T1 L9 Basic principles of memory Flashcards

1
Q

Who drew a distinction between primary & secondary memory?

A

William James

1890

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2
Q

Describe primary memory

A

Portion of present space of time
Linked to conscious experience
Retrieval is effortless

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3
Q

Describe secondary memory

A

Genuine past
Unconscious - permanent
Retrieval is effortful

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4
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Sensations persist after the stimulus has disappeared
Subject to very rapid decay
Stores exist for visual & auditory sensory information

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5
Q

Describe Sperling’s first experiment

A

Presented matrix of letters for 1/20 seconds
Subjects had to recall as many letters as possible
Subjects only recalled 5-6

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6
Q

Describe Sperling’s second experiment

A

Sounded low, medium or high tone immediately after matrix disappeared which corresponded to 1 row
Recall was almost perfect

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7
Q

What is working memory?

A

Short-term store

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8
Q

What is the short term store for?

A

A work space to solve problems

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9
Q

Describe the dual task

A

Baddeley - 1986
B is preceded by A - BA True / false
A is not followed by B - BA True / false
Performed while remembering string of digits

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10
Q

Describe the results of the dual task

A

Reasoning time increases with digit load
Increase in reasoning time is modest
Error rate does not increase

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11
Q

What is the evidence for the phonological store?

A

Phonological similarity effect

Word length effect

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12
Q

Describe the phonological similarity effect

A
Baddeley - 1966
Presented lists of 5 words to write down in order
List A - phonological words
List B - same length
List C - Semantic words
List D - Random
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13
Q

What were the results of the phonological similarity effect?

A

Large effect of phonological similarity

No effect of semantic similarity

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14
Q

Describe the word length effect

A

Baddeley 1975

Shown lists of 5 words with increasing length

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15
Q

What are the results of the word length effect?

A

Correct recall related to number of syllables

Strong correlation between reading speed & correct recall

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16
Q

Describe the visuospatial sketchpad

A

Necessary for holding a sequence of visually guided actions

Necessary for seeing in the mind’s eye

17
Q

What is the evidence for the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

De Renzi & Nichelli - 1975
Showed some patients with brain damage had impaired digit spans, some had impaired spatial spans

Della Sala - 1999
Viewing abstract pictures interfered with visual task but tracing outline of a series of pegs interfered with spatial task

18
Q

What is the visuospatial sketchpad divided into?

A

Visual cache

Inner scribe

19
Q

What is visual cache?

A

Passively stores visual information about form & colour

20
Q

What is inner scribe?

A

Stores spatial & movement information & can rehearse contents of visual cache

21
Q

Who introduced the concept of levels of processing?

A

Craik & Lockhart - 1972

22
Q

What did Roediger & Karpicke do in 2006?

A

Encoding evidence: study-test versus studying alone

23
Q

Describe the study-test versus studying alone experiment

A

Students were tested or restudied the passage

Memory was tested after 5 mins, 2 days or 1 week

24
Q

What were the results of the study-test versus studying alone experiment?

A

Advantage for the study-test conditions after the delay
Studying & then testing yourself leads to better retention
Retrieval practice effort

25
Q

What did Morris propose in 1977?

A
2 acquisition conditions
2 test conditions
Processing is goal directed
Shallow processing task might be better if retrieval uses the same type of processing
Transfer appropriate processing
26
Q

What did Godden & Baddeley do in 1975?

A

Subjects learnt list of words on land or under sea
Subjects tested for words on land or under sea
Context dependent memory
Also occurs for mood