Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
works with nervous system to coordinate and direct cell lactivity
A
endocrine system
2
Q
works more slowly than nervous system
A
endocrine system
3
Q
endocrine system uses glands all over the body to secrete chemical messenger known as
A
hormones
4
Q
three main classes of hormones
A
amino-acid based
steroid based
prostaglandins
5
Q
hormones made up of proteins, peptides, and amines
A
amino-acid based
6
Q
made from cholesterol
sex hormones, hormones from adrenal glands
A
steroids
7
Q
produced locally, made from highly active lipids
A
prostaglandins
8
Q
hormones affect tissue cells or organs, these tissues or organs are called
A
target cells or organs
9
Q
has specific protein receptors in plasma membrane that only specific hormones can bind to
A
target cell
10
Q
specific hormones binding to target cells causes one or more of the ff to occur
A
changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state
synthesis of proteins or certain regulatory molecules (such as enzymes)
activation or inactivation of enzymes
simulation of mitosis
11
Q
two main mechanism of hormone action
A
steroid hormone action
nonsteroid hormone action
12
Q
steroid hormone action
A
- diffuse through plasma membrane of target cell
- enter nucleus
- bind to specific receptor protein
- bind to specific site on Cell’s DNA
- activate certain genes to transcribe mRNA
- translate mRNA, making new proteins
13
Q
non steroid hormone action
A
- hormone binds to membrane receptor
- activate enzyme
- enzyme catalyzes reaction that produces a second messenger molecule
- overseas additional intracellular changes that promote typical response of the target cell to the hormone
14
Q
main mechanism for regulating blood levels of most hormones, rising hormone levels inhibit further hormone release
A
negative feedback mechanism
15
Q
three major kinds of stimuli
A
hormonal
humoral
neural
16
Q
endocrine organs are activated by other hormones
what kind of stimuli
A
hormonal
17
Q
endocrine organs are activated by fluctuating levels of nutrients, ions, etc in the blood
A
humoral stimuli
18
Q
nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
what kind of stimuli
A
neural stimuli
19
Q
major endocrine organs
A
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal glands
pineal glands
thymus gland
pancreas
gonads
hypothalamus
20
Q
approximately the size of a grape, hangs underneath the hypothalamus in the brain
A
pituitary gland
21
Q
two functional lobes of pituitary gland
A
anterior
posterior
22
Q
anterior pituitary gland is made up of
A
glandular tissue
23
Q
posterior pituitary gland is made up of
A
nervous tissue
24
Q
“master endocrine gland” because it controls the activity of so many other endocrine glands, but it is controlled by the hypothalamus
A
anterior pituitary gland
25
also makes oxytocin and ADH which are stored in the posterior pituitary gland
hypothalamus
26
stores oxytocin and ADH until they are released
posterior pituitary gland
27
general metabolic hormone, major effects directed toward growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
growth hormones
28
growth hormones causes amino acids to be built into
proteins
29
growth hormones stimulates most target cells to
grow in size and divide
30
growth hormones causes fats to be broken down and used for
energy
31
protein hormone, very similar to growth hormone in structure, maintains milk production after childbirth
prolactin
32
anterior pituitary hormones
GH
prolactin
tropic hormone
ACTH
TSH
gonadotropic hormone
FSH
LH
33
stimulates target organ, which is another endocrine gland, to secret its hormone
tropic hormone
34
regulates endocrine activity of cortex portion of adrenal gland
ACTH
35
influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland
TSH/TH
36
regulates hormonal activity of gonads (ovaries and testes)
gonadotropic hormone
37
stimulates follicle development in ovaries (females only), mature follicles produce estrogen and prepare egss for ovulation
FSH
38
stimulates sperm development
FSH
39
triggers ovulation of egg from ovary and causes ruptured follicle to become a corpus luteum and then release progesterone and estrogen
LH
40
in males, LH is also called
interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
41
technicanlly not an endocrine gland because it does not make the hormnones
posterior pituitary
42
released in significant amouints only during childbirth and nursing
oxytocin
43
causes uterine wall to contract
oxytocin
44
given to women to induce labor or stop postpartum bleeding
oxytocin
45
inhibits urine production, causes kidneys to reabsorb more water from urine
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
46
ADH ___ urine volume and ____ blood volume
decreases
increases
47
ADH increases/decreases blood pressure
increases
48
ADH is also called
vasopressin
49
located at the base of throat below the adam's apple
thyroid gland
50
thyroid gland has __ lobes
2
51
two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a central mass called
isthmus
52
two hormones produced by the thyroid gland
thyroid hormone (Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine)
53
major hormone secreted by the thyroid, formed when T4 is converted into T3
thyroxine
54
controls rate at which glucose is oxidized and converted into energy
thyroxine
55
target all cells in the body, also helps control growth and development of reproductive nad nervous systems
thyroxine
56
also called thyrocalcitonin
calcitonin
57
decreases blood calciuim levels by causing calcium to be deposited in bones
calcitonin
58
works against parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
59
released directly into blood in response to rising calcium levels
calcitonin
60
decreases in the elderly
calcitonin
61
enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet
goiter
62
goiter is caused by lack of ___ in the diet
iodine
63
lack of iodine in the diet (cause of goiter) leads to under production of ____
TSH
64
no longer common due to the addition of iodine to our salt
goiter
65
dwarfism in which adult body proportions remain childlike due to lack of TH stimulation
cretinism
66
form of hyperthyroidism, high metabolism, intolerance of heat, inability to relax, and bulging eyes
Grave's disease
67
tiny masses of glandular tissue on the posterior surface of thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
68
how many lobes of parathyroid gland
4
69
parathyroid gland usually have ___ lobes (two on each side) but can be up to___
4
8
70
also called parathormone
parathyroid hormone
71
parathyroid hormone is also known as
parathormone
72
regulates calcium levels of blood
parathyroid hormone
73
if blood calcium levels drop too low, PTH stimulates ___ to break down bone matrix and release calcium back into the blood
osteoclasts
74
PTH ____ blood levels of calcium, calcitonin ___ blood levels of calcium
increases
decreases
75
previously, surgeons would remove the ____ of a hyperthyroid patient completely when remove some of the thyroid
parathyroid
76
results in tetany, uncontrollable potentialy fatal muscle spasms that result from neurons becoming extremely irritable and overactive due to low calcium levels
removal of parathyroid
77
can cause massive bone destruction
hyperparathyroidism
78
bean-shaped, sit on top of kidneys
adrenal glands
79
how many endocrine glands in adrenal glands
2
80
how many layers of adrenal cortex
three layers
81
has three major groups of steroid hormones
corticosteroids
82
produced by the outer layer of adrenal cortex
mineralocorticoids
83
produced by middle layer of adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids
84
produced by inner layer of adrenal cortex
sex hormones
85
regulate mineral/salt concentrations of blood
mineralocorticoids
86
regulates cellular metabolism
glucocorticoids
87
play a role in sex characteristics, both androgens (male hormones) and estrogens ( female hormones) are produced regardless of one's gender
sex hormones
88
male hormones
androgens
89
female hormones
estrogens
90
mineralocorticoid, regulates mineral (or salt) content of blood
aldosterone
91
when __ levels rise, kidneys absorb more sodium from blood and release more potassium ions into urine
aldosterone
92
when aldosterone levels rise, kidneys absorb more ___ from blood and release more ___ ions into urine
sodium
potassium
93
enzyme produced by kidneys when blood pressure drops
renin
94
causes aldosterone to be release
renin
95
glucocorticoid, supresses immunes system and reduces inflammation, increases blood glucose levels
cortisone
96
glucocorticoid, supresses immune system, reduces inflammation, increasesd blood glucose levels, aids in metabolism, promotes the production of surfactant in fetal lungs
cortisol
97
caused by low aldosterone levels, sodium, and water are rapidly lost from the body, characterized by bronze skin, weak muscles, decreased ability to cope with stress, and suppressed immune system
Addison's disease
98
excessive output of glucocorticoids, results in moon face and buffalo hump fat deposits, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, weakened bones, and sometimes diabetes
Cushing's syndrome
99
also called adrenaline
epinephrine
100
epinephrine and norephinephrine are together called
cathecolamines
101
released after stimulus from sympathetic nervous system > fight or flight response, increase in heart rate, bp and blood glucose levels, lung passageways are dilated > more O2 in blood
cathecolamines
102
located close to stomatch
pancreas
103
mixed gland
pancreas
104
formerly called islets of langerhans, scattered throughout pancreas, produce hormones
pancreatic islets
105
released by beta cells of islets, acts on a cell's ability to transport glucose across their plasma membrane, helps speed up cellular respiration, reduces blood glucose levels
insulin
106
released by alpha cells of islets, antagonist of insulin, targets the liver which it stimulates to break down stored glycogen into glucose to release into the blood, raising blood glucose levels
glucagon
107
glucagon targets the ___ to release glucose into the blood
liver
108
caused by insufficient insulin production, blood glucose levels get too high
diabetes mellitus
109
is flused into the urine, resulting in frequent urination and dehydration
glucose
110
body uses fats and proteins for energy instead of glucose, resulting in loss of body weight
diabetes mellitus
111
"juvenile" diabetes, pancreas is not producing any insulin, requires continuous injections of insulin
type I diabetes
112
adult-onset diabetes, can be trated by special diet or oral medication
type II diabetes
113
small, cone-shaped gland in the roof of third ventricle of brain
pineal gland
114
pineal gland is located in the roof of the ___ ventricle of the brain
third
115
produced many chemical substances, we still don't know what all of them are or what all the ones we have discovered do
pineal gland
116
levels of secretion rise and fall over the course of the day and night, peak production at night, believed to be the "sleep trigger"
melatonin
117
helps coordinate fertility hormones and inhibits reproductive system until puberty, especially in females
melatonin
118
located in upper thorax behind the sternum
thymus
119
large in infants and children, decreases in size throughout adulthood
thymus
120
by old age, it is mostly fibrous connective tissue and fat
thymus
121
due to senescence, thymus is mostly ___ and ___
fibrous connective tissue
fat
122
stimulates development of T cells (immune system)
thymus
123
produce sex hormones identical to those produced by adrenal cortex cells
gonads
124
pair of almond-sized in pelvic cavity, produces female sex cells
ovaries
125
primarily estrone and estradiol, steroid hormones produced in the Graafian follicles of ovaries
Estrogens
126
Estrogens are produced in the ___ of the ovaries
Graafian follicles
127
stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics, prepare uterus to receive fertilized eggs, help control menstrual cycle
estrogens
128
steroid hormone, works with estrogen to control menstrual cycle, helps keep uterine muscles from contracting during pregnancy
progesterone
129
progesterone is produced by what
corpus luteum
130
pair of organs suspended outside the pelvic cavity in the scrotum, also produces male sex cells
testes
131
made by the instertitial cells of testes
testosterone
132
causes the development of male secondary sex characteristics, promote growth and maturation of male reproductive system, stimulates male sex drive, production begins at puberty and is stimulated by luteinizing hormone
testosterone
133
pockets of hormone-producing cells are found in the walls of what organs (4)
small intestine
stomach
kidneys
heart
134
organ formed temporarily in the uterus of a pregnant woman, acts as respiratory, excretory, and nutrition delivery systems for fetus
placenta
135
placenta produces what kind of hormone
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
136
stimualtes the continued production of estrogen and progesterone so that the uterine wall is not shed
hCG
137
in the ___ month, the placenta will start to produce the estrogen and progesterone itself
thgird
138
also produces hPL
placenta
139
prepares breast for lactation produced by uterus
human placental lactogen (hPL)
140
causes the mother's pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to relax and become more flexible
relaxin
141
developmental aspects of endocrine system
embryonic development varies between the glands
all glands are present at birth, even if they are not active
endocrine glands usually function smoothly until old age, except for thymus and ovaries, which decline during menopause
