Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 202 Neuroscience & behaviour > T1 L17 Neuropathology > Flashcards

T1 L17 Neuropathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal volume of CSF?

A

150ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What produces CSF?

A

Choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are choroid plexuses?

A

Consist of modified ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much CSF is produced in 24h?

A

450ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the roles of CSF?

A

Metabolic importance
Cushioning of CNS
Role in immune regulation & defence
Cerebral auto regulation of blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes hydrocephalus?

A 
Obstruction of CSF flow
Impaired resorption at arachnoid granulations
Shrinking of brain tissue
Very rarely an overproduction of CSF
Communicating
Non-communicating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Accumulation of CSF in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is ex vacuo?

A

Enlargement of cerebral ventricles & subarachnoid spaces due to shrinkage of brain tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the consequence of hydrocephalus occurring before fusion of the cranial sutures?

A

Enlargement of the head circumference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the the definition of raised intracranial pressure?

A

Mean CSF pressure above 200mm H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can cause raised intracranial pressure?

A

Increased CSF volume (hydrocephalus)
Intracranial space occupying lesion (neoplasm, haemorrhage, abscess)
Cerebral oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a consequence of raised intracranial pressure?

A

Herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some types of herniation caused by raised intracranial pressure?

A

Subfalcial (cingulate)
Central / transtentorial
Tonsillar cerebellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is tonsillar / cerebellar herniation the most dangerous?

A

May cause compression of the medulla which impairs the vital respiratory & cardiac functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does tonsillar herniation look like at autopsy?

A

Coning herniation & compression of medulla oblongata

Duret haemorrhages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some types of a space occupying lesion?

A 
Extradural / epidural haemorrhage
Subdural haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Ischaemic infarct with subsequent oedema or haemorrhage
Neoplasm
Abscess
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the consequences of head trauma?

A

Skull fracture
Parenchymal injury - contusion, laceration, diffuse axonal injury
Coup & contrecoup
Vascular injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can cause an extradural vascular injury?

A

Severe trauma with arterial laceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the main cause of a subarachnoid vascular injury?

A

Rupture of saccular (berry) aneurysm in the circle of willis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the main cause of an intraparenchymal vascular injury?

A

Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the most common place for a berry aneurysm in the circle of willis?

A

On the anterior cerebral artery

22
Q

Where is the least common place for a berry aneurysm in the circle of willis?

A

The basilar artery

23
Q

Where on the circle of Willis do 20% of berry aneurysms occur?

A

On the internal carotid artery

24
Q

Where on the circle of Willis do 34% of berry aneurysms occur?

A

In the middle cerebral artery

25
Q

What are the consequences of a C4 or above injury?

A

Paralysis of the diaphragm

26
Q

What is the consequence of a cervical injury?

A

Quadriplegia

27
Q

What is the consequence of a thoracic injury?

A

Paraplegia

28
Q

What are the 2 types of cerebral oedema?

A

Vasogenic - increased vascular permeability

Cytotoxic - neuronal, glial or endothelial cell damage

29
Q

How much of the cardiac output does the brain require?

A

15%

30
Q

How much of the oxygen demand does the brain require?

A

20%

31
Q

What are the most oxygen sensitive cells?

A

Neurons

32
Q

Describe the histology of an ischaemic infarct

A 
Acute neuronal injury
Red neurons
Pyknosis of nucleus
Shrinkage of cell body
Loss of nucleoli
Intense eosinophilia of cytoplasm
33
Q

What percentage of neoplasms are primary or secondary?

A

75% primary

25% secondary

34
Q

What percentage of malignant childhood tumours are located in the CNS?

A

20%

35
Q

Give examples of types of neoplasms

A 
Gliomas
Neural tumours
Meningiomas
Poorly differentiated neoplasms
Primary CNS lymphoma
Metastasis
Peripheral nerve tumours
36
Q

Where may neoplasms have metastasised from?

A 
Lung
Breast
Skin / melanoma
Kidney
GI tract
37
Q

Give some examples of peripheral nerve tumours

A

Schwanoma
Neurofibroma
MPNST

38
Q

Give an example of a poorly differentiated neoplasm

A

Medulloblastoma

39
Q

Give some examples of gliomas

A

Astrocytoma
Oligodendroglioma
Glioblastoma

40
Q

Give an example of a neural tumour?

A

Ganglion cell tumours

41
Q

What are the 4 types of infections?

A

Meningitis
Abscess
Encephalitis
Localised

42
Q

What are the types of meningitis?

A

Bacterial - acute or chronic
Viral
Fungal
RMSV, neurosyphilis, Lyme disease, malaria

43
Q

What are some examples of viral encephalitis?

A

HSV
CMV
HIV
JC polyoma virus

44
Q

Give some examples of localised infections

A

Toxoplasmosis

Cysticercosis

45
Q

What are some progressive / degenerative conditions

A 
Neurodegenerative diseases
Spinocerebellar degenerative diseases
Demyelinating diseases
Prion diseases
Genetic metabolic diseases
Toxic & acquired metabolic diseases
46
Q

Give some examples of neurodegenerative diseases

A

Alzheimer’s disease

Parkinson’s disease

47
Q

Describe the process of spinocerebellar degenerative diseases

A

Accumulation of protein aggregates –> loss of cellular & subsequent loss of CNS functions

48
Q

What symptoms do spinocerebellar degenerative diseases cause?

A 
Dementia
Behavioural & personality changes 
Language disturbance
Movement & coordination disturbance
Paralysis
49
Q

Give an example of a demyelinating disease

A

Multiple sclerosis

50
Q

Give an example of a prion disease

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

51
Q

Give an example of a genetic metabolic disease

A

Neuronal storage disease

52
Q

Give examples of toxic & acquired metabolic diseases

A

Vitamin B1 & B12 deficiency
CO toxicity
Alcohol toxicity
Radiation toxicity

Module 202 Neuroscience & behaviour (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions