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Biomolecules > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature.

A

lipids

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2
Q

hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen bonds.

A

lipids

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3
Q

Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic, or insoluble in

A

water

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4
Q

Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of ___

A

fats

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5
Q

also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals.

A

Lipids

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6
Q

Lipids include (5)

A

fats
oils
waxes
phospholipids
steroids

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7
Q

DAG means

A

Diacylglycerol

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8
Q

DHA means

A

Docosahexenoic acid;

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9
Q

EPA means

A

Eicosapentenoic acid

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10
Q

MAG means

A

Monoacylglycerol

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11
Q

MUFA means

A

Mono-unsaturated fatty acid

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12
Q

PL means

A

Phospholipid

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13
Q

PUFA means

A

Poly-unsaturated fatty acid;

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14
Q

SFA means

A

Saturated fatty acid

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15
Q

TAG means

A

Tri-acylglycerol

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16
Q

TFA means

A

Trans-fatty acid

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17
Q

The dietary oils and fats are mainly derived from three origins

A

plant or plant seeds
animal tissue
microorganisms

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18
Q

dietary oil from plant or plant seeds

A

vegetable oil

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19
Q

dietary oil from animal tissue

A

animal fats

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20
Q

dietary oil from microorganisms

A

microbial oil (single cell oil)

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21
Q

are the main components in dietary oils and fats, which account for over 95% in refined edible oils

A

Tri-acyglycerol

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22
Q

types of fatty acids based on saturation

A

saturated fatty acid
monounsaturated fatty acids
polyunsaturated fatty acids

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23
Q

Dietary oils and fats have lower density than

A

water

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24
Q

phase of lipids can be in room temperature

A

solid
semi-solid
or liquid

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25
Q

A fat molecule consists of two main components

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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26
Q

is an organic compound (alcohol) with three carbons, five hydrogens, and three hydroxyl (OH) groups.

A

glycerol

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27
Q

glycerol is made up of

A

3 carbons
5 hydrogens
3 OH groups

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28
Q

have a long chain of hydrocarbons to which a carboxyl group is attached

A

fatty acids

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29
Q

The number of carbons in the fatty acid may range from

A

4 to 36

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30
Q

In a fat molecule, the fatty acids are attached to each of the three carbons of the glycerol molecule with an ___bond through an ____atom

A

ester
carbon

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31
Q

During this ester bond formation how many molecules are released in triacyglycerol

A

3

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32
Q

saturated fatty acid, is derived from the palm tree

A

palmitic acid

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33
Q

is derived from Arachis hypogea, the scientific name for groundnuts or peanuts.

A

Arachidic acid

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34
Q

scientific name for groundnuts or peanuts

A

Arachis hypogea

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35
Q

if there are only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain, the fatty acid is said to be ___

A

saturated

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36
Q

are saturated with hydrogen; in other words, the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

A

saturated fatty acids

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37
Q

example of SFAs

A

palmitic acid
stearic acid
myristic acid

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38
Q

When the hydrocarbon chain contains a double bond, the fatty acid is said to be

A

unsaturated

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39
Q

example of UFAs

A

oleic acid
linoleic acid
docosahexaenoic acid

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40
Q

Most unsaturated fats are ____ at room temperature and are called ___

A

liquid
oils

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41
Q

If there is one double bond in the molecule, then it is known as a

A

monounsaturated fat

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42
Q

example of monounsaturated fat

A

olive oil

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43
Q

more than two double bond in the molcule

A

polyunsaturated fat

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44
Q

example of polyunsaturated fat

A

canola oil

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45
Q

tend to get packed tightly and are solid at room temperature

A

long straight fatty acids (saturated fatty acids)

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46
Q

fatty acid common in meat

A

palmitic acid

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47
Q

fat common in butter

A

butyric acid

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48
Q

ammals store fats in specialized cells called

A

adipocytes

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49
Q

In ___ , fat or oil is stored in many seeds and is used as a source of energy during seedling development

A

plants

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50
Q

are usually of plant origin and contain cis unsaturated fatty acids

A

unsaturated fats

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51
Q

Unsaturated fats or oils are usually of plant origin and contain ___ unsaturated fatty acids

A

cis

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52
Q

indicate the configuration of the molecule around the double bond

A

cis and trans

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53
Q

if hydrogens are present in the same plane, it is referred to as a

A

cis fat

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54
Q

if the hydrogen atoms are on two different planes, it is referred to as a

A

trans fat

55
Q

double bond causes a bend or a “kink” that prevents the fatty acids from packing tightly, keeping them liquid at room temperature

what conformation

A

cis

56
Q

oils that have unsaturated fats

A

olive oil
corn oil
canola oil
cod liver oil

57
Q

____ fats help to lower blood cholesterol levels whereas ____fats contribute to plaque formation in the arteries.

A

unsaturated
saturated

58
Q

double bond causes a kink in the chain

A

cis

59
Q

During this ____process, double bonds of the cis– conformation in the hydrocarbon chain may be converted to double bonds in the trans– conformation.

A

hydrogenation

60
Q

are examples of artificially hydrogenated trans fats

A

margarine
peanut butter
shortening

61
Q

Recent studies have shown that an increase in trans fats in the human diet may lead to an increase in levels of

A

low density lipoproteins (LDL)

62
Q

bad cholesterol

A

low density lipoproteins

63
Q

may lead to plaque deposition in the arteries, resulting in heart disease

A

LDL

64
Q

are fatty acids required but not synthesized by the human body

A

essential fatty acids

65
Q

two known fatty acids for human

A

omega-3 fatty acids
omega-6 fatty acids

66
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acids and are called omega_ because the third carbon from the end of the hydrocarbon chain is connected to its neighboring carbon by a double bond.

A

3

67
Q

is an example of an omega-3 fatty acid. It has three cis double bonds and, as a result, a curved shape.

A

alpha-linoleic acid

68
Q

The farthest carbon away from the carboxyl group is numbered as the

A

omega carbon

69
Q

omega-3 fatty acids include

A

alpha-linoleic acid (ALA)
eicospentaenoic acid (EPA)
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

70
Q

good sources of omega-3 fatty acids

A

Salmon, trout, and tuna

71
Q

Research indicates that _____ acids reduce the risk of sudden death from heart attacks, reduce triglycerides in the blood, lower blood pressure, and prevent thrombosis by inhibiting blood clotting. They also reduce inflammation, and may help reduce the risk of some cancers in animals

A

omega-3 fatty acids

72
Q

covers the feathers of some aquatic birds and the leaf surfaces of some plants.

A

waxes

73
Q

are made up of long fatty acid chains esterified to long-chain alcohols.

A

eaxes

74
Q

are major constituents of the plasma membrane, the outermost layer of animal cells.

A

phospholipids

75
Q

. Instead of three fatty acids attached as in triglycerides, however, there are two fatty acids forming ___,

A

diacylglycerol

76
Q

the third carbon of the glycerol backbone is occupied by a ___ in phospholipids

A

modified phosphate gorup

77
Q

is a molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone

A

phospholipid

78
Q

Two chemical groups that may modify the phosphate

A

choline
serine

79
Q

A phosphate group alone attached to a diaglycerol does not qualify as a ___ instead it is a ____

A

phospholipid
phosphatidate

80
Q

precursor of phospholipids

A

phosphatidate

81
Q

are two important phospholipids that are found in plasma membranes

A

phosphatidylcholine
phosphatidylserine

82
Q

is an amphipathic molecule, meaning it has a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part

A

phospholipid

83
Q

If a drop of phospholipids is placed in water, it spontaneously forms a structure known as a

A

micelle

84
Q

Unlike the phospholipids and fats discussed earlier, ___ have a fused ring structure.

A

steroids

85
Q

example of steroids

A

cholesterol
cortisol

86
Q

is the most common steroid

A

cholesterol

87
Q

is mainly synthesized in the liver and is the precursor to many steroid hormones such as testosterone and estradiol, which are secreted by the gonads and endocrine glands

A

cholesterol

88
Q

hormones secreted by gonads

A

testosterone

89
Q

hormone secreted by endocrine gland

A

estradiol

90
Q

. It is also the precursor to Vitamin D

A

cholesterol

91
Q

is also the precursor of bile salts

A

cholesterol

92
Q

help in the emulsification of fats and their subsequent absorption by cells

A

bile salts

93
Q

It is a component of the plasma membrane of animal cells and is found within the phospholipid bilayer.

A

cholesterol

94
Q

Elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood,
increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and
cardiovascular diseases.

A

hypercholesterolemia

95
Q

associated lipid abnormality of hypercholesterolemia

A

high LDL cholesterol

96
Q

Elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood,
often linked to heart disease and pancreatitis.

A

hypertiglyceridemia

97
Q

associated lipid abnormality with higy trigylcerides FF

A

hypertriglyceridemia

98
Q

Genetic disorder leading to very high
cholesterol levels from a young age, causing
premature cardiovascular events.

A

familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)

99
Q

associated lipid abnormality of FH

A

extremely high LDL cholesterol

100
Q

Genetic disorder where harmful fatty
substances accumulate in certain organs,
leading to enlarged spleen and liver.

A

Gaucher disease

101
Q

associated lipid abnormality of Gaucher disease

A

Accumulation of
glucocerebroside (a
glycolipid)

102
Q

Rare genetic disorder leading to low levels of
HDL cholesterol, causing cholesterol buildup
in tissues.

A

Tangier Disease

103
Q

associated lipid abnormality of Tangier disease

A

Low HDL cholesterol

104
Q

Genetic disorder leading to the accumulation
of gangliosides, causing severe neurological
impairment

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

105
Q

associated lipid abnormality of Tay-Sachs disease

A

Accumulation of GM2
ganglioside (a type of lipid)

106
Q

Inherited disorder causing accumulation of
lipids in cells, affecting the liver, spleen, lungs,
and brain.

A

Niemann-Pick Disease

107
Q

associated lipid abnormality of Niemann-Pick Disease

A

Accumulation of
sphingomyelin or cholesterol
(depending on type)

108
Q

Genetic disorder affecting fat metabolism,
leading to pain, kidney problems, and
cardiovascular complications.

A

Fabry disease

109
Q

Associated Lipid
Abnormality of Fabry Disease

A

Accumulation of
globotriaosylceramide (a
glycolipid)

110
Q

Genetic disorder causing high triglycerides
and risk of pancreatitis.

A

Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency

111
Q

Associated Lipid
Abnormality of Lipoprotein Lipase
Deficiency

A

Elevated chylomicrons and
triglycerides

112
Q

Associated Lipid
Abnormality of Metabolic syndrome

A

Elevated triglycerides,
reduced HDL cholesterol

113
Q

Cluster of conditions (high blood pressure,
high blood sugar, excess body fat) increasing
heart disease risk

A

metabolic syndrome

114
Q

What characterizes saturated fatty acids?

A

only single bonds between carbon atoms

115
Q

Palmitic acid is an example of which type of fatty acid?

A

saturated fatty acid

116
Q

What term is used to describe fats that contain three fatty acids attached to glycerol?

A

triglycerides

117
Q

Which term refers to a fatty acid with no double bonds?

A

saturated fatty acid

118
Q

What role do omega-3 fatty acids play in heart health?

A

they reduce the risk of sudden death from heart attacks

119
Q

Which type of fatty acids are typically found in animal fats?

A

saturated fatty acids

120
Q

What type of fat is produced when hydrogen is added to oils?

A

trans fat

121
Q

In which cellular structure do phospholipids primarily form a bilayer?

A

plasma membrane

122
Q

Essential fatty acids must be obtained through which means?

A

diet

123
Q

Which fatty acid is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

oleic acid

124
Q

What is the main characteristic of waxes?

A

They are hydrophobic and prevent water from adhering

125
Q

Most unsaturated fats are in what physical state at room temperature?

A

liquid

126
Q

Which type of fat is commonly found in margarine?

A

Trans fat

127
Q

What is the main source of omega-3 fatty acds?

A

fish

128
Q

The hydrophilic part of a phospholipid faces

A

Aqueous solutions

129
Q

Glycerol has how many carbons in its structure?

A

three

130
Q

Which molecule is primarily synthesized in the liver and a precursor for many hormones?

A

cholesterol

131
Q

What is the main function of phospholipid in cells?

A

They form the plasma membrane

132
Q

Which of the following is not a source of omega-3 fatty acids

A

avocado il

133
Q

What structural feature distinguishes trans fats from cis fats?

A

Hydrogens are on opposite sides of the double bond in trans fats

Biomolecules (14 decks)

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