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Clinical Pathology (RIP) > T10 - L3 diseases of musculoskeletal system 2 > Flashcards

T10 - L3 diseases of musculoskeletal system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are soft tissue tumours?

A

not skin (non-epithelial)

not bone (extra skeletal)

not organs

can be: Fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, skeletal
muscle, blood and lymphatic vasculature,
peripheral nervous system.

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2
Q

soft tissue tumours occur in tissues of what embryological origin?

A

Mesodermal in origin

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3
Q

list some soft tissue tumours

A

Benign tumours- common

  • Lipomas -fat tissue
  • Fibromas -fibrous tissue
  • Leiomyomas-smooth muscle
  • Heamangiomas-blood vessel
  • Lymphangiomas-lymphatics
  • Neuromas-Peripheral nerves
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4
Q

what is a lipoma?

A

benign tumor of fat tissue

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5
Q

what is a fibroma?

A

benign tumor that is composed of fibrous or connective tissue

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6
Q

what is a leiomyoma?

A

benign tumour of smooth muscle

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7
Q

what is a Heamangioma?

A

benign tumour of blood vessels

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8
Q

what is a Lymphangioma?

A

benign tumour of lymph

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9
Q

what is a neuroma?

A

benign tumour of peripheral nerves

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10
Q

what indicates a benign tumour?

A

-oma

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11
Q

what indicates a malignant tumour?

A

sarcoma

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12
Q

how would you diagnose a. soft tissue tumour?

A
  • ultrasound
  • cytogenetics
  • molecular genetics
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13
Q

what is Neurofibromatosis Type 1?

A

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes tumours to grow along your nerves. The tumours are usually non-cancerous (benign) but may cause a range of symptoms.

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14
Q

what are symptoms of Neurofibromatosis Type 1?

A
  • pale, coffee-coloured patches (café au lait spots)
  • soft, non-cancerous tumours on or under the skin (neurofibromas)
  • clusters of freckles in unusual places – such as the armpits, groin and under the breast
  • problems with the bones, eyes and nervous system
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15
Q

neurofibromas are a characteristic of which syndrome?

A

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

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16
Q

what is a benign bone tumour?

A

osteoma

osteoblastoma

17
Q

what is a benign cartilage tumour?

A

chondroma

18
Q

what is a benign tumour of the bone and cartilage?

A

osteochondroma

19
Q

what is osteochondroma?

A

benign tumour of the bone and cartilage

20
Q

what is chondroma?

A

benign tumour of cartilage

21
Q

what is an osteoma?

A

benign tumour of bone

22
Q

what is a osteosarcoma?

A

malignant tumour of bone

  • young age group
  • most common site is the knee
23
Q

what is a chondrosarcoma?

A

malignant tumour or cartilage

24
Q

what is Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

malignant tumour of bone and surrounding tissue

  • young people (10-20)
  • more common in males
25
Q

what is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

A

SLE

  • systemic autoimmune disease
  • inflammation of joints/anywhere in the body
  • typical butterfly rash
  • cardiac problems
26
Q

what is Systemic sclerosis?

A

autoimmune disease of the connective tissue

27
Q

CREST syndrome describes the cutaneous form of Systemic sclerosis, what does it mean?

A

CREST syndrome-

Calcinosis, 
Raynaud’s
(E)oesophageal dysfunction,
Sclerodactyly,
Telangiectasia
28
Q

what is Polymyalgia Rheumatica?

A

Stiffness, weakness, aching and pain in the

muscles of neck, limb girdles and upper limbs.

29
Q

what is meant by myopathy?

A

a disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly

30
Q

what is myositis?

A

muscle fibres and overlying
skin are inflamed and damaged resulting
in muscle weakness

31
Q

what is muscular dystrophy?

A

a group of muscle diseases that results in increasing weakening and breakdown of skeletal muscles over time

  • inherited
  • heterogeneous group
  • begins in childhood
32
Q

what is Malignant Hyperthermia?

A
  • Inherited disease
-  fast rise in body
temperature
 - bleeding 
- dark brown urine 
- muscle rigidity

discovered during anaesthesia: severe muscle
contraction when the affected person gets
general anaesthesia

33
Q

what is rhabdomyolysis?

A

Rhabdomyolysis is a serious syndrome due to a direct or indirect muscle injury.

  • destruction of skeletal muscle
  • release of muscle fibre content into the blood
  • myoglobin released into blood stream
  • Filtered through the kidney and enters
    urine- myoglobinuria- brown urine
34
Q

what is myoglobinuria?

A

presence of myoglobin in the urine

  • brown urine
  • associated with Rhabdomyolysis
35
Q

what can cause Rhabdomyolysis?

A
  • trauma, crush injuries
  • drugs
  • extreme temperature
  • severe exertion e.g. marathon running
  • lengthy surgery
  • servere dehydration
  • acute renal failure** important complication

Clinical Pathology (RIP) (49 decks)

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