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Module 202 Neuroscience & behaviour > T1 L17 Neuropathology > Flashcards

T1 L17 Neuropathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal volume of CSF?

A

150ml

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2
Q

What produces CSF?

A

Choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles

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3
Q

What are choroid plexuses?

A

Consist of modified ependymal cells

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4
Q

How much CSF is produced in 24h?

A

450ml

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5
Q

What are the roles of CSF?

A

Metabolic importance
Cushioning of CNS
Role in immune regulation & defence
Cerebral auto regulation of blood flow

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6
Q

What causes hydrocephalus?

A 
Obstruction of CSF flow
Impaired resorption at arachnoid granulations
Shrinking of brain tissue
Very rarely an overproduction of CSF
Communicating
Non-communicating
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7
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Accumulation of CSF in the brain

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8
Q

What is ex vacuo?

A

Enlargement of cerebral ventricles & subarachnoid spaces due to shrinkage of brain tissue

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9
Q

What is the consequence of hydrocephalus occurring before fusion of the cranial sutures?

A

Enlargement of the head circumference

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10
Q

What is the the definition of raised intracranial pressure?

A

Mean CSF pressure above 200mm H2O

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11
Q

What can cause raised intracranial pressure?

A

Increased CSF volume (hydrocephalus)
Intracranial space occupying lesion (neoplasm, haemorrhage, abscess)
Cerebral oedema

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12
Q

What is a consequence of raised intracranial pressure?

A

Herniation

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13
Q

What are some types of herniation caused by raised intracranial pressure?

A

Subfalcial (cingulate)
Central / transtentorial
Tonsillar cerebellar

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14
Q

Why is tonsillar / cerebellar herniation the most dangerous?

A

May cause compression of the medulla which impairs the vital respiratory & cardiac functions

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15
Q

What does tonsillar herniation look like at autopsy?

A

Coning herniation & compression of medulla oblongata

Duret haemorrhages

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16
Q

What are some types of a space occupying lesion?

A 
Extradural / epidural haemorrhage
Subdural haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Ischaemic infarct with subsequent oedema or haemorrhage
Neoplasm
Abscess
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17
Q

What are the consequences of head trauma?

A

Skull fracture
Parenchymal injury - contusion, laceration, diffuse axonal injury
Coup & contrecoup
Vascular injury

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18
Q

What can cause an extradural vascular injury?

A

Severe trauma with arterial laceration

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19
Q

What is the main cause of a subarachnoid vascular injury?

A

Rupture of saccular (berry) aneurysm in the circle of willis

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20
Q

What is the main cause of an intraparenchymal vascular injury?

A

Hypertension

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21
Q

Where is the most common place for a berry aneurysm in the circle of willis?

A

On the anterior cerebral artery

22
Q

Where is the least common place for a berry aneurysm in the circle of willis?

A

The basilar artery

23
Q

Where on the circle of Willis do 20% of berry aneurysms occur?

A

On the internal carotid artery

24
Q

Where on the circle of Willis do 34% of berry aneurysms occur?

A

In the middle cerebral artery

25
What are the consequences of a C4 or above injury?
Paralysis of the diaphragm
26
What is the consequence of a cervical injury?
Quadriplegia
27
What is the consequence of a thoracic injury?
Paraplegia
28
What are the 2 types of cerebral oedema?
Vasogenic - increased vascular permeability | Cytotoxic - neuronal, glial or endothelial cell damage
29
How much of the cardiac output does the brain require?
15%
30
How much of the oxygen demand does the brain require?
20%
31
What are the most oxygen sensitive cells?
Neurons
32
Describe the histology of an ischaemic infarct
``` Acute neuronal injury Red neurons Pyknosis of nucleus Shrinkage of cell body Loss of nucleoli Intense eosinophilia of cytoplasm ```
33
What percentage of neoplasms are primary or secondary?
75% primary | 25% secondary
34
What percentage of malignant childhood tumours are located in the CNS?
20%
35
Give examples of types of neoplasms
``` Gliomas Neural tumours Meningiomas Poorly differentiated neoplasms Primary CNS lymphoma Metastasis Peripheral nerve tumours ```
36
Where may neoplasms have metastasised from?
``` Lung Breast Skin / melanoma Kidney GI tract ```
37
Give some examples of peripheral nerve tumours
Schwanoma Neurofibroma MPNST
38
Give an example of a poorly differentiated neoplasm
Medulloblastoma
39
Give some examples of gliomas
Astrocytoma Oligodendroglioma Glioblastoma
40
Give an example of a neural tumour?
Ganglion cell tumours
41
What are the 4 types of infections?
Meningitis Abscess Encephalitis Localised
42
What are the types of meningitis?
Bacterial - acute or chronic Viral Fungal RMSV, neurosyphilis, Lyme disease, malaria
43
What are some examples of viral encephalitis?
HSV CMV HIV JC polyoma virus
44
Give some examples of localised infections
Toxoplasmosis | Cysticercosis
45
What are some progressive / degenerative conditions
``` Neurodegenerative diseases Spinocerebellar degenerative diseases Demyelinating diseases Prion diseases Genetic metabolic diseases Toxic & acquired metabolic diseases ```
46
Give some examples of neurodegenerative diseases
Alzheimer's disease | Parkinson's disease
47
Describe the process of spinocerebellar degenerative diseases
Accumulation of protein aggregates --> loss of cellular & subsequent loss of CNS functions
48
What symptoms do spinocerebellar degenerative diseases cause?
``` Dementia Behavioural & personality changes Language disturbance Movement & coordination disturbance Paralysis ```
49
Give an example of a demyelinating disease
Multiple sclerosis
50
Give an example of a prion disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
51
Give an example of a genetic metabolic disease
Neuronal storage disease
52
Give examples of toxic & acquired metabolic diseases
Vitamin B1 & B12 deficiency CO toxicity Alcohol toxicity Radiation toxicity

Module 202 Neuroscience & behaviour (39 decks)

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