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Biomolecules > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

works with nervous system to coordinate and direct cell lactivity

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

works more slowly than nervous system

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

endocrine system uses glands all over the body to secrete chemical messenger known as

A

hormones

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4
Q

three main classes of hormones

A

amino-acid based
steroid based
prostaglandins

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5
Q

hormones made up of proteins, peptides, and amines

A

amino-acid based

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6
Q

made from cholesterol

sex hormones, hormones from adrenal glands

A

steroids

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7
Q

produced locally, made from highly active lipids

A

prostaglandins

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8
Q

hormones affect tissue cells or organs, these tissues or organs are called

A

target cells or organs

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9
Q

has specific protein receptors in plasma membrane that only specific hormones can bind to

A

target cell

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10
Q

specific hormones binding to target cells causes one or more of the ff to occur

A

changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state

synthesis of proteins or certain regulatory molecules (such as enzymes)

activation or inactivation of enzymes

simulation of mitosis

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11
Q

two main mechanism of hormone action

A

steroid hormone action
nonsteroid hormone action

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12
Q

steroid hormone action

A
  1. diffuse through plasma membrane of target cell
  2. enter nucleus
  3. bind to specific receptor protein
  4. bind to specific site on Cell’s DNA
  5. activate certain genes to transcribe mRNA
  6. translate mRNA, making new proteins
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13
Q

non steroid hormone action

A
  1. hormone binds to membrane receptor
  2. activate enzyme
  3. enzyme catalyzes reaction that produces a second messenger molecule
  4. overseas additional intracellular changes that promote typical response of the target cell to the hormone
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14
Q

main mechanism for regulating blood levels of most hormones, rising hormone levels inhibit further hormone release

A

negative feedback mechanism

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15
Q

three major kinds of stimuli

A

hormonal
humoral
neural

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16
Q

endocrine organs are activated by other hormones

what kind of stimuli

A

hormonal

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17
Q

endocrine organs are activated by fluctuating levels of nutrients, ions, etc in the blood

A

humoral stimuli

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18
Q

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

what kind of stimuli

A

neural stimuli

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19
Q

major endocrine organs

A

pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal glands
pineal glands
thymus gland
pancreas
gonads
hypothalamus

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20
Q

approximately the size of a grape, hangs underneath the hypothalamus in the brain

A

pituitary gland

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21
Q

two functional lobes of pituitary gland

A

anterior
posterior

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22
Q

anterior pituitary gland is made up of

A

glandular tissue

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23
Q

posterior pituitary gland is made up of

A

nervous tissue

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24
Q

“master endocrine gland” because it controls the activity of so many other endocrine glands, but it is controlled by the hypothalamus

A

anterior pituitary gland

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25
Q

also makes oxytocin and ADH which are stored in the posterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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26
Q

stores oxytocin and ADH until they are released

A

posterior pituitary gland

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27
Q

general metabolic hormone, major effects directed toward growth of skeletal muscles and long bones

A

growth hormones

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28
Q

growth hormones causes amino acids to be built into

A

proteins

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29
Q

growth hormones stimulates most target cells to

A

grow in size and divide

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30
Q

growth hormones causes fats to be broken down and used for

A

energy

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31
Q

protein hormone, very similar to growth hormone in structure, maintains milk production after childbirth

A

prolactin

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32
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

GH
prolactin
tropic hormone
ACTH
TSH
gonadotropic hormone
FSH
LH

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33
Q

stimulates target organ, which is another endocrine gland, to secret its hormone

A

tropic hormone

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34
Q

regulates endocrine activity of cortex portion of adrenal gland

A

ACTH

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35
Q

influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland

A

TSH/TH

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36
Q

regulates hormonal activity of gonads (ovaries and testes)

A

gonadotropic hormone

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37
Q

stimulates follicle development in ovaries (females only), mature follicles produce estrogen and prepare egss for ovulation

A

FSH

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38
Q

stimulates sperm development

A

FSH

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39
Q

triggers ovulation of egg from ovary and causes ruptured follicle to become a corpus luteum and then release progesterone and estrogen

A

LH

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40
Q

in males, LH is also called

A

interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

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41
Q

technicanlly not an endocrine gland because it does not make the hormnones

A

posterior pituitary

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42
Q

released in significant amouints only during childbirth and nursing

A

oxytocin

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43
Q

causes uterine wall to contract

A

oxytocin

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44
Q

given to women to induce labor or stop postpartum bleeding

A

oxytocin

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45
Q

inhibits urine production, causes kidneys to reabsorb more water from urine

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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46
Q

ADH ___ urine volume and ____ blood volume

A

decreases
increases

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47
Q

ADH increases/decreases blood pressure

A

increases

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48
Q

ADH is also called

A

vasopressin

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49
Q

located at the base of throat below the adam’s apple

A

thyroid gland

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50
Q

thyroid gland has __ lobes

A

2

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51
Q

two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a central mass called

A

isthmus

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52
Q

two hormones produced by the thyroid gland

A

thyroid hormone (Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine)

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53
Q

major hormone secreted by the thyroid, formed when T4 is converted into T3

A

thyroxine

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54
Q

controls rate at which glucose is oxidized and converted into energy

A

thyroxine

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55
Q

target all cells in the body, also helps control growth and development of reproductive nad nervous systems

A

thyroxine

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56
Q

also called thyrocalcitonin

A

calcitonin

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57
Q

decreases blood calciuim levels by causing calcium to be deposited in bones

A

calcitonin

58
Q

works against parathyroid hormone

A

calcitonin

59
Q

released directly into blood in response to rising calcium levels

A

calcitonin

60
Q

decreases in the elderly

A

calcitonin

61
Q

enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet

A

goiter

62
Q

goiter is caused by lack of ___ in the diet

A

iodine

63
Q

lack of iodine in the diet (cause of goiter) leads to under production of ____

A

TSH

64
Q

no longer common due to the addition of iodine to our salt

A

goiter

65
Q

dwarfism in which adult body proportions remain childlike due to lack of TH stimulation

A

cretinism

66
Q

form of hyperthyroidism, high metabolism, intolerance of heat, inability to relax, and bulging eyes

A

Grave’s disease

67
Q

tiny masses of glandular tissue on the posterior surface of thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

68
Q

how many lobes of parathyroid gland

A

4

69
Q

parathyroid gland usually have ___ lobes (two on each side) but can be up to___

A

4
8

70
Q

also called parathormone

A

parathyroid hormone

71
Q

parathyroid hormone is also known as

A

parathormone

72
Q

regulates calcium levels of blood

A

parathyroid hormone

73
Q

if blood calcium levels drop too low, PTH stimulates ___ to break down bone matrix and release calcium back into the blood

A

osteoclasts

74
Q

PTH ____ blood levels of calcium, calcitonin ___ blood levels of calcium

A

increases
decreases

75
Q

previously, surgeons would remove the ____ of a hyperthyroid patient completely when remove some of the thyroid

A

parathyroid

76
Q

results in tetany, uncontrollable potentialy fatal muscle spasms that result from neurons becoming extremely irritable and overactive due to low calcium levels

A

removal of parathyroid

77
Q

can cause massive bone destruction

A

hyperparathyroidism

78
Q

bean-shaped, sit on top of kidneys

A

adrenal glands

79
Q

how many endocrine glands in adrenal glands

A

2

80
Q

how many layers of adrenal cortex

A

three layers

81
Q

has three major groups of steroid hormones

A

corticosteroids

82
Q

produced by the outer layer of adrenal cortex

A

mineralocorticoids

83
Q

produced by middle layer of adrenal cortex

A

glucocorticoids

84
Q

produced by inner layer of adrenal cortex

A

sex hormones

85
Q

regulate mineral/salt concentrations of blood

A

mineralocorticoids

86
Q

regulates cellular metabolism

A

glucocorticoids

87
Q

play a role in sex characteristics, both androgens (male hormones) and estrogens ( female hormones) are produced regardless of one’s gender

A

sex hormones

88
Q

male hormones

A

androgens

89
Q

female hormones

A

estrogens

90
Q

mineralocorticoid, regulates mineral (or salt) content of blood

A

aldosterone

91
Q

when __ levels rise, kidneys absorb more sodium from blood and release more potassium ions into urine

A

aldosterone

92
Q

when aldosterone levels rise, kidneys absorb more ___ from blood and release more ___ ions into urine

A

sodium
potassium

93
Q

enzyme produced by kidneys when blood pressure drops

A

renin

94
Q

causes aldosterone to be release

A

renin

95
Q

glucocorticoid, supresses immunes system and reduces inflammation, increases blood glucose levels

A

cortisone

96
Q

glucocorticoid, supresses immune system, reduces inflammation, increasesd blood glucose levels, aids in metabolism, promotes the production of surfactant in fetal lungs

A

cortisol

97
Q

caused by low aldosterone levels, sodium, and water are rapidly lost from the body, characterized by bronze skin, weak muscles, decreased ability to cope with stress, and suppressed immune system

A

Addison’s disease

98
Q

excessive output of glucocorticoids, results in moon face and buffalo hump fat deposits, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, weakened bones, and sometimes diabetes

A

Cushing’s syndrome

99
Q

also called adrenaline

A

epinephrine

100
Q

epinephrine and norephinephrine are together called

A

cathecolamines

101
Q

released after stimulus from sympathetic nervous system > fight or flight response, increase in heart rate, bp and blood glucose levels, lung passageways are dilated > more O2 in blood

A

cathecolamines

102
Q

located close to stomatch

A

pancreas

103
Q

mixed gland

A

pancreas

104
Q

formerly called islets of langerhans, scattered throughout pancreas, produce hormones

A

pancreatic islets

105
Q

released by beta cells of islets, acts on a cell’s ability to transport glucose across their plasma membrane, helps speed up cellular respiration, reduces blood glucose levels

A

insulin

106
Q

released by alpha cells of islets, antagonist of insulin, targets the liver which it stimulates to break down stored glycogen into glucose to release into the blood, raising blood glucose levels

A

glucagon

107
Q

glucagon targets the ___ to release glucose into the blood

A

liver

108
Q

caused by insufficient insulin production, blood glucose levels get too high

A

diabetes mellitus

109
Q

is flused into the urine, resulting in frequent urination and dehydration

A

glucose

110
Q

body uses fats and proteins for energy instead of glucose, resulting in loss of body weight

A

diabetes mellitus

111
Q

“juvenile” diabetes, pancreas is not producing any insulin, requires continuous injections of insulin

A

type I diabetes

112
Q

adult-onset diabetes, can be trated by special diet or oral medication

A

type II diabetes

113
Q

small, cone-shaped gland in the roof of third ventricle of brain

A

pineal gland

114
Q

pineal gland is located in the roof of the ___ ventricle of the brain

A

third

115
Q

produced many chemical substances, we still don’t know what all of them are or what all the ones we have discovered do

A

pineal gland

116
Q

levels of secretion rise and fall over the course of the day and night, peak production at night, believed to be the “sleep trigger”

A

melatonin

117
Q

helps coordinate fertility hormones and inhibits reproductive system until puberty, especially in females

A

melatonin

118
Q

located in upper thorax behind the sternum

A

thymus

119
Q

large in infants and children, decreases in size throughout adulthood

A

thymus

120
Q

by old age, it is mostly fibrous connective tissue and fat

A

thymus

121
Q

due to senescence, thymus is mostly ___ and ___

A

fibrous connective tissue
fat

122
Q

stimulates development of T cells (immune system)

A

thymus

123
Q

produce sex hormones identical to those produced by adrenal cortex cells

A

gonads

124
Q

pair of almond-sized in pelvic cavity, produces female sex cells

A

ovaries

125
Q

primarily estrone and estradiol, steroid hormones produced in the Graafian follicles of ovaries

A

Estrogens

126
Q

Estrogens are produced in the ___ of the ovaries

A

Graafian follicles

127
Q

stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics, prepare uterus to receive fertilized eggs, help control menstrual cycle

A

estrogens

128
Q

steroid hormone, works with estrogen to control menstrual cycle, helps keep uterine muscles from contracting during pregnancy

A

progesterone

129
Q

progesterone is produced by what

A

corpus luteum

130
Q

pair of organs suspended outside the pelvic cavity in the scrotum, also produces male sex cells

A

testes

131
Q

made by the instertitial cells of testes

A

testosterone

132
Q

causes the development of male secondary sex characteristics, promote growth and maturation of male reproductive system, stimulates male sex drive, production begins at puberty and is stimulated by luteinizing hormone

A

testosterone

133
Q

pockets of hormone-producing cells are found in the walls of what organs (4)

A

small intestine
stomach
kidneys
heart

134
Q

organ formed temporarily in the uterus of a pregnant woman, acts as respiratory, excretory, and nutrition delivery systems for fetus

A

placenta

135
Q

placenta produces what kind of hormone

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

136
Q

stimualtes the continued production of estrogen and progesterone so that the uterine wall is not shed

A

hCG

137
Q

in the ___ month, the placenta will start to produce the estrogen and progesterone itself

A

thgird

138
Q

also produces hPL

A

placenta

139
Q

prepares breast for lactation produced by uterus

A

human placental lactogen (hPL)

140
Q

causes the mother’s pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to relax and become more flexible

A

relaxin

141
Q

developmental aspects of endocrine system

A

embryonic development varies between the glands

all glands are present at birth, even if they are not active

endocrine glands usually function smoothly until old age, except for thymus and ovaries, which decline during menopause

Biomolecules (19 decks)

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