Synthesis of Biomolecules Flashcards
1
Q
is the creation of fatty acids from Acetyl CoA and NADPH
A
fatty acid synthesis
2
Q
fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from ___ and ___
A
Acetyl CoA
NADPH
3
Q
Where does fatty acid synthesis takes place
A
cytoplasm
4
Q
Most of the acetyl-coA which is converted into fatty acids is derived from ___
A
carbohydrates
5
Q
Most of the acetyl-coA which is converted into fatty acids is derived from carbohydrates through what pathway
A
glycolytic pathway
6
Q
also provides the glycerol with which three fatty acids can combine
A
glycolytic pathway
7
Q
glycolytic pathway also provides the ___ with which three fatty acids can combine
A
glycerol
8
Q
glycolytic pathway also provides the glycerol with which ___ can combine with to form triglycerides
A
fatty acids
9
Q
glycolytic pathway also provides the glycerol with which three fatty acids can combine with to form ___
A
triglycerides
10
Q
what kind of bonds is present in the connection of three fatty acids with glycerol
A
ester bonds
11
Q
final product of the lipogenic process
A
triglycerides
12
Q
much like ___-oxidation, straight chain fatty acids occurs via the six recurring reactions until the 16-carbon palmitic acid is produced
A
Beta
13
Q
much like B-oxidation, ___ synthesis acids occurs via the six recurring reactions until the 16-carbon palmitic acid is produced
A
straight fatty acids
14
Q
much like B-oxidation, straight chain fatty synthesis acids occurs via the six recurring reactions until the 16-carbon ___ acid is produced
A
palmitic
15
Q
what enzyme performs the reaction of straight chain fatty acid synthesis
A
fatty acid synthase II (FASII)
16
Q
in general contain multiple enzymes that act as one complex
A
FAS II
17
Q
present in prokaryotes, plants, fungi, and parasites and in mitochondria
A
FASII
18
Q
which organelle is FASII present in
A
mitochondria
19
Q
in animals and some fungi such as yeast, the same reactions for fatty acid synthesis occurs on what synthase
A
Fatty acid I (FASI)
20
Q
large dimeric protein with all of the enzymatic activities required to create a fatty acid
A
FASI
21
Q
which is more efficient
FAS II
FAS I
A
FAS II
22
Q
which FAS allows for the formation of more molecules
A
FAS I
23
Q
FAS that allows the formation of medium chain fatty acids via chain termination
A
FAS I
24
Q
FAS I allows the formation of what length of fatty acids via chain termination
A
medium chain
25
FAS i allows the formation of medium-chain fatty acids via ___
chain termination
26
contribute to taste and texture of foods
fats
27
3 carbon backbone of fats
glycerol
28
string of carbon and hydrogen atoms
fatty acids
29
what is released when glycerol and fatty acid forms a bond
h20
30
2-5 carbons of fatty acids
short cain fatty acids
31
6-12 carbons of fatty acids
medium chain fatty acids
32
13+ carbons fatty acids
long chain
33
fatty acids with only single bonds
saturated fatty acids
34
fatty acids that packs well
saturated fatty acids
35
fatty acids that is solid at room temperature
saturated fatty acids
36
the ___ the fatty acid chain, the more solid it is at room temperature
longer
37
1 or more double bonds in fatty acid chain
unsaturated fatty acid
38
has a kink in the molecule; do not pack together; liquid at room temp
unsaturated fatty acids
39
are unsaturated fatty acid with one double bond
monounsaturated fatty acid
40
are unsaturated fatty acid with two or more double bond
polyunsaturated fatty acids
41
another name for the methyl end of the fatty acid chain
omega end
42
double bond 3 carbons from the metyl end
omega 3-fatty acid
43
double bond 6 carbons from the metyl end
omega-6 fatty acids
44
fatty acids that are usually polyunsaturated
omega-3 fatty acids
45
omega-3 fatty acids include
a-linoleic acid
eicospentanaenoic acid
docosahexaneoic acid
46
marine sources of omega 3
DHA
EPA
47
marine source of DHA and EPA
microalgae
48
omega 3-fatty acid in plants
ALA
49
ALA in found in
plants (flax seeds, walnuts, ganola, soybean)
50
which omega-3 fatty acid is converted by the body into other omega-3 fatty acid
ALA to EPA and DHA
51
conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is inefficient/efficient process
inefficient
52
omega-6 fatty acids include
linoleic acid
arachidonic acid
53
linoleic acid is found in what source
safflower
corn
soybean
54
arachidonic acid is found in
fish
meat
eggs
55
conversion of omega-6 fatty acid to another omega-6 fatty acid
linoleic acid to arachidonic acid
56
essential fatty acids
linoleic acid
arachidonic acid
57
typically monounsaturated fatty acid
omega-9 fatty acids
58
example of omega-9 fatt yacid
oleic acid
59
two functional groups are on the same side of the double bond
cis configuration
60
functional groups on opposite sides of double bond carbons
trans
61
trans fats is made through the process of
partial hydrogenation
62
remove all double bonds to cis fants
hydrogenation
63
removes most double bands
partial hydrogenation
64
partial hydrogenation happens naturally in some animals including
cows and pigs
65
enzyme present in saliva, stomach
lipase
66
lipase is secreted by
pancreas
67
break big fat globules into small fat droptlet
bile salts
68
micelles have an ____ interior and ___ exterior
hydrophobic
hydrophilic
69
columnar cells that line the small and large intestines, and are responsible for absorbing nutrients and water from food
enterocytes
70
micelles in the lumen diffuse what particles into the enterocytes
monoglycerides
71
then, the monoglycerides reassemble as triglycerides to be assembled as
chylomicron
72
has an outer membrane of phospholipids and proteins + hydrophobic core ( vitamins ADEK, triglycerides, and cholesterol)
chylomicrons
73
chylomicrons cannot enter the endothelial cells, it will then enter the lymphatic capillary called
lacteal
74
chylomicrons dumped into the thoracic duct secretes monoglycerides to what tissues
muscle for energy
adipose tissue for storage
75
chylomicrons after delivering the products shrink in size and will be engulfed by the
liver
76
fats that are precursor for hormones called prostaglandins
polyunsaturated fats
77
stimulate endothelial cells that line blood vessels to release nitric oxide
prostaglandins
78
released by endothelial cells to decrease resistance to blood flow
nitric oxide
79
omega-3 fatty acid important in the development of eyes and brain
DHA
80
what kind of omega fatty acid lowers plasma triglycerides
long-chain omega-3 fatty acids
81
replacing saturated fat with ___ benefit cardiovascular heat
polyunsaturated fat
82
fatty acid is synthesized by two enzymes called
acetyl coA carboxylase
fatty acid synthase
83
fatty acid synthesis takes place in the ___
liver
84
enzyme that activates acetyl coA for reaction with malonyl ACP
acetyl-coA ACP trancyclase
85
enzyme that activates malonyl coA for reaction with acetyl ACP
Malonyl coA-ACP trancyclase
86
enzyme that reacts with aCP-bound acyl chain with chain extending malonyl-ACP
3-ketoacyl ACP synthase
87
enzyme that reduces the carbon 3 ketone to hydroxyl group
3-ketoacyl ACP reductase
88
enzyme that eliminates water
3-hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase
89
enzyme that reduces C2-C3 double bond
enoyl ACP reductase
90
ACP stands for
ACYL carrier protein
91
once a 16:0 carbon fatty acid has been formed, it can undergo a number of modifications resulting in what processes
desaturation and/or elongation
92
starting with stearic acid (18:0), is performed mainly in the ER by several membrane bound enzymes
elongation
93
elongation starts with ____ in the ER
stearic acid
94
stearic acid number of bonds
18, 0 double bonds
95
the enzymatic steps involved in the elongation process are principally the same as those carried out by __
FAS
96
same principle as FAS but the four principal successive steps of the elongation are performed by individual proteins, which may be physically assocaited
elongatin process
97
during fatty acid synthesis, the reducing agent is
NADPH
98
during fatty acid synthesis, the reducing agent is NADPH, whereas the ___ is the oxidizing agent
NAD
99
NAD is the oxidizing agent in what kind of oxidation
b-oxidation
100
breakdown of fatty acids to acety coA
beta-oxidation
101
consumed during biosynthethic reactions
NADPH
102
generated in energy-yielding reactions
NADH
103
is also required for the synthesis of cholesterol from acetyl coA
NADPH
104
source of NADPH (2)
malate is oxidatively decarboxylated by NADP+-linked malic enzyme to form pyruvate
pentose phosphate pathway
105
when malate is oxidatively decarboxylated by NADP+ linked malic enzyme to form pyruvate, what is formed
CO2
NADPH
106
converts glucose into ribose, which is used in the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids
pentose phosphate pathway
107
fatty acids are formed predominantly from ___ in the liver
carbohydrates
108
fatty acids are formed from carbohydrates predominantly in the ___ and ___
liver
adipose tissue
109
fatty acids are formed from carbohydrates predominantly in the ___ during lactation
mammary glands
110
important intermediary in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids and cholesterol
pyruvate
111
conversion of pyruvate into acetyl coA happens in the
mitochondria
112
acetyl coA needs to be transported into the ___ where the synthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol ocurs
cytosol
113
to obtain cytosolic acetyl coA, ___ is removed from citric acid cycle and carried across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol
citrate
114
produced by the condensation of acetyl coA with oxaloacetate
citrate
115
citrate is produced by what process by acetyl coa and oxaloacetate
condensation
116
cleaves the citrate in the cytosol to form acetyl coA and oxaloacetate
ATP citrate lyase
117
ATP citrate lyase cleaves the citrate into __ and __
acetyl coA
oxaloacetate
118
the oxaloacetate in the cytosol can then be used for ____
gluconeogenesis
119
the oxaloacetate in the cytosol can then be used for gluconeogenesis in the __
liver
120
the oxaloacetate in the cytosol can then be return to the mitochondrion as ___
malate
121
is carboxylated by acetyl coA carboxylase into malonyl coA
cytosolic acetyl coA
122
first committed step in synthesis of fatty acids
carboxylation of acetyl coA carboxylase into malonyl coA
123
where does fatty acid synthesis occurs
cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
124
two molecules that play roles in moving the acetyl coA in the mitochondrion across the membrane
citrate
acetylcarnitine
125
when free acetyl coA accumulates in the mitochondrion it combines with ___ and be transported out to the cytoplasm
carnitine
126
starting with two acetyl coA, one is converted into ___ by carboxylation
malonyl coA
127
starting with two acetyl coA, one is converted into malonyl coA by carboxylation by the enzyme
acetyl coA carboxylase
128
the only regulatory enzyme in the fatty acid synthesi
acetyl coA carboxylase
129
both acetyl coA and malonyl Coa have their coA portions replaced by a carrier protein known as ___
acyl carrier protein
130
both acetyl coA and malonyl Coa have their coA portions replaced by a carrier protein known as ACP to form
acetyl ACP
malonyl ACP
131
joining of acetyl ACP with malonyl ACP splits out the ___ that was added
carboxyl
132
is reduced to hydroxyl using NADPH
ketone
133
ketone is reduced to hydroxl using ___
nadph
134
in contrast to the hydroxylated intermediate of beta-oxidation, the beta-intermediate here is in what configuration
d-configuration
135
what is removed from the carbons 2 and 3 of the hydroxyl intermediate to produce a trans-double bonded molecule
water
136
water is removed from the carbons 2 and 3 of the hydroxyl intermediate to produce what molecule
trans double bonded
137
what is hydrogenated to yield a saturated intermediate
double bond
138
the process cycles with the addition of another malonyl ACP to the growing chain until ultimately an intermediate with how many carbons are produced
16 carbons
139
its regulation involves both allosteric control and covalent modification
acetyl coA carboxylase
140
Acetyl coa carboxylase is phosphorylated by both
AMP kinase
protein kinase
141
stimulated by phosphatases activated by insulin binding
dephosphorylation
142
what proces activates the enzymes and favors its assembly into a long polymer
dephosphorylation
143
acts as an allosteric activator that may also favor polymerization
citrate
144
allosterically inactivates polymerization; reversal of citrate effects
palmitoyl coA
145
make fatty acids longer than 16 carbons
elongation
146
elongation make fatty acids longer than 16 carbon occurs in where
endoplasmic reticulum
147
elongation make fatty acids longer than 16 carbon occurs in the ER and is catalyzed by enzymes describe as
elongases
148
organelle that can also elongate fatty acids aside from ER
mitochondria
149
starting materials of elongation of FA in mitochondria is generally ___ than 16 carbons
shorter
150
group that is used to add two carbons
malonyl group
151
process where it is similar to those in cytoplasm but the coA is attached to the __ and not ACP
intermediates
152
process that employs the fatty acid synthase complex
cytoplasmic synthesis of fatty acid
153
cytoplasmic Fatty acid synthesis employs fatty acid complex but enzymes in these organelles are ___ and not part of a complex
separable
154
fatty acids are synthesized in what form
saturated form
155
enzyme that catalyze the formation of cis-double bonds in mature fatty acids
desaturases
156
desaturases are found where
endoplasmic reticulum
157
what kind of organism have limited desaturated fatty acids that they can make
animals
158
animals are limited in desaturated fatt yacids due to the inability to catalyze reactions beyond what carbons
carbons 9 10
159
humans can only make what kind of fatty acids at this point
oleic acid (18)
160
humans cannot snthesize what fatty acids
linoleic acid
linolenic acid
161
set of biochemical processes by which the amino acids are produced
amino acid synthesis
162
humans can only synthesize how many proteins
11 out of 20
163
in time of accelerated growth, ___ can be considered an essential amino acid
histidine
164
conditionally essential amino acids
Arginine
Cysteine
Glycine
Glutamic acid
Histidine
Proline
Serine
165
not normally required in the diet but must be supplied exogenously to specific populations that do not synthesize it in adequate amounts
conditionally essential
166
amino acids produced in the body
nonessential amino acids
167
catalyzes the reductive amination of a-ketogluarate to glutamate
glutamate dehydrogenase
168
glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reductive ___ of a-ketoglutarate to glutamate
amination
169
glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reductive amination of a-ketoglutarate to _____
glutamate
170
process that takes place in the synthesis of most amino acids
transamination
171
transamination establishes the __ of an amino acid
chilarity
172
synthesized by the transamination of pyruvate and oxaloacetate (2)
alanina
aspartic acid
173
synthesized from NH4+
glutamine
174
are derived from glutamate
proline and arginine
175
formed from 3-phosphoglycerate
serine
176
precurose of glycine and cysteine
serine
177
serine is the precursor of
glycine
cysteine
178
synthesized by the hydroxylation of phenylalanine
tyrosine
179
tyrosine is synthesized by the hydroxylation of ___
phenyalanine
180
the pathways for the biosynthesis of essential amino acids are much more complex than the non essential ones
T/F
True
181
amino acids derived from a-ketoglutarate are (4)
glutamic acid
glutamine
proline
arginine
182
enzyme involved in the synthesis of amino acid from a-ketoglutarate
aminotransferase
183
formed by the amination of a-ketoglutarate
glutamic acid
184
a-ketoglutarate + ____ ⇌ glutamate
NH+4
185
concentration of a-ketoglutarate is dependent on the
activity and metabolism iwthin the cell
186
what organism has citrate synthase inhibited by the a-ketoglutarate feedback inhibition
e.coli
187
enzyme involved in the condensation reaction initiating the Citric Acid Cycle
citrate synthase
188
citrate synthase is strongly inhibited by what feedback inhibition in e coli
a-ketoglutarate
189
citrate synthase is also inhibited by what concentration
high ATP concentration
190
amino acids derived from E4P and PEP
phenylalanine
tyrosine
tryptophan
191
E4P
erythrose-4-phosphate
192
phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan arise from ___
chorismate
193
condensation of ___ from PEP/E4P happens
3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonic acid-7-phosphate (DAHP)
194
three isoenzymes in the amino acid synthesis using E4P, PEP
AroF
AroG
AroH
195
regulates AroF isoenzyme
tyrosine
196
regulates AroG isoenzyme
phenylalanine
197
regulates AroH isozenyme
tryptophan
198
The rest of the enzyme in the common pathway (conversion of DAHP to chorismate) appear to be synthesized constitutively except for
shikimate kinase
199
can be inhibited by shikimate thorugh linear mixed-type inhibition
shikimate kinase
200
what amino acids are biosynthesized from prephenate
tyrosine
phenylalanine
201
biosynthesized from prephenate
tyrosine
phenylalanine
202
process mediated by PheA and TyrA specific chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase
conversion of prephenate to an amio acid intermediate
203
uses a simple dehydrogenase to convert prephenate to phenylpyruvate
PheA
204
uses NAD-dependent dehydrogenase to make 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate
TyrA
205
can also be inhibited at the transcriptional level by the TyrR repressor
tyrosine
206
involves conversion of chorismate to anthranilate using athranilate synthase
tryptophan biosynthesis
207
enzyme requiring either glutamine as the amino group donor or ammonia itself
anthranilate
208
encodes the first subunit, which binds to chorismate and moves the amino group from the donor to chorismate
trpE
209
encodes the second subunit, which facilitates the transfer of the amino acid group from glutamine
trpG
210
amino acids derived from oxaloacetate/aspartate are:
lysine
asparagine
methionine
threonine
isoleucine
211
aspartate can be converted to (4)
lysine
asparagine
methionine
threonine
212
also gives rise to isoleucine
threonine
213
the aspartate pathway uses _-aspartic acid as the precursor for the biosynthesis of one-fourth of the building block amino acids
L
214
its biosynthesis frequently involves the transaminaition of oxaloacetate
aspartate
215
enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of aspartate and initiates its conversion to other amino acids
aspartokinase
216
aspartokinase is broken up to 3 isozymes
AK-I, AK-II, and AK-III
217
AK feedback initiated by threonine
AK-I
218
AKs that are inhibited by lysine
AK-II and AK-III
219
AK that catalyzes the phosphorylation of aspartic acid which is the committed step in this biosynthetic pathway
AK-III
220
AK becomes downregulated by the presence of what amino acids
threonine
lysine
221
Lysine is synthesized from aspartate from what pathway
diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway
222
initial two stages of the DAP pathway is catalyzed by what enzymes (2)
aspartokinase
aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
223
aspartokinase and aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase play a key role in the biosynthesis of what amino acids (3)
lysine
threonine
methionine
224
two bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine dehydrogenase
ThrA MetL
225
the biosynthesis of __ originates with aspartate using a transaminase enzyme
asparagine
226
enzyme that produces asparagine, AMP, glutamte and pyrophosphate from aspartate, glutamine, and ATP
transaminase enzyme
227
how many asparagine synthetases are found in bacteria
2
228
2 asparagine synthethases found in bacteria
AsnC
229
autogeneously regulated asparagine synthethases in becteria, which is where the product of a structural gene regulates the expression of the operon in which the genes reside
AsnC
230
the stimulating effect of AsnC on AsnA transcription is downregulated by what amino acid
asparagine
231
AsnC autoregulation is not affected by what amino acid
asparagine
232
this amino acid biosynthesis by the trans-sulfuration pathway starts with aspartate, including relevant enzymes such as aspartokinase, aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, homoserine dehydrogenase, etc.
methionine
233
this biosynthesis is subject to tight regulation with a repressor protein called MetJ
methionine
234
in cooperation with corepressor protein S-adenosyl-methionine, this mediates the repression of methionine's biosynthesis
MetJ
235
regulator for MetE and MetH gene expression and functions as transativator for these genes
MetR
236
MetR transcriptional activity is regulated by ___, which is the metabolic precursor or methionine
homocysteine
237
metabolic precursor of methionine
homocysteine
238
what vitamin can repress MetE gene expression, which is mediaed by MetH holoenzyme
vitamin B12
239
in plants and microorganisms, ___ is synthesized from aspartic acid via a-aspartyl semialdehyde and homoserine
threonine
240
precursor of threonine
homoserine
241
high levels of what amino acid result in low levels of homoserine synthesis
threonine
242
in plants and microorganisms, what amino acid is biosynthesized from pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate
isoleucine
243
amino acids deerived from 3-phosphoglycerate (3)
serine
glycine
cysteine
244
first amino acid to be produced in the family of amino acids derived from 3-phosphoglycerate
serine
245
modified to both glycine and cysteine
serine
246
both glycine and cysteine is regulated by the available concentration of ___ in the cell
serine
247
is biosynthesized from serine, catalyzed by SHMT
glycine
248
genes required for the synthesis of this amino acid are coded for the cys regulon
cysteine
249
effective inducers of cysteine regulon is ___
n-acetyl-serine
250
amino acid derived from pyruvate
alanine
valine
leucine
251
the result of glycolysis, can feed into both the TCA cycle and fermentation process
pyruvate
252
produced by transamination of one molecule of pyruvate using two alternate steps
alanine
253
what amino acids are converted to become alanine
glutamate
valine
254
is produced by a four enzyme pathway
valine
255
synthesis pathway that diverges from valine pathway beginning with a-ketoisovalerate
leucine
256
like valine, this amino acid regulates the first step of its pathway by inhibiting the action of a-isopropylmalate synthase
leucine
257
synthesized by a diversion from the valine synthetic pathway, so the feedback inhibition of valine can also inhibit its synthesis
leucine
258
is the process by which nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are synthesized and degraded
nucleic acid metabolism
259
anabolic mechanism generally involving the chemical reaction of phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
nucleotide synthesis
260
destruction of a nucleic acid is what kind of reaction
catabolic
261
nucleotides are classified in either
purine
pyrimidine
262
purine and pyrimidine are primarily produced in the ___
liver
263
purine/pyrimidine is larger
pyrimidine is smaller; purine is larger
264
two nucleotides classified as purines
adenine
guanine
265
all nucleotide synthesis requires the use of what enzyme
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
266
enzyme that donates the ribose and phosphate necessary to create a nucleotide
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)
267
in what synthesis is PRPP turned into inosine monophosphate or IMP
purine
268
ATP stimulates the production of ___, and vice versa
GTP
269
excess of either nucleotide could increase the likelihood of
DNA mutations
270
reacts with glutamine and other chemicals to form cytidine-triphosphate (CTP
UTP
271
nucleoside that include cytidine, uridine, and thymidine
pyrimidine
272
the synthesis of any pyrimidine nucleotide begins with the formation of ___
uridine
273
unlike in purine synthesis, the sugar phosphate group from PRPP is not added to the nitrogenous base until towards the end of the process
pyrimidine sytnhesis
274
UTP is converted to ___ by CTP synthethase
CTP
275
activator of pyrimidine synthesis
ATP
276
inhibitor of pyrimidine synthesis
CTP
277
in plants and some prokaryotes __ is a product of photosynthesis
glucose
278
is formed by the breakdown of polymeric forms like glycogen
glucose
279
polymeric form where glucose is derived from
glycogen
280
polymeric source of glucose in animals
glycogen
281
polymeric source of glucose in plants
starch
282
cleavage of glycogen is called
glycogenolysis
283
cleavage of strach
starch degradation
284
photosynthetic organisms are called
photoautothrophs
285
organisms able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light
photosynthetic organism
286
use organic compounds, rather than CO2, as a source of carbon
photoheterotrophs
287
in plants, algae, and cyanbacteria,, photosynthesis releases ___
oxygen
288
most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms
oxygenic photosynthesis
289
type of photosynthesis used mostly by certain types of bacteria, which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen
anoxygenic photosynthesis
290
CO2 is converted to sugars in a process called
carbon fixation
291
endothermic redox reaction
carbon fixation
292
in general outline, photosynthesis is the opposite of___
cellular respiration
293
process of reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates
photosynthesis
294
oxidation of carbohydrates or other nutrients to carbon dioxide
cellular respiration
295
who proposed the general equation of photosynthesis
Cornelis van Niel
296
general equation of photosynthesis
CO2 carbon dioxide + H2A electron donor + photons/light energy > CH2O carbohydrate + 2 aoxidized electron donor + H2O
297
apply water as electron donor in Cornelis van Niel's photosynthesis equation
CO2 + 2 H2O + photons/light energy > Ch2O carbohydrate + O2 + H2O
298
both a reactant in the light dependent reaction and a product of light independent reaction
water
299
net equation of photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + photons > Carbohydrates + O2
300
two stages of photosynthesis
light independent reactions
light dependent reactions
301
stage of photosynthesis where light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy store molecules ATP and NADPH
light dependent reactions
302
stage of photosynthesis where products of ATP and NADPH are sed to capture and reduce carbon dioxide
light independent reactions
303
most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use ____ for the light dependent reactions
visible light
304
some organisms use what kind of electromagnetic wave aside from visible light
infrared
far-red radiation
305
use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals
archaea
306
changes its configuration in response to sunglight, acting as a proton pump
bacteriorhodposin
307
bacteriorhodopsin produces ___ more directly, which is then converted to chemical energy
proton gradient
308
does archaea photosynthesis have co2 fixation and release of oxygen?
no
309
what enzyme in light independent reactions capture Co2 from the atmosphere
RuBisCo (ribulose 1-5,bisphosphate carboxylase)
310
RuBisCo capturing CO2 from atmosphere is a process called
calvin cycle
311
calvin cycle uses what intermiediate to release three-carbon sugars
NADPH
312
calvin cycle releases three carbon sugars which are later combined to form what products
sucrose
starch
313
overall equation for light indepedent rxn
3Co2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6H+ > 3-phosphoglycerate + 9 ADP + 8 Pi + 6 NADP+ + 3H2O
314
produces the intermediate three-carbon sugar product
carbon fixation
315
simple carbon sugar produced by photosynthesis is used to build the material ___
cellulose
316
process in which CO2 combines with a five-carbon sugar, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, to yield two molecules of a three carbon compound, glycerate 3-phosphate, in the presence of ATP and NADPH
fixation or reduction of CO2
317
product of carbon fixation
PGAL or triose phosphate
318
PGAL is used to regenerate
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
319
the triose phosphate not recycled often condense to form what
hexose phosphates
320
hexose phosphate ultimately yields
sucrose
starch
cellulose
321
the sugars produced during carbon metabolism yield carbon skeletons that can be used for metabolic rxns like the production of ___ and ___
amino acids
lipids
322
metabolic pathway that begins with molecules containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms and ends in glucose molecule containing six carbon atoms
gluconeogenesis
323
metabolic pathway that results in the generatio of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substances
gluconeogenesis
324
where does gluconeogensis occurs mainly in vertebrates
liver
cortex of kidneys
325
two primary mechanisms to maintain blood sugar levels, avoid low levels
gluconeogenesis
degradation
326
in ___, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by these organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fastin low carb diets, exercise, etc.
ruminants
327
in many other animals, this process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low carb diets, or intense exercise
gluconeogenesis
328
under conditions of prolonged fasting ___ derived from ketone bodies can also serve as a substrate
acetone
329
relative contribution of gluconeogenesis by the __ is increased in diabetes and prolonged fasting
gluconeogenesis
330
pathway that is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP
gluconeogenesis
331
gluconeogensis is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP, making it effectively ___
exergonic
332
where is the ATP supplied from when glucose-6-phosphate requires 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of GTP
fatty acid catabolism via beta-oxidation
333
is pathway consisting of series of eleven enzyme-catalyzed reactions
gluconeogenesis
334
which organelles does gluconeogenesis occur
mitochondria
cytoplasm
335
gluconeogensis begins in the ___
mitochondria
336
gluconeogensis begins in the mitochondria with the formation of ___ by the carboxylation of pyruvate
oxaloacetate
337
gluconeogensis begins in the mitochondria with the formation of oxaloacetate by the carboxylation of ___
pyruvate
338
enzyme that catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate
pyruvate carboxylase
339
pyruvate carboxylase is stimulated by high levels of ___ and inhibited by ___ and ___
ATP
ADP and glucose
340
oxaloacetate is reduced to ___ using NADH, a step required for its transportation out of the mitochondria
malate
341
malate is then oxidized to ___ using naD+ in the cytosol
oxaloacetate
342
remaining gluconeogensis takes place in the
cytosol
343
oxaloacetate is decarboxylated and then phosphorylated to form ___ using the enzyme PEPCK
phosphoenolpyruvate
344
what molecule is hydrolyzed to remove one phosphate in oxaloacetate decarboxylation
GTP
345
rate limiting step of gluconeogenesis
fructose 1,6-bisphopshate to fructose 6-phosphate
346
formed from fructose-6 phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase
glucose-6-phophate
347
can be used in other metabolic pathways or phosphorylated to form glucose
glucose 6-phosphate
348
where does glucose form in gluconeogenesis
lumen of endoplasmic reticulum
349
glucose is shuttled into the cytoplasm by ___ transporters located in the Er's membrane
endoplasmic reticulum
