Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomolecules > Synthesis of Biomolecules > Flashcards

Synthesis of Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

is the creation of fatty acids from Acetyl CoA and NADPH

A

fatty acid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from ___ and ___

A

Acetyl CoA
NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis takes place

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most of the acetyl-coA which is converted into fatty acids is derived from ___

A

carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Most of the acetyl-coA which is converted into fatty acids is derived from carbohydrates through what pathway

A

glycolytic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

also provides the glycerol with which three fatty acids can combine

A

glycolytic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

glycolytic pathway also provides the ___ with which three fatty acids can combine

A

glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

glycolytic pathway also provides the glycerol with which ___ can combine with to form triglycerides

A

fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

glycolytic pathway also provides the glycerol with which three fatty acids can combine with to form ___

A

triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what kind of bonds is present in the connection of three fatty acids with glycerol

A

ester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

final product of the lipogenic process

A

triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

much like ___-oxidation, straight chain fatty acids occurs via the six recurring reactions until the 16-carbon palmitic acid is produced

A

Beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

much like B-oxidation, ___ synthesis acids occurs via the six recurring reactions until the 16-carbon palmitic acid is produced

A

straight fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

much like B-oxidation, straight chain fatty synthesis acids occurs via the six recurring reactions until the 16-carbon ___ acid is produced

A

palmitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what enzyme performs the reaction of straight chain fatty acid synthesis

A

fatty acid synthase II (FASII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in general contain multiple enzymes that act as one complex

A

FAS II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

present in prokaryotes, plants, fungi, and parasites and in mitochondria

A

FASII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which organelle is FASII present in

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in animals and some fungi such as yeast, the same reactions for fatty acid synthesis occurs on what synthase

A

Fatty acid I (FASI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

large dimeric protein with all of the enzymatic activities required to create a fatty acid

A

FASI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which is more efficient

FAS II
FAS I

A

FAS II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which FAS allows for the formation of more molecules

A

FAS I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

FAS that allows the formation of medium chain fatty acids via chain termination

A

FAS I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

FAS I allows the formation of what length of fatty acids via chain termination

A

medium chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

FAS i allows the formation of medium-chain fatty acids via ___

A

chain termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

contribute to taste and texture of foods

A

fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3 carbon backbone of fats

A

glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

string of carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is released when glycerol and fatty acid forms a bond

A

h20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

2-5 carbons of fatty acids

A

short cain fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

6-12 carbons of fatty acids

A

medium chain fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

13+ carbons fatty acids

A

long chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

fatty acids with only single bonds

A

saturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

fatty acids that packs well

A

saturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

fatty acids that is solid at room temperature

A

saturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the ___ the fatty acid chain, the more solid it is at room temperature

A

longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

1 or more double bonds in fatty acid chain

A

unsaturated fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

has a kink in the molecule; do not pack together; liquid at room temp

A

unsaturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

are unsaturated fatty acid with one double bond

A

monounsaturated fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

are unsaturated fatty acid with two or more double bond

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

another name for the methyl end of the fatty acid chain

A

omega end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

double bond 3 carbons from the metyl end

A

omega 3-fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

double bond 6 carbons from the metyl end

A

omega-6 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

fatty acids that are usually polyunsaturated

A

omega-3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

omega-3 fatty acids include

A

a-linoleic acid
eicospentanaenoic acid
docosahexaneoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

marine sources of omega 3

A

DHA
EPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

marine source of DHA and EPA

A

microalgae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

omega 3-fatty acid in plants

A

ALA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

ALA in found in

A

plants (flax seeds, walnuts, ganola, soybean)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

which omega-3 fatty acid is converted by the body into other omega-3 fatty acid

A

ALA to EPA and DHA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is inefficient/efficient process

A

inefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

omega-6 fatty acids include

A

linoleic acid
arachidonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

linoleic acid is found in what source

A

safflower
corn
soybean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

arachidonic acid is found in

A

fish
meat
eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

conversion of omega-6 fatty acid to another omega-6 fatty acid

A

linoleic acid to arachidonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

essential fatty acids

A

linoleic acid
arachidonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

typically monounsaturated fatty acid

A

omega-9 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

example of omega-9 fatt yacid

A

oleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

two functional groups are on the same side of the double bond

A

cis configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

functional groups on opposite sides of double bond carbons

A

trans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

trans fats is made through the process of

A

partial hydrogenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

remove all double bonds to cis fants

A

hydrogenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

removes most double bands

A

partial hydrogenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

partial hydrogenation happens naturally in some animals including

A

cows and pigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

enzyme present in saliva, stomach

A

lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

lipase is secreted by

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

break big fat globules into small fat droptlet

A

bile salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

micelles have an ____ interior and ___ exterior

A

hydrophobic
hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

columnar cells that line the small and large intestines, and are responsible for absorbing nutrients and water from food

A

enterocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

micelles in the lumen diffuse what particles into the enterocytes

A

monoglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

then, the monoglycerides reassemble as triglycerides to be assembled as

A

chylomicron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

has an outer membrane of phospholipids and proteins + hydrophobic core ( vitamins ADEK, triglycerides, and cholesterol)

A

chylomicrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

chylomicrons cannot enter the endothelial cells, it will then enter the lymphatic capillary called

A

lacteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

chylomicrons dumped into the thoracic duct secretes monoglycerides to what tissues

A

muscle for energy
adipose tissue for storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

chylomicrons after delivering the products shrink in size and will be engulfed by the

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

fats that are precursor for hormones called prostaglandins

A

polyunsaturated fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

stimulate endothelial cells that line blood vessels to release nitric oxide

A

prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

released by endothelial cells to decrease resistance to blood flow

A

nitric oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

omega-3 fatty acid important in the development of eyes and brain

A

DHA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what kind of omega fatty acid lowers plasma triglycerides

A

long-chain omega-3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

replacing saturated fat with ___ benefit cardiovascular heat

A

polyunsaturated fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

fatty acid is synthesized by two enzymes called

A

acetyl coA carboxylase
fatty acid synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

fatty acid synthesis takes place in the ___

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

enzyme that activates acetyl coA for reaction with malonyl ACP

A

acetyl-coA ACP trancyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

enzyme that activates malonyl coA for reaction with acetyl ACP

A

Malonyl coA-ACP trancyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

enzyme that reacts with aCP-bound acyl chain with chain extending malonyl-ACP

A

3-ketoacyl ACP synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

enzyme that reduces the carbon 3 ketone to hydroxyl group

A

3-ketoacyl ACP reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

enzyme that eliminates water

A

3-hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

enzyme that reduces C2-C3 double bond

A

enoyl ACP reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

ACP stands for

A

ACYL carrier protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

once a 16:0 carbon fatty acid has been formed, it can undergo a number of modifications resulting in what processes

A

desaturation and/or elongation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

starting with stearic acid (18:0), is performed mainly in the ER by several membrane bound enzymes

A

elongation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

elongation starts with ____ in the ER

A

stearic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

stearic acid number of bonds

A

18, 0 double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

the enzymatic steps involved in the elongation process are principally the same as those carried out by __

A

FAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

same principle as FAS but the four principal successive steps of the elongation are performed by individual proteins, which may be physically assocaited

A

elongatin process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

during fatty acid synthesis, the reducing agent is

A

NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

during fatty acid synthesis, the reducing agent is NADPH, whereas the ___ is the oxidizing agent

A

NAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

NAD is the oxidizing agent in what kind of oxidation

A

b-oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

breakdown of fatty acids to acety coA

A

beta-oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

consumed during biosynthethic reactions

A

NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

generated in energy-yielding reactions

A

NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

is also required for the synthesis of cholesterol from acetyl coA

A

NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

source of NADPH (2)

A

malate is oxidatively decarboxylated by NADP+-linked malic enzyme to form pyruvate

pentose phosphate pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

when malate is oxidatively decarboxylated by NADP+ linked malic enzyme to form pyruvate, what is formed

A

CO2
NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

converts glucose into ribose, which is used in the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids

A

pentose phosphate pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

fatty acids are formed predominantly from ___ in the liver

A

carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

fatty acids are formed from carbohydrates predominantly in the ___ and ___

A

liver
adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

fatty acids are formed from carbohydrates predominantly in the ___ during lactation

A

mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

important intermediary in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids and cholesterol

A

pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

conversion of pyruvate into acetyl coA happens in the

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

acetyl coA needs to be transported into the ___ where the synthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol ocurs

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

to obtain cytosolic acetyl coA, ___ is removed from citric acid cycle and carried across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol

A

citrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

produced by the condensation of acetyl coA with oxaloacetate

A

citrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

citrate is produced by what process by acetyl coa and oxaloacetate

A

condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

cleaves the citrate in the cytosol to form acetyl coA and oxaloacetate

A

ATP citrate lyase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

ATP citrate lyase cleaves the citrate into __ and __

A

acetyl coA
oxaloacetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

the oxaloacetate in the cytosol can then be used for ____

A

gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

the oxaloacetate in the cytosol can then be used for gluconeogenesis in the __

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

the oxaloacetate in the cytosol can then be return to the mitochondrion as ___

A

malate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

is carboxylated by acetyl coA carboxylase into malonyl coA

A

cytosolic acetyl coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

first committed step in synthesis of fatty acids

A

carboxylation of acetyl coA carboxylase into malonyl coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

where does fatty acid synthesis occurs

A

cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

two molecules that play roles in moving the acetyl coA in the mitochondrion across the membrane

A

citrate
acetylcarnitine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

when free acetyl coA accumulates in the mitochondrion it combines with ___ and be transported out to the cytoplasm

A

carnitine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

starting with two acetyl coA, one is converted into ___ by carboxylation

A

malonyl coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

starting with two acetyl coA, one is converted into malonyl coA by carboxylation by the enzyme

A

acetyl coA carboxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

the only regulatory enzyme in the fatty acid synthesi

A

acetyl coA carboxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

both acetyl coA and malonyl Coa have their coA portions replaced by a carrier protein known as ___

A

acyl carrier protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

both acetyl coA and malonyl Coa have their coA portions replaced by a carrier protein known as ACP to form

A

acetyl ACP
malonyl ACP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

joining of acetyl ACP with malonyl ACP splits out the ___ that was added

A

carboxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

is reduced to hydroxyl using NADPH

A

ketone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

ketone is reduced to hydroxl using ___

A

nadph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

in contrast to the hydroxylated intermediate of beta-oxidation, the beta-intermediate here is in what configuration

A

d-configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

what is removed from the carbons 2 and 3 of the hydroxyl intermediate to produce a trans-double bonded molecule

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

water is removed from the carbons 2 and 3 of the hydroxyl intermediate to produce what molecule

A

trans double bonded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

what is hydrogenated to yield a saturated intermediate

A

double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

the process cycles with the addition of another malonyl ACP to the growing chain until ultimately an intermediate with how many carbons are produced

A

16 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

its regulation involves both allosteric control and covalent modification

A

acetyl coA carboxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

Acetyl coa carboxylase is phosphorylated by both

A

AMP kinase
protein kinase

141
Q

stimulated by phosphatases activated by insulin binding

A

dephosphorylation

142
Q

what proces activates the enzymes and favors its assembly into a long polymer

A

dephosphorylation

143
Q

acts as an allosteric activator that may also favor polymerization

A

citrate

144
Q

allosterically inactivates polymerization; reversal of citrate effects

A

palmitoyl coA

145
Q

make fatty acids longer than 16 carbons

A

elongation

146
Q

elongation make fatty acids longer than 16 carbon occurs in where

A

endoplasmic reticulum

147
Q

elongation make fatty acids longer than 16 carbon occurs in the ER and is catalyzed by enzymes describe as

A

elongases

148
Q

organelle that can also elongate fatty acids aside from ER

A

mitochondria

149
Q

starting materials of elongation of FA in mitochondria is generally ___ than 16 carbons

A

shorter

150
Q

group that is used to add two carbons

A

malonyl group

151
Q

process where it is similar to those in cytoplasm but the coA is attached to the __ and not ACP

A

intermediates

152
Q

process that employs the fatty acid synthase complex

A

cytoplasmic synthesis of fatty acid

153
Q

cytoplasmic Fatty acid synthesis employs fatty acid complex but enzymes in these organelles are ___ and not part of a complex

A

separable

154
Q

fatty acids are synthesized in what form

A

saturated form

155
Q

enzyme that catalyze the formation of cis-double bonds in mature fatty acids

A

desaturases

156
Q

desaturases are found where

A

endoplasmic reticulum

157
Q

what kind of organism have limited desaturated fatty acids that they can make

A

animals

158
Q

animals are limited in desaturated fatt yacids due to the inability to catalyze reactions beyond what carbons

A

carbons 9 10

159
Q

humans can only make what kind of fatty acids at this point

A

oleic acid (18)

160
Q

humans cannot snthesize what fatty acids

A

linoleic acid
linolenic acid

161
Q

set of biochemical processes by which the amino acids are produced

A

amino acid synthesis

162
Q

humans can only synthesize how many proteins

A

11 out of 20

163
Q

in time of accelerated growth, ___ can be considered an essential amino acid

A

histidine

164
Q

conditionally essential amino acids

A

Arginine
Cysteine
Glycine
Glutamic acid
Histidine
Proline
Serine

165
Q

not normally required in the diet but must be supplied exogenously to specific populations that do not synthesize it in adequate amounts

A

conditionally essential

166
Q

amino acids produced in the body

A

nonessential amino acids

167
Q

catalyzes the reductive amination of a-ketogluarate to glutamate

A

glutamate dehydrogenase

168
Q

glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reductive ___ of a-ketoglutarate to glutamate

A

amination

169
Q

glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reductive amination of a-ketoglutarate to _____

A

glutamate

170
Q

process that takes place in the synthesis of most amino acids

A

transamination

171
Q

transamination establishes the __ of an amino acid

A

chilarity

172
Q

synthesized by the transamination of pyruvate and oxaloacetate (2)

A

alanina
aspartic acid

173
Q

synthesized from NH4+

A

glutamine

174
Q

are derived from glutamate

A

proline and arginine

175
Q

formed from 3-phosphoglycerate

A

serine

176
Q

precurose of glycine and cysteine

A

serine

177
Q

serine is the precursor of

A

glycine
cysteine

178
Q

synthesized by the hydroxylation of phenylalanine

A

tyrosine

179
Q

tyrosine is synthesized by the hydroxylation of ___

A

phenyalanine

180
Q

the pathways for the biosynthesis of essential amino acids are much more complex than the non essential ones

T/F

A

True

181
Q

amino acids derived from a-ketoglutarate are (4)

A

glutamic acid
glutamine
proline
arginine

182
Q

enzyme involved in the synthesis of amino acid from a-ketoglutarate

A

aminotransferase

183
Q

formed by the amination of a-ketoglutarate

A

glutamic acid

184
Q

a-ketoglutarate + ____ ⇌ glutamate

A

NH+4

185
Q

concentration of a-ketoglutarate is dependent on the

A

activity and metabolism iwthin the cell

186
Q

what organism has citrate synthase inhibited by the a-ketoglutarate feedback inhibition

A

e.coli

187
Q

enzyme involved in the condensation reaction initiating the Citric Acid Cycle

A

citrate synthase

188
Q

citrate synthase is strongly inhibited by what feedback inhibition in e coli

A

a-ketoglutarate

189
Q

citrate synthase is also inhibited by what concentration

A

high ATP concentration

190
Q

amino acids derived from E4P and PEP

A

phenylalanine
tyrosine
tryptophan

191
Q

E4P

A

erythrose-4-phosphate

192
Q

phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan arise from ___

A

chorismate

193
Q

condensation of ___ from PEP/E4P happens

A

3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonic acid-7-phosphate (DAHP)

194
Q

three isoenzymes in the amino acid synthesis using E4P, PEP

A

AroF
AroG
AroH

195
Q

regulates AroF isoenzyme

A

tyrosine

196
Q

regulates AroG isoenzyme

A

phenylalanine

197
Q

regulates AroH isozenyme

A

tryptophan

198
Q

The rest of the enzyme in the common pathway (conversion of DAHP to chorismate) appear to be synthesized constitutively except for

A

shikimate kinase

199
Q

can be inhibited by shikimate thorugh linear mixed-type inhibition

A

shikimate kinase

200
Q

what amino acids are biosynthesized from prephenate

A

tyrosine
phenylalanine

201
Q

biosynthesized from prephenate

A

tyrosine
phenylalanine

202
Q

process mediated by PheA and TyrA specific chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase

A

conversion of prephenate to an amio acid intermediate

203
Q

uses a simple dehydrogenase to convert prephenate to phenylpyruvate

A

PheA

204
Q

uses NAD-dependent dehydrogenase to make 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate

A

TyrA

205
Q

can also be inhibited at the transcriptional level by the TyrR repressor

A

tyrosine

206
Q

involves conversion of chorismate to anthranilate using athranilate synthase

A

tryptophan biosynthesis

207
Q

enzyme requiring either glutamine as the amino group donor or ammonia itself

A

anthranilate

208
Q

encodes the first subunit, which binds to chorismate and moves the amino group from the donor to chorismate

A

trpE

209
Q

encodes the second subunit, which facilitates the transfer of the amino acid group from glutamine

A

trpG

210
Q

amino acids derived from oxaloacetate/aspartate are:

A

lysine
asparagine
methionine
threonine
isoleucine

211
Q

aspartate can be converted to (4)

A

lysine
asparagine
methionine
threonine

212
Q

also gives rise to isoleucine

A

threonine

213
Q

the aspartate pathway uses _-aspartic acid as the precursor for the biosynthesis of one-fourth of the building block amino acids

A

L

214
Q

its biosynthesis frequently involves the transaminaition of oxaloacetate

A

aspartate

215
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of aspartate and initiates its conversion to other amino acids

A

aspartokinase

216
Q

aspartokinase is broken up to 3 isozymes

A

AK-I, AK-II, and AK-III

217
Q

AK feedback initiated by threonine

A

AK-I

218
Q

AKs that are inhibited by lysine

A

AK-II and AK-III

219
Q

AK that catalyzes the phosphorylation of aspartic acid which is the committed step in this biosynthetic pathway

A

AK-III

220
Q

AK becomes downregulated by the presence of what amino acids

A

threonine
lysine

221
Q

Lysine is synthesized from aspartate from what pathway

A

diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway

222
Q

initial two stages of the DAP pathway is catalyzed by what enzymes (2)

A

aspartokinase
aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase

223
Q

aspartokinase and aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase play a key role in the biosynthesis of what amino acids (3)

A

lysine
threonine
methionine

224
Q

two bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine dehydrogenase

A

ThrA MetL

225
Q

the biosynthesis of __ originates with aspartate using a transaminase enzyme

A

asparagine

226
Q

enzyme that produces asparagine, AMP, glutamte and pyrophosphate from aspartate, glutamine, and ATP

A

transaminase enzyme

227
Q

how many asparagine synthetases are found in bacteria

A

2

228
Q

2 asparagine synthethases found in bacteria

A

AsnC

229
Q

autogeneously regulated asparagine synthethases in becteria, which is where the product of a structural gene regulates the expression of the operon in which the genes reside

A

AsnC

230
Q

the stimulating effect of AsnC on AsnA transcription is downregulated by what amino acid

A

asparagine

231
Q

AsnC autoregulation is not affected by what amino acid

A

asparagine

232
Q

this amino acid biosynthesis by the trans-sulfuration pathway starts with aspartate, including relevant enzymes such as aspartokinase, aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, homoserine dehydrogenase, etc.

A

methionine

233
Q

this biosynthesis is subject to tight regulation with a repressor protein called MetJ

A

methionine

234
Q

in cooperation with corepressor protein S-adenosyl-methionine, this mediates the repression of methionine’s biosynthesis

A

MetJ

235
Q

regulator for MetE and MetH gene expression and functions as transativator for these genes

A

MetR

236
Q

MetR transcriptional activity is regulated by ___, which is the metabolic precursor or methionine

A

homocysteine

237
Q

metabolic precursor of methionine

A

homocysteine

238
Q

what vitamin can repress MetE gene expression, which is mediaed by MetH holoenzyme

A

vitamin B12

239
Q

in plants and microorganisms, ___ is synthesized from aspartic acid via a-aspartyl semialdehyde and homoserine

A

threonine

240
Q

precursor of threonine

A

homoserine

241
Q

high levels of what amino acid result in low levels of homoserine synthesis

A

threonine

242
Q

in plants and microorganisms, what amino acid is biosynthesized from pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate

A

isoleucine

243
Q

amino acids deerived from 3-phosphoglycerate (3)

A

serine
glycine
cysteine

244
Q

first amino acid to be produced in the family of amino acids derived from 3-phosphoglycerate

A

serine

245
Q

modified to both glycine and cysteine

A

serine

246
Q

both glycine and cysteine is regulated by the available concentration of ___ in the cell

A

serine

247
Q

is biosynthesized from serine, catalyzed by SHMT

A

glycine

248
Q

genes required for the synthesis of this amino acid are coded for the cys regulon

A

cysteine

249
Q

effective inducers of cysteine regulon is ___

A

n-acetyl-serine

250
Q

amino acid derived from pyruvate

A

alanine
valine
leucine

251
Q

the result of glycolysis, can feed into both the TCA cycle and fermentation process

A

pyruvate

252
Q

produced by transamination of one molecule of pyruvate using two alternate steps

A

alanine

253
Q

what amino acids are converted to become alanine

A

glutamate
valine

254
Q

is produced by a four enzyme pathway

A

valine

255
Q

synthesis pathway that diverges from valine pathway beginning with a-ketoisovalerate

A

leucine

256
Q

like valine, this amino acid regulates the first step of its pathway by inhibiting the action of a-isopropylmalate synthase

A

leucine

257
Q

synthesized by a diversion from the valine synthetic pathway, so the feedback inhibition of valine can also inhibit its synthesis

A

leucine

258
Q

is the process by which nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are synthesized and degraded

A

nucleic acid metabolism

259
Q

anabolic mechanism generally involving the chemical reaction of phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

A

nucleotide synthesis

260
Q

destruction of a nucleic acid is what kind of reaction

A

catabolic

261
Q

nucleotides are classified in either

A

purine
pyrimidine

262
Q

purine and pyrimidine are primarily produced in the ___

A

liver

263
Q

purine/pyrimidine is larger

A

pyrimidine is smaller; purine is larger

264
Q

two nucleotides classified as purines

A

adenine
guanine

265
Q

all nucleotide synthesis requires the use of what enzyme

A

phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

266
Q

enzyme that donates the ribose and phosphate necessary to create a nucleotide

A

phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)

267
Q

in what synthesis is PRPP turned into inosine monophosphate or IMP

A

purine

268
Q

ATP stimulates the production of ___, and vice versa

A

GTP

269
Q

excess of either nucleotide could increase the likelihood of

A

DNA mutations

270
Q

reacts with glutamine and other chemicals to form cytidine-triphosphate (CTP

A

UTP

271
Q

nucleoside that include cytidine, uridine, and thymidine

A

pyrimidine

272
Q

the synthesis of any pyrimidine nucleotide begins with the formation of ___

A

uridine

273
Q

unlike in purine synthesis, the sugar phosphate group from PRPP is not added to the nitrogenous base until towards the end of the process

A

pyrimidine sytnhesis

274
Q

UTP is converted to ___ by CTP synthethase

A

CTP

275
Q

activator of pyrimidine synthesis

A

ATP

276
Q

inhibitor of pyrimidine synthesis

A

CTP

277
Q

in plants and some prokaryotes __ is a product of photosynthesis

A

glucose

278
Q

is formed by the breakdown of polymeric forms like glycogen

A

glucose

279
Q

polymeric form where glucose is derived from

A

glycogen

280
Q

polymeric source of glucose in animals

A

glycogen

281
Q

polymeric source of glucose in plants

A

starch

282
Q

cleavage of glycogen is called

A

glycogenolysis

283
Q

cleavage of strach

A

starch degradation

284
Q

photosynthetic organisms are called

A

photoautothrophs

285
Q

organisms able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light

A

photosynthetic organism

286
Q

use organic compounds, rather than CO2, as a source of carbon

A

photoheterotrophs

287
Q

in plants, algae, and cyanbacteria,, photosynthesis releases ___

A

oxygen

288
Q

most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms

A

oxygenic photosynthesis

289
Q

type of photosynthesis used mostly by certain types of bacteria, which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen

A

anoxygenic photosynthesis

290
Q

CO2 is converted to sugars in a process called

A

carbon fixation

291
Q

endothermic redox reaction

A

carbon fixation

292
Q

in general outline, photosynthesis is the opposite of___

A

cellular respiration

293
Q

process of reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates

A

photosynthesis

294
Q

oxidation of carbohydrates or other nutrients to carbon dioxide

A

cellular respiration

295
Q

who proposed the general equation of photosynthesis

A

Cornelis van Niel

296
Q

general equation of photosynthesis

A

CO2 carbon dioxide + H2A electron donor + photons/light energy > CH2O carbohydrate + 2 aoxidized electron donor + H2O

297
Q

apply water as electron donor in Cornelis van Niel’s photosynthesis equation

A

CO2 + 2 H2O + photons/light energy > Ch2O carbohydrate + O2 + H2O

298
Q

both a reactant in the light dependent reaction and a product of light independent reaction

A

water

299
Q

net equation of photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O + photons > Carbohydrates + O2

300
Q

two stages of photosynthesis

A

light independent reactions
light dependent reactions

301
Q

stage of photosynthesis where light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy store molecules ATP and NADPH

A

light dependent reactions

302
Q

stage of photosynthesis where products of ATP and NADPH are sed to capture and reduce carbon dioxide

A

light independent reactions

303
Q

most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use ____ for the light dependent reactions

A

visible light

304
Q

some organisms use what kind of electromagnetic wave aside from visible light

A

infrared
far-red radiation

305
Q

use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals

A

archaea

306
Q

changes its configuration in response to sunglight, acting as a proton pump

A

bacteriorhodposin

307
Q

bacteriorhodopsin produces ___ more directly, which is then converted to chemical energy

A

proton gradient

308
Q

does archaea photosynthesis have co2 fixation and release of oxygen?

A

no

309
Q

what enzyme in light independent reactions capture Co2 from the atmosphere

A

RuBisCo (ribulose 1-5,bisphosphate carboxylase)

310
Q

RuBisCo capturing CO2 from atmosphere is a process called

A

calvin cycle

311
Q

calvin cycle uses what intermiediate to release three-carbon sugars

A

NADPH

312
Q

calvin cycle releases three carbon sugars which are later combined to form what products

A

sucrose
starch

313
Q

overall equation for light indepedent rxn

A

3Co2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6H+ > 3-phosphoglycerate + 9 ADP + 8 Pi + 6 NADP+ + 3H2O

314
Q

produces the intermediate three-carbon sugar product

A

carbon fixation

315
Q

simple carbon sugar produced by photosynthesis is used to build the material ___

A

cellulose

316
Q

process in which CO2 combines with a five-carbon sugar, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, to yield two molecules of a three carbon compound, glycerate 3-phosphate, in the presence of ATP and NADPH

A

fixation or reduction of CO2

317
Q

product of carbon fixation

A

PGAL or triose phosphate

318
Q

PGAL is used to regenerate

A

ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate

319
Q

the triose phosphate not recycled often condense to form what

A

hexose phosphates

320
Q

hexose phosphate ultimately yields

A

sucrose
starch
cellulose

321
Q

the sugars produced during carbon metabolism yield carbon skeletons that can be used for metabolic rxns like the production of ___ and ___

A

amino acids
lipids

322
Q

metabolic pathway that begins with molecules containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms and ends in glucose molecule containing six carbon atoms

A

gluconeogenesis

323
Q

metabolic pathway that results in the generatio of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substances

A

gluconeogenesis

324
Q

where does gluconeogensis occurs mainly in vertebrates

A

liver
cortex of kidneys

325
Q

two primary mechanisms to maintain blood sugar levels, avoid low levels

A

gluconeogenesis
degradation

326
Q

in ___, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by these organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fastin low carb diets, exercise, etc.

A

ruminants

327
Q

in many other animals, this process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low carb diets, or intense exercise

A

gluconeogenesis

328
Q

under conditions of prolonged fasting ___ derived from ketone bodies can also serve as a substrate

A

acetone

329
Q

relative contribution of gluconeogenesis by the __ is increased in diabetes and prolonged fasting

A

gluconeogenesis

330
Q

pathway that is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP

A

gluconeogenesis

331
Q

gluconeogensis is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP, making it effectively ___

A

exergonic

332
Q

where is the ATP supplied from when glucose-6-phosphate requires 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of GTP

A

fatty acid catabolism via beta-oxidation

333
Q

is pathway consisting of series of eleven enzyme-catalyzed reactions

A

gluconeogenesis

334
Q

which organelles does gluconeogenesis occur

A

mitochondria
cytoplasm

335
Q

gluconeogensis begins in the ___

A

mitochondria

336
Q

gluconeogensis begins in the mitochondria with the formation of ___ by the carboxylation of pyruvate

A

oxaloacetate

337
Q

gluconeogensis begins in the mitochondria with the formation of oxaloacetate by the carboxylation of ___

A

pyruvate

338
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate

A

pyruvate carboxylase

339
Q

pyruvate carboxylase is stimulated by high levels of ___ and inhibited by ___ and ___

A

ATP
ADP and glucose

340
Q

oxaloacetate is reduced to ___ using NADH, a step required for its transportation out of the mitochondria

A

malate

341
Q

malate is then oxidized to ___ using naD+ in the cytosol

A

oxaloacetate

342
Q

remaining gluconeogensis takes place in the

A

cytosol

343
Q

oxaloacetate is decarboxylated and then phosphorylated to form ___ using the enzyme PEPCK

A

phosphoenolpyruvate

344
Q

what molecule is hydrolyzed to remove one phosphate in oxaloacetate decarboxylation

A

GTP

345
Q

rate limiting step of gluconeogenesis

A

fructose 1,6-bisphopshate to fructose 6-phosphate

346
Q

formed from fructose-6 phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase

A

glucose-6-phophate

347
Q

can be used in other metabolic pathways or phosphorylated to form glucose

A

glucose 6-phosphate

348
Q

where does glucose form in gluconeogenesis

A

lumen of endoplasmic reticulum

349
Q

glucose is shuttled into the cytoplasm by ___ transporters located in the Er’s membrane

A

endoplasmic reticulum

Biomolecules (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions