T10 - L3 diseases of musculoskeletal system 2

Question 1

what are soft tissue tumours?

Answer 1

not skin (non-epithelial)

not bone (extra skeletal)

not organs

can be: Fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, skeletal
muscle, blood and lymphatic vasculature,
peripheral nervous system.

Question 2

soft tissue tumours occur in tissues of what embryological origin?

Answer 2

Mesodermal in origin

Question 3

list some soft tissue tumours

Answer 3

Benign tumours- common

• Lipomas -fat tissue
• Fibromas -fibrous tissue
• Leiomyomas-smooth muscle
• Heamangiomas-blood vessel
• Lymphangiomas-lymphatics
• Neuromas-Peripheral nerves

Question 4

what is a lipoma?

Answer 4

benign tumor of fat tissue

Question 5

what is a fibroma?

Answer 5

benign tumor that is composed of fibrous or connective tissue

Question 6

what is a leiomyoma?

Answer 6

benign tumour of smooth muscle

Question 7

what is a Heamangioma?

Answer 7

benign tumour of blood vessels

Question 8

what is a Lymphangioma?

Answer 8

benign tumour of lymph

Question 9

what is a neuroma?

Answer 9

benign tumour of peripheral nerves

Question 10

what indicates a benign tumour?

Answer 10

-oma

Question 11

what indicates a malignant tumour?

Answer 11

sarcoma

Question 12

how would you diagnose a. soft tissue tumour?

Answer 12

• ultrasound
• cytogenetics
• molecular genetics

Question 13

what is Neurofibromatosis Type 1?

Answer 13

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes tumours to grow along your nerves. The tumours are usually non-cancerous (benign) but may cause a range of symptoms.

Question 14

what are symptoms of Neurofibromatosis Type 1?

Answer 14

• pale, coffee-coloured patches (café au lait spots)
• soft, non-cancerous tumours on or under the skin (neurofibromas)
• clusters of freckles in unusual places – such as the armpits, groin and under the breast
• problems with the bones, eyes and nervous system

Question 15

neurofibromas are a characteristic of which syndrome?

Answer 15

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Question 16

what is a benign bone tumour?

Answer 16

osteoma

osteoblastoma

Question 17

what is a benign cartilage tumour?

Answer 17

chondroma

Question 18

what is a benign tumour of the bone and cartilage?

Answer 18

osteochondroma

Question 19

what is osteochondroma?

Answer 19

benign tumour of the bone and cartilage

Question 20

what is chondroma?

Answer 20

benign tumour of cartilage

Question 21

what is an osteoma?

Answer 21

benign tumour of bone

Question 22

what is a osteosarcoma?

Answer 22

malignant tumour of bone

• young age group
• most common site is the knee

Question 23

what is a chondrosarcoma?

Answer 23

malignant tumour or cartilage

Question 24

what is Ewing’s sarcoma?

Answer 24

malignant tumour of bone and surrounding tissue

• young people (10-20)
• more common in males

Question 25

what is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

Answer 25

SLE - systemic autoimmune disease - inflammation of joints/anywhere in the body - typical butterfly rash - cardiac problems

Question 26

what is Systemic sclerosis?

Answer 26

autoimmune disease of the connective tissue

Question 27

CREST syndrome describes the cutaneous form of Systemic sclerosis, what does it mean?

Answer 27

CREST syndrome- ``` Calcinosis, Raynaud’s (E)oesophageal dysfunction, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasia ```

Question 28

what is Polymyalgia Rheumatica?

Answer 28

Stiffness, weakness, aching and pain in the | muscles of neck, limb girdles and upper limbs.

Question 29

what is meant by myopathy?

Answer 29

a disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly

Question 30

what is myositis?

Answer 30

muscle fibres and overlying skin are inflamed and damaged resulting in muscle weakness

Question 31

what is muscular dystrophy?

Answer 31

a group of muscle diseases that results in increasing weakening and breakdown of skeletal muscles over time - inherited - heterogeneous group - begins in childhood

Question 32

what is Malignant Hyperthermia?

Answer 32

- Inherited disease ``` - fast rise in body temperature - bleeding - dark brown urine - muscle rigidity ``` discovered during anaesthesia: severe muscle contraction when the affected person gets general anaesthesia

Question 33

what is rhabdomyolysis?

Answer 33

Rhabdomyolysis is a serious syndrome due to a direct or indirect muscle injury. - destruction of skeletal muscle - release of muscle fibre content into the blood - myoglobin released into blood stream - Filtered through the kidney and enters urine- myoglobinuria- brown urine

Question 34

what is myoglobinuria?

Answer 34

presence of myoglobin in the urine - brown urine - associated with Rhabdomyolysis

Question 35

what can cause Rhabdomyolysis?

Answer 35

- trauma, crush injuries - drugs - extreme temperature - severe exertion e.g. marathon running - lengthy surgery - servere dehydration - acute renal failure**** important complication