T3 L4 Schizophrenia

Question 1

What is the risk of schizophrenia in monozygotic twins??

Answer 1

Up to 50%

Question 2

What changes could a variation in the sequence of a gene lead to?

Answer 2

Interaction that cell has with other cells in the connections & cell assemblies that develop
How such assemblies & networks operate as functional systems

Question 3

What issues at birth can increase the likelihood of schizophrenia?

Answer 3

Obstetric complications
Prenatal infections
Nutritional deficiency
Environmental

Question 4

What issues during adolescence can increase the likelihood of schizophrenia?

Answer 4

Adverse life events

Substance abuse

Question 5

What is the neuropathology that occurs in schizophrenia?

Answer 5

Ventricular enlargement
Reduced brain volume in temporal lobes, frontal lobes & subcortical structures
Cytoarchitectural differences in cortex & hippocampus
Increase in paracingulate sulcus

Question 6

What is the paracingulate sulcus involved in?

Answer 6

Monitoring reality

Morphology associated with hallucinations

Question 7

What is the Wisconsin card sorting task?

Answer 7

Told to match sample but not how to match it
Sensitive to executive dysfunction, set shifting, cognitive flexibility
Given a different rule for the second set

Question 8

Why do those with schizophrenia struggle with the Wisconsin card sorting task?

Answer 8

They lack cognitive flexibility

Question 9

What did Lewis propose?

Answer 9

In people who later develop schizophrenia, chandelier cells fail at some crucial task of cultivating pyramidal cells during childhood or early adolescence

Question 10

What does normal cortical development involve?

Answer 10

Proliferation
Migration
Arborisation
Myelination

Question 11

Describe the theta rhythm

Answer 11

4-8Hz
250-125ms
Hippocampus
Fire at peaks
Important for coordination & organising faster oscillations in other areas of the brain
Long range

Question 12

Describe the alpha rhythm

Answer 12

10Hz
100ms
Eyes closed

Question 13

Describe the beta rhythm

Answer 13

15-30Hz
67-33ms
Throughout brain, specifically in motor system

Question 14

Describe the gamma rhythm

Answer 14

30-80Hz
17-13ms
Important for cognition
Short range
Depend on theta rhythm

Question 15

What is the evidence for the dopamine hypothesis?

Answer 15

Typical antipsychotic drugs

DA agonists

Question 16

Why do typical antipsychotic drugs provide evidence for the dopamine hypothesis?

Answer 16

D2 receptor antagonists

Prevent positive symptoms

Question 17

Why do DA agonists provide evidence for the dopamine hypothesis?

Answer 17

Cocaine, amphetamine, L-DOPA can cause positive symptoms of schizophrenia at large doses
Drug-induced psychoses can be treated with D2 antagonist antipyschotic drugs

Question 18

Describe the D1 receptor family

Answer 18

Gs coupled
D1
D5

Question 19

What structures are involved in D1?

Answer 19

Caudate-putamen
NAcc
Olfactory
Tubercule

Question 20

What structures are involved in D5?

Answer 20

Hippocampus

Hypothalamus

Question 21

Describe the D2 receptor family

Answer 21

Gi coupled
D2
D3
D4

Question 22

What structures are involved in D2?

Answer 22

Caudate-putamen
NAcc
Olfactory
Tubercule

Question 23

What structures are involved in D3?

Answer 23

Olfactory
Tubercule
Hypothalamus
NAcc
cerebellum

Question 24

What structures are involved in D4?

Answer 24

Frontal cortex
Medulla
Amygdala
Midbrain

Question 25

What are the parkinsonian-like symptoms?

Answer 25

Slow movement | Lack of facial expression

Question 26

What are the tar dive dyskinesia symptoms?

Answer 26

Slow, fault movements

Question 27

Why don't atypical antipsychotics have the same extrapyramidal side effects?

Answer 27

They have a lower activity at D2 receptor

Question 28

Give some examples of atypical antipsychotics

Answer 28

Clozapine Risperidone Olanzapine

Question 29

What are the side effects of clozapine?

Answer 29

``` Weight gain Sedation Hypersalivation Tachycardia Hypotension Neutropenia ```

Question 30

What is the evidence for the glutamate hypothesis?

Answer 30

1) PCP is an NMDA receptor antagonist that causes positive, negative & cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia 2) Genetically engineered mice with fewer NMDA receptors are more antisocial and have difficulties in learning and memory.

Question 31

What are the neurocognitive deficits of schizophrenia?

Answer 31

``` Enduring symptoms of this disease Lower IQ Attentional deficits Working memory Planning & information processing deficits ```

Question 32

What is the stroop task?

Answer 32

Say colour of word, don't read what word says | Those with schizophrenia are slower and less accurate as they find it difficult to inhibit other contextual information