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Module 202 Neuroscience & behaviour > T3 L4 Schizophrenia > Flashcards

T3 L4 Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the risk of schizophrenia in monozygotic twins??

A

Up to 50%

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2
Q

What changes could a variation in the sequence of a gene lead to?

A

Interaction that cell has with other cells in the connections & cell assemblies that develop
How such assemblies & networks operate as functional systems

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3
Q

What issues at birth can increase the likelihood of schizophrenia?

A

Obstetric complications
Prenatal infections
Nutritional deficiency
Environmental

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4
Q

What issues during adolescence can increase the likelihood of schizophrenia?

A

Adverse life events

Substance abuse

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5
Q

What is the neuropathology that occurs in schizophrenia?

A

Ventricular enlargement
Reduced brain volume in temporal lobes, frontal lobes & subcortical structures
Cytoarchitectural differences in cortex & hippocampus
Increase in paracingulate sulcus

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6
Q

What is the paracingulate sulcus involved in?

A

Monitoring reality

Morphology associated with hallucinations

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7
Q

What is the Wisconsin card sorting task?

A

Told to match sample but not how to match it
Sensitive to executive dysfunction, set shifting, cognitive flexibility
Given a different rule for the second set

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8
Q

Why do those with schizophrenia struggle with the Wisconsin card sorting task?

A

They lack cognitive flexibility

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9
Q

What did Lewis propose?

A

In people who later develop schizophrenia, chandelier cells fail at some crucial task of cultivating pyramidal cells during childhood or early adolescence

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10
Q

What does normal cortical development involve?

A

Proliferation
Migration
Arborisation
Myelination

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11
Q

Describe the theta rhythm

A 
4-8Hz
250-125ms
Hippocampus
Fire at peaks
Important for coordination & organising faster oscillations in other areas of the brain
Long range
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12
Q

Describe the alpha rhythm

A

10Hz
100ms
Eyes closed

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13
Q

Describe the beta rhythm

A

15-30Hz
67-33ms
Throughout brain, specifically in motor system

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14
Q

Describe the gamma rhythm

A 
30-80Hz
17-13ms
Important for cognition
Short range
Depend on theta rhythm
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15
Q

What is the evidence for the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Typical antipsychotic drugs

DA agonists

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16
Q

Why do typical antipsychotic drugs provide evidence for the dopamine hypothesis?

A

D2 receptor antagonists

Prevent positive symptoms

17
Q

Why do DA agonists provide evidence for the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Cocaine, amphetamine, L-DOPA can cause positive symptoms of schizophrenia at large doses
Drug-induced psychoses can be treated with D2 antagonist antipyschotic drugs

18
Q

Describe the D1 receptor family

A

Gs coupled
D1
D5

19
Q

What structures are involved in D1?

A

Caudate-putamen
NAcc
Olfactory
Tubercule

20
Q

What structures are involved in D5?

A

Hippocampus

Hypothalamus

21
Q

Describe the D2 receptor family

A

Gi coupled
D2
D3
D4

22
Q

What structures are involved in D2?

A

Caudate-putamen
NAcc
Olfactory
Tubercule

23
Q

What structures are involved in D3?

A 
Olfactory
Tubercule
Hypothalamus
NAcc
cerebellum
24
Q

What structures are involved in D4?

A

Frontal cortex
Medulla
Amygdala
Midbrain

25
Q

What are the parkinsonian-like symptoms?

A

Slow movement

Lack of facial expression

26
Q

What are the tar dive dyskinesia symptoms?

A

Slow, fault movements

27
Q

Why don’t atypical antipsychotics have the same extrapyramidal side effects?

A

They have a lower activity at D2 receptor

28
Q

Give some examples of atypical antipsychotics

A

Clozapine
Risperidone
Olanzapine

29
Q

What are the side effects of clozapine?

A 
Weight gain
Sedation
Hypersalivation
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Neutropenia
30
Q

What is the evidence for the glutamate hypothesis?

A

1) PCP is an NMDA receptor antagonist that causes positive, negative & cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
2) Genetically engineered mice with fewer NMDA receptors are more antisocial and have difficulties in learning and memory.

31
Q

What are the neurocognitive deficits of schizophrenia?

A 
Enduring symptoms of this disease
Lower IQ
Attentional deficits
Working memory
Planning & information processing deficits
32
Q

What is the stroop task?

A

Say colour of word, don’t read what word says

Those with schizophrenia are slower and less accurate as they find it difficult to inhibit other contextual information

Module 202 Neuroscience & behaviour (39 decks)

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