Equine Sarcoid Flashcards
What does the term sarcoid mean?
Sarcoma-like
What is the most common tumor in the horse?
Sarcoids
What percentage of all equine tumors do sarcoids represent?
20%
What percentage of all skin tumors do sarcoids represent?
90%
What is a sarcoid?
A benign, non-metastatic growth that is both invasive and recurrent.
What is the cause of sarcoids?
A papova virus
What age do we typically see sarcoids?
3-6 years
Where do we typically see sarcoid?
Anywhere on the body, but often on the head and neck, ventrum and limbs.
What percentage of sarcoids do we see on the limbs?
45%
What percentage of sarcoids do we see on the head and neck?
32%
What percentage of sarcoids do we see on the ventrum?
20%
Regarding sarcoids on the limbs, which limb is most affected?
Hindlimbs > forelimbs
Regarding sarcoids on the limbs, what location on the limb is most affected?
Above tarsus/carpus > below
Regarding sarcoids on the head and neck, what are seems most affected?
Periorbital > ears and rest of head
What are the 4 forms of sarcoids?
Verrucous
Fibroblastic
Mixed
Occult
Describe the verrucous sarcoid.
Warty, dry and scaly.
NOTE: Tends to transform into the fibroblastic form if traumatized.
Describe the fibroblastic sarcoid.
Proudflesh-like. Epithelium is often ulcerated.
Describe mixed sarcoids.
A combo of both verrucous and fibroblastic.
Describe occult sarcoids.
Inflammatory, slightly raised nodules on the skin.
How to we confirm sarcoids?
Biopsy and histopathology
How do we often treat sarcoids?
Note in the record, show the owner, biopsy and histopath to confirm and then treat with benign neglect.
How can you differentiate fibroblastic sarcoids from proudflesh?
Biopsy and histopathology.
What are 5 differentials for sarcoids?
Exuberant granulation tissue Fibrosarcoma Fibroma SCC Habronemiasis (If you tx with Ivomec, will regress)
Why do you need to send possible sarcoid samples to a veterianry pathologist?
Because there is NO similarity between human and equine sarcoids
What will you see on a histopath slide of a sarcoid?
Dermal spindle cells
What sarcoids would you refer out?
Any that are refractory or fast growing.
There are 7 different therapies for sarcoids, list 4 of them.
Surgical excision Cryosurgery Hyperthermia Laser therapy Immunotherapy Brachytherapy Chemotherapy
What 4 things help you choose which therapy you use for sarcoids?
Size
Number
Anatomical location
Histologic type
What is the prognosis with surgical excision of sarcoids?
Guarded
What is a downside to surgical excision of sarcoids?
Recurs within 3 years, most regrow within 6 months.
What is a big thing to remember when using surgical excision to treat sarcoids?
Careless handling of instruments can contaminate and re-seed.
What are 3 different cryogens that can be used in cryosurgery?
Liquid nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Freon
When using cryosurgery to treat sarcoids, what must you remember to do around the area?
Protect it with an insulator.
Describe the cryosurgery procedure for treating sarcoids.
Pre-treat with NSAIDs. Sedate. Freeze to a temp of -20 or -30C. Repeat at least once. Provide tetanus prophylaxis.
What is the average healing time post-cryosurgery?
2.4 months
What are 4 concerns with cryosurgery for treating sarcoids?
Protection of surrounding tissue
Deeper structures (eg. tendons)
Inadequate necrosis leading to recurrence
Delayed healing
What is hyperthermia treatment for treating sarcoids?
Application of heat of 50C for 60 seconds per site.
When using hyperthermia for sarcoids, how often do you treat?
Three treatments, two weeks apart.
If using chemotherapy for treatment of sarcoids, what is the best way of doing this?
Using a small concentration locally to save money, have greater effect and lessen the risk of kidney damage.
What was the treatment regimine in lecture for using Cisplatin to treat sarcoids?
4 intratumoral injections at 2 week intervals.
What do we need to be careful about when treating sarcoids with Cisplatin?
Do it yourself and wear proper protection because it can cause skin reactions in humans.
What is Xxterra and what is it used to treat?
It’s a caustic agent to treat sarcoids. It changes the antigenicity of the sarcoid so the body recognizes it as foreign and produces antibodies.
How do you use Xxterra to treat sarcoids?
Apply to sarcoid and place a bandage over it for 4 days.
What might you see at the treated area when using Xxterra to treat sarcoids?
Area might ooze purulent material and become malodorous.
