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Large Animal Surgery > Equine Sarcoid > Flashcards

Equine Sarcoid Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term sarcoid mean?

A

Sarcoma-like

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2
Q

What is the most common tumor in the horse?

A

Sarcoids

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3
Q

What percentage of all equine tumors do sarcoids represent?

A

20%

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4
Q

What percentage of all skin tumors do sarcoids represent?

A

90%

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5
Q

What is a sarcoid?

A

A benign, non-metastatic growth that is both invasive and recurrent.

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6
Q

What is the cause of sarcoids?

A

A papova virus

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7
Q

What age do we typically see sarcoids?

A

3-6 years

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8
Q

Where do we typically see sarcoid?

A

Anywhere on the body, but often on the head and neck, ventrum and limbs.

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9
Q

What percentage of sarcoids do we see on the limbs?

A

45%

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10
Q

What percentage of sarcoids do we see on the head and neck?

A

32%

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11
Q

What percentage of sarcoids do we see on the ventrum?

A

20%

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12
Q

Regarding sarcoids on the limbs, which limb is most affected?

A

Hindlimbs > forelimbs

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13
Q

Regarding sarcoids on the limbs, what location on the limb is most affected?

A

Above tarsus/carpus > below

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14
Q

Regarding sarcoids on the head and neck, what are seems most affected?

A

Periorbital > ears and rest of head

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15
Q

What are the 4 forms of sarcoids?

A

Verrucous
Fibroblastic
Mixed
Occult

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16
Q

Describe the verrucous sarcoid.

A

Warty, dry and scaly.

NOTE: Tends to transform into the fibroblastic form if traumatized.

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17
Q

Describe the fibroblastic sarcoid.

A

Proudflesh-like. Epithelium is often ulcerated.

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18
Q

Describe mixed sarcoids.

A

A combo of both verrucous and fibroblastic.

19
Q

Describe occult sarcoids.

A

Inflammatory, slightly raised nodules on the skin.

20
Q

How to we confirm sarcoids?

A

Biopsy and histopathology

21
Q

How do we often treat sarcoids?

A

Note in the record, show the owner, biopsy and histopath to confirm and then treat with benign neglect.

22
Q

How can you differentiate fibroblastic sarcoids from proudflesh?

A

Biopsy and histopathology.

23
Q

What are 5 differentials for sarcoids?

A 
Exuberant granulation tissue
Fibrosarcoma
Fibroma
SCC
Habronemiasis (If you tx with Ivomec, will regress)
24
Q

Why do you need to send possible sarcoid samples to a veterianry pathologist?

A

Because there is NO similarity between human and equine sarcoids

25
Q

What will you see on a histopath slide of a sarcoid?

A

Dermal spindle cells

26
Q

What sarcoids would you refer out?

A

Any that are refractory or fast growing.

27
Q

There are 7 different therapies for sarcoids, list 4 of them.

A 
Surgical excision
Cryosurgery
Hyperthermia
Laser therapy
Immunotherapy
Brachytherapy
Chemotherapy
28
Q

What 4 things help you choose which therapy you use for sarcoids?

A

Size
Number
Anatomical location
Histologic type

29
Q

What is the prognosis with surgical excision of sarcoids?

A

Guarded

30
Q

What is a downside to surgical excision of sarcoids?

A

Recurs within 3 years, most regrow within 6 months.

31
Q

What is a big thing to remember when using surgical excision to treat sarcoids?

A

Careless handling of instruments can contaminate and re-seed.

32
Q

What are 3 different cryogens that can be used in cryosurgery?

A

Liquid nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Freon

33
Q

When using cryosurgery to treat sarcoids, what must you remember to do around the area?

A

Protect it with an insulator.

34
Q

Describe the cryosurgery procedure for treating sarcoids.

A

Pre-treat with NSAIDs. Sedate. Freeze to a temp of -20 or -30C. Repeat at least once. Provide tetanus prophylaxis.

35
Q

What is the average healing time post-cryosurgery?

A

2.4 months

36
Q

What are 4 concerns with cryosurgery for treating sarcoids?

A

Protection of surrounding tissue
Deeper structures (eg. tendons)
Inadequate necrosis leading to recurrence
Delayed healing

37
Q

What is hyperthermia treatment for treating sarcoids?

A

Application of heat of 50C for 60 seconds per site.

38
Q

When using hyperthermia for sarcoids, how often do you treat?

A

Three treatments, two weeks apart.

39
Q

If using chemotherapy for treatment of sarcoids, what is the best way of doing this?

A

Using a small concentration locally to save money, have greater effect and lessen the risk of kidney damage.

40
Q

What was the treatment regimine in lecture for using Cisplatin to treat sarcoids?

A

4 intratumoral injections at 2 week intervals.

41
Q

What do we need to be careful about when treating sarcoids with Cisplatin?

A

Do it yourself and wear proper protection because it can cause skin reactions in humans.

42
Q

What is Xxterra and what is it used to treat?

A

It’s a caustic agent to treat sarcoids. It changes the antigenicity of the sarcoid so the body recognizes it as foreign and produces antibodies.

43
Q

How do you use Xxterra to treat sarcoids?

A

Apply to sarcoid and place a bandage over it for 4 days.

44
Q

What might you see at the treated area when using Xxterra to treat sarcoids?

A

Area might ooze purulent material and become malodorous.

Large Animal Surgery (30 decks)

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