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Clinical Pathology (RIP) > T1 - L1 BACTERIAL PATHOGENS > Flashcards

T1 - L1 BACTERIAL PATHOGENS Flashcards

1
Q

what are features of gram + bacteria?

A

thick cell wall that retains the colour of gram stain (purple)

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2
Q

what are features of gram - bacteria?

A

has thinner cell wall surrounded by fatty

membrane so doesn’t not retain the gram stain (appears pink)

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3
Q

what does cocci refer to?

A

round shape

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4
Q

what does bacilli refer to?

A

rod shape

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5
Q

what does coccbacillus refer to?

A

in between a rod and sound shape

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6
Q

what does staph refer to?

A

grape shape appearance/ morphology

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7
Q

what does stryph refer to?

A

line shape appearance/ morphology

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8
Q

what are the three 3 factors needed for a bacteria to cause infection?

A
  1. host factors
  2. bacterial factors
  3. Opportunity
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9
Q

To cause infection, bacterial need a triad of host factors, bacterial factors and opportunity. What is meant by opportunity?

A
  • exposure

- normal flora

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10
Q

To cause infection, bacterial need a triad of host factors, bacterial factors and opportunity. What is meant by bacterial factors?

A
  • virulence
  • resistance
  • environmental survival
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11
Q

To cause infection, bacterial need a triad of host factors, bacterial factors and opportunity. What is meant by host factors?

A
  • immune system [e.g. elderly and vaccination]

- devices [e.g. lines/catheters]

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12
Q

what is virulence?

A

the severity or harmfulness of an infection

NB: [Some highly virulent to all people; others are opportunistic to vulnerable people]

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13
Q

which bacterial is the most common cause of UTIs?

A

E. coli

gram - bacilli

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14
Q

E.coli is part of the normal flora in which part of the human body?

A

bowel

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15
Q

why are UTIs more common in women?

A

shorter urethra

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16
Q

can E.coli develop a resistance to antibiotics?

A

yes

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17
Q

which bacterial is the most common cause of skin infections?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

gram + cocci

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18
Q

where is S. aureus most commonly found on the human body?

A

Nasal carriage in up to 50% of people

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19
Q

what are the key features of s. aureus?

A
  • able to adhere to damaged skin

- produces exoenzymes and toxins

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20
Q

what type of infection does S. aureus cause?

A

skin/soft tissue infections

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21
Q

what bacteria is most likely to cause surgical site infections?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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22
Q

what bacteria causes endocarditis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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23
Q

what bacteria causes osteomyelitis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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24
Q

what infections does Staphylococcus aureus primarily cause?

A
  • skin infections (e.g impetigo, wound infections, folliculitis)
  • osteomyelitis/septic arthritis
  • endocarditis
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25
Q

what test would detect S. aureus?

A

coagulase test

[Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase positive – all the other S spp are negative!]

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26
Q

is Staphylococcus epidermidis more less virulent than S. aureus?

A

less virulent and invasive

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27
Q

where is Staphylococcus epidermidis normally found on the human body?

A

normally intact with skin

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28
Q

is Staphylococcus epidermidis coagulase negative or positive?

A

coagulase negative staphylococci

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29
Q

which bacteria causes infection by adhering to “foreign bodies” such as catheters or prosthetics?

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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30
Q

what mechanism does Staphylococcus epidermidis use to adhere to prosthetic materials?

A

Adheres to plastics/metals using glycocalyx (‘slime’), forming biofilms

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31
Q

what does strepto refer to?

A

Strepto = “Chain” in Greek

chain like appearance

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32
Q

which bacteria is also referred to as “group A strep”

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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33
Q

what is the most common cause of a bacterial sore throat?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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34
Q

what bacteria causes scarlet fever?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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35
Q

what bacteria causes necrotising fasciitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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36
Q

what bacteria causes puerperal sepsis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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37
Q

what infections can Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

A
  • puerperal sepsis
  • scarlet fever
  • necrotising fasciitis
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38
Q

what is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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39
Q

what is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children/adults?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

except in neonates

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40
Q

what common childhood infection does Streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

A

otitis media

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41
Q

what bacteria is also referred to as “group B strep”?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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42
Q

what is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in neonates/babies?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

43
Q

what is the Streptococcus milleri complex?

A

Three closely related species of pus-forming streptococci

  • associated with abscesses
44
Q

what is meant by Viridans streptococci?

A

Collective name for a number of species of α-haemolytic streptococci that
inhabit [normal flora in] the upper respiratory tract

45
Q

what is a classic cause of sub-acute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Viridans streptococci / α-haemolytic streptococci

46
Q

bacteraemia caused by Streptococcus gallolyticus can be associated with what condition?

A

colonic malignancies

47
Q

what classification of bacteria is Listeria monocytogenes?

A

Gram positive bacillus

48
Q

which bacteria is able to be transmitted to humans from animals?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

49
Q

Classic features of Listeria monocytogenes?

A
  • able to grow at low temperatures

- therefore associated with consuming cheese made from unpasteurised milk and other foodstuffs

50
Q

what classification of bacteria is the Corynebacterium species
?

A

Gram positive bacilli

51
Q

what is the common cause of bacterial diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

52
Q

which bacteria is associated with acne?

A

Propionibacterium acnes

53
Q

what classification of bacteria is Propionibacterium acnes?

A

Gram positive bacillus

54
Q

what is meant by Enterobacteriaceae (‘coliforms’)?

A

A collective term for a number of species of gram negative bacilli found in bowel flora

including: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and
Enterobacter cloacae

55
Q

what is a nosocomial infection?

A

hospital acquired infection

e.g. line
infections, pneumonia, wound infections

56
Q

what is the most common cause of nosocomial infections?

A

E. coli

57
Q

toxigenic strains of which bacteria can cause severe diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)?

A

E. coli

Toxigenic strains (e.g. O157)

58
Q

what classification of bacteria is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Multi-resistant gram negative bacillus

59
Q

which bacteria produces a characteristic green pigment?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

60
Q

what classification of bacteria is Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Gram negative diplococcus [two cocci stuck together side by side; Diplo = pair]

61
Q

what infections does Neisseria meningitidis cause?

A

meningococcal sepsis and/or meningitis

62
Q

observing whether a rash disappears under a glass is a test for what?

A

purpuric non-blanching rash (sepsis)

Neisseria meningitidis

63
Q

what is a sign of meningococcal sepsis and/or meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis?

A

g a purpuric lesion on the skin that

does not blanch/disappear when pressed with glass

64
Q

what classification of bacteria is Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Gram negative diplococcus

65
Q

what bacteria causes Ophthalmia neonatorum [conjunctivitis]?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

66
Q

what classification of bacteria is Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Gram negative coccobacilli

67
Q

Haemophilus influenzae is part of the normal flora in which bit of the human body?

A

normal respiratory tract flora

68
Q

what sort of infections does Haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

respiratory tract infections (e.g. pneumonia, infective

exacerbations of COPD)

69
Q

where in the bodies normal flora will you find anaerobes?

A

[Many colonise the flora of the large bowel due to its anaerobic environment]

70
Q

what classification of bacteria is Clostridium species?

A

gram positive bacilli

NB: Many are spore-forming organisms

71
Q

which are the Clostridium species causes antibiotic-associated diarrhoea/colitis?

A

C. difficile

72
Q

which are the Clostridium species causes gas gangrene?

A

C. perfringens

73
Q

which are the Clostridium species causes tetanus?

A

C. tetani – cause of tetanus

74
Q

which are the Clostridium species causes botulism?

A

C. botulinum

75
Q

what bacterial species are anaerobic?

A

Bacteroides species

Fusobacterium species

Prevotella species

clostridium species

76
Q

what is a polybacterial infection?

A

caused by more than one bacterium

77
Q

what bacterial species are feared to as ‘Acid Fast Bacilli’ (AFBs)? why are they known as this?

A

Mycobacterium species

Do NOT stain using conventional gram staining
[stained by acid fast stain]

78
Q

list bacteria without a conventional cell wall.

[DO NOT stain with the gram stain]

A

Chlamydia species e.g. C. trachomatis – commonest cause of STI

Mycoplasma species e.g. M. pneumoniae – common cause of respiratory tract infections

79
Q

what does Leptospira cause? (spiral bacteria)

A

Leptospirosis

80
Q

what does Borrelia cause? (spiral bacteria)

A

Lyme Disease through tick bite

81
Q

what does Treponema pallidum cause? (spiral bacteria)

A

syphilis

82
Q

what classification of bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus?

A

gram + cocci

83
Q

what classification of bacteria is Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

gram + cocci

84
Q

what classification of bacteria is Streptococcus agalactiae?

A

gram + cocci

85
Q

what classification of bacteria is neisseria meningitides?

A

gram - cocci

86
Q

what classification of bacteria is neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

gram - cocci

87
Q

what classification of bacteria is bacillus anthracis?

A

gram + bacilli

88
Q

what classification of bacteria is clostridium difficile?

A

gram + bacilli

89
Q

what classification of bacteria is listeria monocytogenes?

A

gram + bacilli

90
Q

what classification of bacteria is corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

gram + bacilli

91
Q

what classification of bacteria is salmonella typhi?

A

gram - bacilli

92
Q

what classification of bacteria is shigella spp?

A

gram - bacilli

93
Q

what classification of bacteria is escherichia coli?

A

gram - bacilli

94
Q

what classification of bacteria is proteus spp?

A

gram - bacilli

95
Q

what classification of bacteria is Yersinia pestis?

A

gram - bacilli

96
Q

what classification of bacteria is haemophilus?

A

gram - coccobacilli

97
Q

what classification of bacteria is bordetella?

A

gram - coccobacilli

98
Q

what classification of bacteria is brucella?

A

gram - coccobacilli

99
Q

what classification of bacteria is pasteurella?

A

gram - coccobacilli

100
Q

what classification of bacteria is helicobacter?

A

spiral bacteria

101
Q

what classification of bacteria is campylobacter?

A

spiral bacteria

102
Q

what classification of bacteria is borrielia?

A

spiral bacteria

103
Q

what classification of bacteria is leptospira?

A

spiral bacteria

104
Q

what classification of bacteria is treponema pallidum?

A

spiral bacteria

Clinical Pathology (RIP) (49 decks)

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