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Clinical Pathology (RIP) > T10 - L2 diseases of musculoskeletal system 1 > Flashcards

T10 - L2 diseases of musculoskeletal system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones make up the skeleton?

A

206

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2
Q

what is arthritides?

A

(plural of arthritis) - pain and stiffness of a joint - inflammation of the joint

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3
Q

what is the most common type of joint disease?

A

Osteoarthritis - degenerative joint disease - progressive erosion of articular cartilage - results in the formation of bony spurs and cysts at the margins of joints

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4
Q

which type of arthritis comes with increasing age?

A

OA

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5
Q

what is secondary OA?

A

Secondary osteoarthritis is a form of osteoarthritis that is caused by another disease or condition. Conditions that can lead to secondary osteoarthritis include obesity, repeated trauma or surgery to the joint structures, abnormal joints at birth (congenital abnormalities), gout, diabetes, and other hormone disorders.

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6
Q

athletes are more prone to which type of arthritis

A

secondary OA

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7
Q

where is the most common site of OA in men?

A

hips

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8
Q

where is the most common site of OA in women?

A

knees and hands

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9
Q

with reference to OA, as the cartilage is worn away what is formed?

A

spurs subchondral cysts - results in pain and limitation of movements

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10
Q

what is a chondrocyte?

A

a cell which has secreted the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it - regulate Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

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11
Q

what happens to the chondrocytes in OA?

A
  • hypertrophy - produce interleukin-1 (initiates matrix breakdown) - release of lytic enzymes (prevents matrix synthesis)
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12
Q

which type of cell is responsible for OA?

A

chondrocytes

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13
Q

which joint disease can be characterised by a progressive cartilage degradation characterized by the softening, fibrillation and erosions of the articular surface?

A

OA

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14
Q

what are features of primary OA?

A
  • Abnormal stresses in weight bearing joints - Affects fingers, knees and cervical and lumbar spines - Involvement of fingers- Herberden’s or Bouchard’s nodes
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15
Q

Herberden’s or Bouchard’s nodes are features of what type of joint disease?

A

OA

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16
Q

what causes primary OA?

A

abnormal stresses in weight bearing joints

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17
Q

which type of arthritis can be described as a Chronic systemic disorder-principally affecting the joints?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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18
Q

what is synovitis?

A

inflammation of the synovial membrane

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19
Q

what are features of RA?

A
  • synovitis - destruction of articular cartilage - ankylosis of joints
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20
Q

what is ankylosis?

A

abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones

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21
Q

which type of joint disease can also affect skin, muscles, organs and blood vessels?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis - systemic disease

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22
Q

are women or men more likely to develop RA?

A

women 3-5 times more likely than men

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23
Q

what are some clinical features of RA?

A
  • Malaise - fatigue - generalised musculoskeletal pain to start of - Involved joints are swollen, warm, painful - stiff in the morning or after activity
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24
Q

which joint disease is characterised by morning stiffness?

A

RA

25
Q

what causes RA?

A
  • genetic susceptibility (HLA-DR4/DR1 or both) - Primary exogenous arthritogen- EBV,other viruses, Borrelia - autoimmune reaction within synovial membranes
26
Q

what is the criteria for diagnosis of RA?

A
  • morning stiffness - arthritis in 3 or more joint areas - Arthritis of hand joints - Symmetric arthritis - Rheumatoid nodules - Serum Rheumatoid factor (4 of the above)
27
Q

how would you confirm a diagnosis of RA?

A
  • rheumatoid factor (present?) - presence of neutrophils in synovial fluid
28
Q

how does RA most commonly manifest within the skin?

A

Skin-Rheumatoid nodules in areas of pressure

29
Q

what is Sero-negative arthritides?

A

any arthritis where the rheumatoid factor is not present - Ankylosing spondylitis - Reiter’s syndrome - Psoriatic arthritis - Enteropathic arthritis

30
Q

what joint disease is a result of hyperuricemia?

A

gout

31
Q

what are clinical features of gout?

A
  • acute arthritis - chronic Arthritis - tophi in various sites - gouty nephropathy
32
Q

what is tophus (plural tophi)?

A

a deposit of crystalline uric acid and other substances at the surface of joints or in skin or cartilage

33
Q

what is Gouty nephropathy?

A

rapidly worsening (decreasing) kidney function (renal insufficiency) that is caused by high levels of uric acid in the urine (hyperuricosuria)

34
Q

what is hyperuricosuria?

A

high levels of uric acid in the urine

35
Q

what is pyogenic osteomyelitis?

A

inflammation of bone caused by an infecting organism - most commonly bacteria

36
Q

what tests would you conduct if you suspected pyogenic osteomyelitis?

A
  • blood culture - X-ray - biopsy (if needed shows sheets of neutrophils)
37
Q

what is the difference between pyogenic osteomyelitis and infective arthritis?

A

Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone infective arthritis Septic arthritis is an infection of any joint

38
Q

what is infective arthritis also known as?

A

septic arthritis

39
Q

what joint disease is characterised by a reduction in bone mass?

A

osteoporosis NB: reduction in bone mass can be localised or entire skeleton

40
Q

what are clinical features of Osteoporosis?

A
  • Vertebral factures - Kyphosis - Scoliosis
41
Q

what is Kyphosis?

A

Kyphosis (a hump) is an abnormally excessive convex curvature of the spine as it occurs in the thoracic and sacral regions. Kyphosis can be called roundback or Kelso’s hunchback.

42
Q

what is Scoliosis?

A

Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty

43
Q

what can cause secondary osteoporosis?

A

● Endocrine disorders- Hyperparathyroidism, Type1 diabetes ● Neoplasia-Multiple myeloma ● Malnutrition

44
Q

osteoclast dysfunction leads to which condition?

A

Paget’s disease

45
Q

what virus causes Paget’s disease?

A

Paramyxovirus infection

46
Q

physiologically, what happens if there is an osteoclast dysfunction?

A
  • osteoblasts dominate - gain in bone mass - Newly formed bone is disordered and architecturally unsound
47
Q

who is more likely to suffer from pages disease, males or females?

A

males

48
Q

what is the most common symptom of paget’s disease?

A

pain

49
Q

what is the most common type of fractures in Paget’s disease?

A

chalk stick type fractures

50
Q

what are chalk stick type fractures?

A

Chalkstick fractures are fractures, typically of long bones, in which the fracture is transverse to the long axis of the bone, like a broken stick of chalk.

51
Q

what are complications of Paget’s disease?

A
  • Tumours –Benign &Malignant - Giant cell tumour- benign tumour - Malignant-Osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma
52
Q

what is osteomalacia?

A

softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium. - deficiency of matrix mineralization due to lack of vitamin D

53
Q

what is osteopenia?

A

Decreased bone density- too little bone

54
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Excessive secretion of Parathormone

55
Q

what affect does hyperparathyroidism have on bone?

A

Increases bone resorption and calcium mobilisation from the skeleton

56
Q

what affect does hyperparathyroidism have on the kidneys?

A

Increases renal tubular reabsorption and retention of calcium net effect: hypercalecemia

57
Q

what is Renal Osteodystrophy?

A

skeletal changes due to chronic renal disease

58
Q

what are features of Renal Osteodystrophy?

A
  • Increased osteoclastic bone resorption - Delayed matrix mineralization - Osteosclerosis - Growth retardation - Osteoporosis

Clinical Pathology (RIP) (49 decks)

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