Large Animal Surgery (30 decks)

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