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Clinical Pathology (RIP) > T1 - L4 PARASITOLOGY > Flashcards

T1 - L4 PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what is a parasite?

A

An organism which lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other’s expense.

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2
Q

what does symbiosis mean?

A

living together; close, long term interaction between two different species

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3
Q

what is mutualism?

A

an association in which both species benefit from the interaction

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4
Q

what is parasitism?

A

an association in which the parasite derives benefit and the host suffers injury

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5
Q

what is commensalism?

A

an association in which the parasite only is deriving benefit without
causing injury to the host

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6
Q

what is a definitive host?

A

harbours the adult stage of the parasite

human (majority)

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7
Q

what is a intermediate host?

A

Harbours the larval or asexual stages of the parasite

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8
Q

what is a paratenic host?

A

the parasite remains viable - no development of the parasite occurs

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9
Q

what are the two categories of parasites?

A

micro parasites (protozoa) and macro parasites (helminths)

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10
Q

what are the two categories of helminths?

A

Plathelminths (flatworms)

Nematodes (round worms)

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11
Q

Cryptosporidium sp, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba sp are what type of parasites?

A

intestinal protozoa

causing diarrhoea]

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12
Q

P. Falciparum is a parasite causing what disease?

A

malaria

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13
Q

T. cruzi trypomastigote is a parasite causing what disease?

A

Chagas disease

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14
Q

Leishmania amastigotes is a parasite causing what disease?

A

leishmaniasis

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15
Q

what are the two classes of platyhelminths?

A

cestode
e.g. Taenia sp [tape worm]

Trematode
e.g. Schistosoma sp [schistosomiasis]

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16
Q

schistosomiasis is caused by which type of helminths?

A

Macro-parasite (Helminth- Platyhelminth- Trematode/Fluke)

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17
Q

what are the two classes of nematodes? (round worm)

A
  • Intestinal nematode e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides

- Tissue nematode e.g. Wuchereria bancrofti

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18
Q

what type of nematode causes lymphatic filariasis that leads to lymphedema and elephantiasis?

A

Tissue nematode

  • Wuchereria bancrofti
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19
Q

describe a direct life cycle

A

only has a definitive host

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20
Q

describe a simple indirect life cycle

A

has a definitive host and one intermediate host

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21
Q

describe a complex direct life cycle

A

has a definitive and two intermediate hosts and a paratenic host

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22
Q

list 3 helminth infections? (macro parasites)

A

Ascariasis

Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia disease)

Hydatid disease (Echinococcus sp.)

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23
Q

list 4 Protozoa infections? (Micro parasites)

A

Malaria
Cryptosporidiosis
Trichomoniasis
Giardiasis

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24
Q

what is Ascariasis?

A

infection of Intestinal nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides

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25
Q

Ascariasis is most prevalent in what group of people?

A

3-8 year olds

due to poor hygiene/deprivation

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26
Q

how is Ascariasis acquired?

A

ingestion of eggs

contaminated food and water

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27
Q

what is the distribution of Ascariasis?

A

[Africa (mainly), South East Asia and America]

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28
Q

what type of life cycle is Ascariasis?

A

direct life cycle

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29
Q

if Ascariasis migrates to the lungs, what disease can this cause?

A

Loefflers syndrome

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30
Q

how would you diagnosis ascariasis?

A
  • stool sample (lab can test for eggs, some patients can pass worms)
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31
Q

how do you treat ascariasis?

A

Albendazole

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32
Q

how would you control or prevent ascariasis within the community?

A
  • improve sanitation
  • education (to avoid contaminated water)
  • community targeted deworming
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33
Q

Schistosomiasis is also known as what?

A

Bilharzia disease

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34
Q

Schistosomiasis causes chronic disease resulting in what conditions?

A

bladder cancer

liver cirrhosis

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35
Q

what type of life cycle takes place in Schistosomiasis?

A

indirect lifecycle (2 hosts)

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36
Q

what is the definitive host in Schistosomiasis?

A

human

37
Q

what is the intermediate host in Schistosomiasis?

A

freshwater snails

38
Q

how is Schistosomiasis transmitted?

A

Spread through contact with contaminated water with snails

39
Q

what is the distribution of schistosomiasis?

A

[Africa (mainly), India, South East Asia and South America]

  • only where the snail lives - needs intermediate host to complete the cycle
40
Q

what is the immediate presentation of schistosomiasis?

A

swimmers itch (allergic reaction)

41
Q

what is the short term (days) presentation of schistosomiasis?

A

katayma fever

42
Q

what is the longer term (weeks) presentation of schistosomiasis?

A

chronic schistosomiasis (can persist for years)

43
Q

what is the effect of chronic schistosomiasis on the bladder?

A

Haematuria

Bladder fibrosis and dysfunction

Squamous cell CA bladder

44
Q

what is the effect of chronic schistosomiasis on the liver?

A

Portal Hypertension

Liver cirrhosis

Abdo pain

Hepatosplenomegaly

45
Q

how do you diagnose schistosomiasis?

A

urine sample
stool sample
serology

46
Q

how do you treat schistosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

40-60 mg/kg with food 3 doses 8-hourly

  • Treatment of long term complications [If eggs have gone into the spinal cord]
47
Q

how do you control schistosomiasis within the community?

A

kill snails

avoid snail infested waters

Community targeted treatment, education and improved sanitation

48
Q

what causes Hydatid disease?

A

Macro-parasite (Platyhelminth- Cestode-Tapeworm)

Caused by Echinococcus sp.

49
Q

what is the life cycle of the parasite causing Hydatid disease?

A

indirect life cycle

50
Q

what is the definite host in Hydatid disease?

A

dogs

51
Q

what is the intermediate host in Hydatid disease?

A

sheep, cattle, goats

OR accidentally humans

52
Q

how does Hydatid disease present?

A

Cysts: 70% liver [mainly], 20% lungs

May remain asymptomatic for years

53
Q

how is Hydatid disease transmitted?

A

Release of eggs into the environment via dog faeces

54
Q

what is an oncosphere?

A

larval/egg form of a tapeworm

55
Q

how do humans accidentally get Hydatid disease?

A

eats an organ (containing a cyst) from the intermediate host

● e.g. a liver from the sheep that has a cyst

56
Q

what is the result of a Hydatid disease cyst rupturing?

A
  • can cause a range of symptoms including fever, skin rash and allergic reaction and which may be fatal.
  • causes the tapeworm to spread round the body and form cysts in other organs.
57
Q

how do you treat Hydatid disease?

A

Surgical removal of the cysts

58
Q

how do you control Hydatid disease in the community?

A
  • Regularly worm dogs to reduce egg production
  • Hand hygiene
  • Safe disposal of animal carcasses/products of conception
59
Q

what type of parasite is malaria?

A

Micro-parasite (protozoa- sporozoan) plasmodium

60
Q

what are the 4 species of plasmodium?

A

P. falciparum (most significant)

P. vivax (causes milder infections)

P. ovale

P. malariae

61
Q

which species of plasmodium is the most clinically significant and causes death/severe infection?

A

P. falciparum

62
Q

which two species of plasmodium can lie dormant in the liver?

A

P. vivax

P. ovale

63
Q

how is malaria transmitted?

A

Transmitted from humans via female anopheles (mosquitos)

Victor transmission: need a vector and a human host

64
Q

what type of life cycle is malaria?

A

indirect life cycle (2 hosts needed)

65
Q

what is the definite host in malaria?

A

human

66
Q

what is the intermediate host in malaria?

A

female anopheles (mosquitos)

67
Q

what does a mosquito inject into a human to cause malaria?

A

sporozoites

a motile spore-like stage in the life cycle

68
Q

what is the physiological effect on the body of malaria?

A
  • ruptured red cells (anaemia)
  • blocked capillaries (Renal failure (black water fever), Hypoglycaemia, Pulmonary oedema, Circulatory collapse
  • cause
    inflammatory reaction
69
Q

how does malaria lead to death?

A

Cerebral malaria (confusion, headache, coma)

  • an cause your brain to swell, sometimes leading to permanent brain damage. It can also cause fits (seizures) or coma.
70
Q

what does Cryptosporidium parvum and hominis (micro-parasite, sporozoan) cause?

A

Cryptosporidiosis

diarrhoeal disease

71
Q

how is Cryptosporidiosis spread?

A

Human to human spread with animal reservoir (cattle, sheep, goats)

Faecal-oral spread

72
Q

what type of life cycle does Cryptosporidium parvum take to cause Cryptosporidiosis?

A

direct life cycle

73
Q

what is the treatment for symptomatic Cryptosporidiosis?

A

● Rehydration etc.

● Nitazoxanide

74
Q

what is the treatment for symptomatic Cryptosporidiosis

in immunocompromised patients?

A

● Paromomycin (to kill parasite)

● Nitazoxanide (effectiveness is unclear)

● Octreotide (reduce cramps and frequency)

● HIV patients, HAART should be quickly initiated

75
Q

how do you control Cryptosporidiosis in the community?

A

● Hand hygiene
● Filter or boil drinking water
● Isolate symptomatic patients in healthcare setting
● Ensure symptomatic children are kept away from school

76
Q

what type of parasite is Trichomonas vaginalis and what does it cause?

A

Flagellated protozoan (replicates by binary fission)

Trichomoniasis

77
Q

how is Trichomoniasis transmitted?

A

sexually transmitted

78
Q

what are the symptoms/signs of Trichomoniasis?

A

Men = asymptomatic

Women = smelly vaginal discharge, dyspareunia, dysuria and lower abdominal
discomfort, punctuate haemorrhages on cervix (“strawberry cervix”).

79
Q

what type of lifecycle leads to Trichomoniasis?

A

direct life cycle

human to human

80
Q

what is the treatment of Trichomoniasis?

A

Metronidazole single dose of 2g or in divided doses for 7 days

● Treat partner simultaneously

81
Q

how do you prevent Trichomoniasis in the community?

A
  • advise and educate on the prevention of STIs

- Use condoms

82
Q

what type of parasite is giardiasis?

A

Flagellated protozoan

83
Q

how is giardiasis transmitted?

A

Faecal oral transmission

84
Q

what are the symptoms of giardiasis and how long do they last?

A

diarrhoea
abdo pain
bloating
nausea and vomiting

1-3 weeks

85
Q

what life cycle leads to giardiasis?

A

direct

86
Q

how do you diagnose giardiasis?

A

Identification of cysts or trophozoites in faeces

cysts found in patients that are chronic carriers, asymptomatic patients
without diarrhoea

87
Q

what is the treatment for giardiasis?

A

metronidazole/tinidazole

88
Q

how do you prevent giardiasis in the community?

A
  • improve hygiene

- boil water

Clinical Pathology (RIP) (49 decks)

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