Lipids Flashcards
include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature.
lipids
hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen bonds.
lipids
Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic, or insoluble in
water
Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of ___
fats
also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals.
Lipids
Lipids include (5)
fats
oils
waxes
phospholipids
steroids
DAG means
Diacylglycerol
DHA means
Docosahexenoic acid;
EPA means
Eicosapentenoic acid
MAG means
Monoacylglycerol
MUFA means
Mono-unsaturated fatty acid
PL means
Phospholipid
PUFA means
Poly-unsaturated fatty acid;
SFA means
Saturated fatty acid
TAG means
Tri-acylglycerol
TFA means
Trans-fatty acid
The dietary oils and fats are mainly derived from three origins
plant or plant seeds
animal tissue
microorganisms
dietary oil from plant or plant seeds
vegetable oil
dietary oil from animal tissue
animal fats
dietary oil from microorganisms
microbial oil (single cell oil)
are the main components in dietary oils and fats, which account for over 95% in refined edible oils
Tri-acyglycerol
types of fatty acids based on saturation
saturated fatty acid
monounsaturated fatty acids
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Dietary oils and fats have lower density than
water
phase of lipids can be in room temperature
solid
semi-solid
or liquid
A fat molecule consists of two main components
glycerol and fatty acids
is an organic compound (alcohol) with three carbons, five hydrogens, and three hydroxyl (OH) groups.
glycerol
glycerol is made up of
3 carbons
5 hydrogens
3 OH groups
have a long chain of hydrocarbons to which a carboxyl group is attached
fatty acids
The number of carbons in the fatty acid may range from
4 to 36
In a fat molecule, the fatty acids are attached to each of the three carbons of the glycerol molecule with an ___bond through an ____atom
ester
carbon
During this ester bond formation how many molecules are released in triacyglycerol
3
saturated fatty acid, is derived from the palm tree
palmitic acid
is derived from Arachis hypogea, the scientific name for groundnuts or peanuts.
Arachidic acid
scientific name for groundnuts or peanuts
Arachis hypogea
if there are only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain, the fatty acid is said to be ___
saturated
are saturated with hydrogen; in other words, the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized
saturated fatty acids
example of SFAs
palmitic acid
stearic acid
myristic acid
When the hydrocarbon chain contains a double bond, the fatty acid is said to be
unsaturated
example of UFAs
oleic acid
linoleic acid
docosahexaenoic acid
Most unsaturated fats are ____ at room temperature and are called ___
liquid
oils
If there is one double bond in the molecule, then it is known as a
monounsaturated fat
example of monounsaturated fat
olive oil
more than two double bond in the molcule
polyunsaturated fat
example of polyunsaturated fat
canola oil
tend to get packed tightly and are solid at room temperature
long straight fatty acids (saturated fatty acids)
fatty acid common in meat
palmitic acid
fat common in butter
butyric acid
ammals store fats in specialized cells called
adipocytes
In ___ , fat or oil is stored in many seeds and is used as a source of energy during seedling development
plants
are usually of plant origin and contain cis unsaturated fatty acids
unsaturated fats
Unsaturated fats or oils are usually of plant origin and contain ___ unsaturated fatty acids
cis
indicate the configuration of the molecule around the double bond
cis and trans
if hydrogens are present in the same plane, it is referred to as a
cis fat
if the hydrogen atoms are on two different planes, it is referred to as a
trans fat
double bond causes a bend or a “kink” that prevents the fatty acids from packing tightly, keeping them liquid at room temperature
what conformation
cis
oils that have unsaturated fats
olive oil
corn oil
canola oil
cod liver oil
____ fats help to lower blood cholesterol levels whereas ____fats contribute to plaque formation in the arteries.
unsaturated
saturated
double bond causes a kink in the chain
cis
During this ____process, double bonds of the cis– conformation in the hydrocarbon chain may be converted to double bonds in the trans– conformation.
hydrogenation
are examples of artificially hydrogenated trans fats
margarine
peanut butter
shortening
Recent studies have shown that an increase in trans fats in the human diet may lead to an increase in levels of
low density lipoproteins (LDL)
bad cholesterol
low density lipoproteins
may lead to plaque deposition in the arteries, resulting in heart disease
LDL
are fatty acids required but not synthesized by the human body
essential fatty acids
two known fatty acids for human
omega-3 fatty acids
omega-6 fatty acids
polyunsaturated fatty acids and are called omega_ because the third carbon from the end of the hydrocarbon chain is connected to its neighboring carbon by a double bond.
3
is an example of an omega-3 fatty acid. It has three cis double bonds and, as a result, a curved shape.
alpha-linoleic acid
The farthest carbon away from the carboxyl group is numbered as the
omega carbon
omega-3 fatty acids include
alpha-linoleic acid (ALA)
eicospentaenoic acid (EPA)
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
good sources of omega-3 fatty acids
Salmon, trout, and tuna
Research indicates that _____ acids reduce the risk of sudden death from heart attacks, reduce triglycerides in the blood, lower blood pressure, and prevent thrombosis by inhibiting blood clotting. They also reduce inflammation, and may help reduce the risk of some cancers in animals
omega-3 fatty acids
covers the feathers of some aquatic birds and the leaf surfaces of some plants.
waxes
are made up of long fatty acid chains esterified to long-chain alcohols.
eaxes
are major constituents of the plasma membrane, the outermost layer of animal cells.
phospholipids
. Instead of three fatty acids attached as in triglycerides, however, there are two fatty acids forming ___,
diacylglycerol
the third carbon of the glycerol backbone is occupied by a ___ in phospholipids
modified phosphate gorup
is a molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone
phospholipid
Two chemical groups that may modify the phosphate
choline
serine
A phosphate group alone attached to a diaglycerol does not qualify as a ___ instead it is a ____
phospholipid
phosphatidate
precursor of phospholipids
phosphatidate
are two important phospholipids that are found in plasma membranes
phosphatidylcholine
phosphatidylserine
is an amphipathic molecule, meaning it has a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part
phospholipid
If a drop of phospholipids is placed in water, it spontaneously forms a structure known as a
micelle
Unlike the phospholipids and fats discussed earlier, ___ have a fused ring structure.
steroids
example of steroids
cholesterol
cortisol
is the most common steroid
cholesterol
is mainly synthesized in the liver and is the precursor to many steroid hormones such as testosterone and estradiol, which are secreted by the gonads and endocrine glands
cholesterol
hormones secreted by gonads
testosterone
hormone secreted by endocrine gland
estradiol
. It is also the precursor to Vitamin D
cholesterol
is also the precursor of bile salts
cholesterol
help in the emulsification of fats and their subsequent absorption by cells
bile salts
It is a component of the plasma membrane of animal cells and is found within the phospholipid bilayer.
cholesterol
Elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood,
increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and
cardiovascular diseases.
hypercholesterolemia
associated lipid abnormality of hypercholesterolemia
high LDL cholesterol
Elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood,
often linked to heart disease and pancreatitis.
hypertiglyceridemia
associated lipid abnormality with higy trigylcerides FF
hypertriglyceridemia
Genetic disorder leading to very high
cholesterol levels from a young age, causing
premature cardiovascular events.
familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)
associated lipid abnormality of FH
extremely high LDL cholesterol
Genetic disorder where harmful fatty
substances accumulate in certain organs,
leading to enlarged spleen and liver.
Gaucher disease
associated lipid abnormality of Gaucher disease
Accumulation of
glucocerebroside (a
glycolipid)
Rare genetic disorder leading to low levels of
HDL cholesterol, causing cholesterol buildup
in tissues.
Tangier Disease
associated lipid abnormality of Tangier disease
Low HDL cholesterol
Genetic disorder leading to the accumulation
of gangliosides, causing severe neurological
impairment
Tay-Sachs Disease
associated lipid abnormality of Tay-Sachs disease
Accumulation of GM2
ganglioside (a type of lipid)
Inherited disorder causing accumulation of
lipids in cells, affecting the liver, spleen, lungs,
and brain.
Niemann-Pick Disease
associated lipid abnormality of Niemann-Pick Disease
Accumulation of
sphingomyelin or cholesterol
(depending on type)
Genetic disorder affecting fat metabolism,
leading to pain, kidney problems, and
cardiovascular complications.
Fabry disease
Associated Lipid
Abnormality of Fabry Disease
Accumulation of
globotriaosylceramide (a
glycolipid)
Genetic disorder causing high triglycerides
and risk of pancreatitis.
Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency
Associated Lipid
Abnormality of Lipoprotein Lipase
Deficiency
Elevated chylomicrons and
triglycerides
Associated Lipid
Abnormality of Metabolic syndrome
Elevated triglycerides,
reduced HDL cholesterol
Cluster of conditions (high blood pressure,
high blood sugar, excess body fat) increasing
heart disease risk
metabolic syndrome
What characterizes saturated fatty acids?
only single bonds between carbon atoms
Palmitic acid is an example of which type of fatty acid?
saturated fatty acid
What term is used to describe fats that contain three fatty acids attached to glycerol?
triglycerides
Which term refers to a fatty acid with no double bonds?
saturated fatty acid
What role do omega-3 fatty acids play in heart health?
they reduce the risk of sudden death from heart attacks
Which type of fatty acids are typically found in animal fats?
saturated fatty acids
What type of fat is produced when hydrogen is added to oils?
trans fat
In which cellular structure do phospholipids primarily form a bilayer?
plasma membrane
Essential fatty acids must be obtained through which means?
diet
Which fatty acid is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid?
oleic acid
What is the main characteristic of waxes?
They are hydrophobic and prevent water from adhering
Most unsaturated fats are in what physical state at room temperature?
liquid
Which type of fat is commonly found in margarine?
Trans fat
What is the main source of omega-3 fatty acds?
fish
The hydrophilic part of a phospholipid faces
Aqueous solutions
Glycerol has how many carbons in its structure?
three
Which molecule is primarily synthesized in the liver and a precursor for many hormones?
cholesterol
What is the main function of phospholipid in cells?
They form the plasma membrane
Which of the following is not a source of omega-3 fatty acids
avocado il
What structural feature distinguishes trans fats from cis fats?
Hydrogens are on opposite sides of the double bond in trans fats
