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Module 202 Neuroscience & behaviour > T2 L5 Cerebellum & motor learning > Flashcards

T2 L5 Cerebellum & motor learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Maintenance of balance & posture
Coordination of voluntary movements
Motor learning
Cognitive functions

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2
Q

Describe the location of the cerebellum

A

Inferior to occipital & temporal lobes

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3
Q

What forms the cerebellar cortex?

A

Grey matter

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4
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculondular

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5
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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6
Q

What are the cerebellar nuclei?

A

Dentate
Fastigial
Interposed

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7
Q

What is the dentate nucleus output?

A

Areas 4 & 6

Motor planning

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8
Q

What is the fastigial nucleus output?

A

Medial descending system

Motor execution

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9
Q

What is the interposed nucleus output?

A

Lateral descending system

Motor execution

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10
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

Movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)

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11
Q

What is dysnergia?

A

Decomposition of complex movements

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12
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Reduced ability trying to perform rapidly alternating movements

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13
Q

What is an intentional tremor?

A

Arises when trying to perform a goal-directed movement

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14
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Articulation incoordination. Incoordination in respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx etc

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15
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

Involuntary, rhythmical repeated oscillations of one or both eyes in any or all directions of view

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16
Q

What can cause nystagmus?

A

Vestibular ocular pathway lesion

17
Q

What effect can a lesion in spinocerebellar have?

A

Gait ataxia

Disturbance of limb tone (hypotonia) & posture

18
Q

What effects can a lesion to cerebrocerebellum pathway cause?

A 
Dysmetria
Dysnergia
Dysdiadochokinesia
Intentional tremor
Dysarthria
19
Q

What is gait ataxia?

A

Unsteadiness of walking

20
Q

Where do mossy fibres come from?

A

Spinal cord

Brainstem

21
Q

Where do climbing fibres come from?

A

Inferior olivary nucleus

22
Q

Where do the deep cerebellar nuclei output to?

A

Thalami
Vestibular nuclei
Red nucleus

23
Q

Describe the link with climbing fibres and purkinje cells

A

One climbing fibre to each purkinje cell with many synapses

24
Q

Describe the link with parallel fibres and purkinje cells

A

Many parallel fibres to each purkinje cell with one or few synapses

25
Q

What do the motor cortex & red nucleus generate signals via?

A

Corticopontinecerebellar tract

26
Q

What is proprioceptive feedback from muscles & joints via?

A

Spinocerebellum & vestibulocerebellum pathways

27
Q

What is the actual response compared with?

A

The desired response via cerebrocerebellum inputs from supplementary motor cortex & primary motor cortex to produce error signals

28
Q

Describe the feedback loop

A

Error signal is difference between desired input and output

Feedback comes from output

29
Q

Describe the feedforward loop

A

Movements that are too fast to be corrected by feedback are executed using predictions of their outcomes based on experience
Advance information used to generate desired output & this fed forward to generate output

30
Q

What are error signals mainly derived from?

A

Sensory information

31
Q

What are error signals sent via?

A

Inferior olivary nucleus which then lead onto climbing fibres

32
Q

What are the genetic causes of cerebellar dysfunction?

A

Friederich’s ataxia
Spinocerebellar degeneration
Ataxia-telengiectasia
Von Hippel Lindau

33
Q

What are some acquired causes of symmetrical ataxia?

A 
Alcohol
Metabolic - B12, thyroid, coeliac
Drugs - phenytoin
Degenerative - familial, MSA
Immune - paraneoplastic
34
Q

What arteries supply the cerebellum?

A

Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

35
Q

Why is ataxia less profound if the cerebellar cortex is involved?

A

It has some degree of plasticity

Module 202 Neuroscience & behaviour (39 decks)

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