Hormones (PPT) Flashcards
m includes special glands whose cells
function is to secrete chemical regulators
endocrine system
The endocrine system includes special glands whose cells
function is to secrete chemical regulators, commonly
referred to as
hormones
internal media of organism
blood,lymph
hormones are produced in the
gland cells
hormones are secreted into the
blood or lymph
hormones exercise control over
metabolism
development of organism
general biological characteristics of hormones (3)
remote action
strict specificity of biological action
high biological activity
general biological characteristics of hormones that states no hormone can be entirely replaced by another one
strict specificity of biological action
general biological characteristics of hormones that states (small amounts are sufficient for
the vital activity of the organism
high biological activity
hormone secreting glands are divided into two
central glands
peripheral glands
central glands include (3)
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
epiphysis
Releasing hormones
liberins
Inhibitory hormones
statins
hypothalamus secretes what kind of hormones (3)
neuropeptides
vasopressin
oxytocin
Control of the secretion of the tropic hypophyseal
hormones
hypothalamus
Control of the metabolism and function of the
peripheral tissues and organs
hypothalamus
pituitary gland releases what hormones in terms of FORMATION AND SECRETION of hormones in PERIPHERAL endocrine glands
Thyrotropin
Corticotropin
Gonadotropin
Somatotropin
examples of Gondaotropin
Follitropin
Lutropin
Prolactin (lactotropin)
Control of the formation and secretion of hormones
in the peripheral endocrine glands,
pituitary gland
Partial involvement in direct metabolism in
peripheral tissues and organs
pituitary gland
what hormones does epiphysis release
Melatonin
Adrenoglomerulotropin
Control of production of hypophyseal gonadotropin
epiphysis
Control of aldosteron secretion in adrenal cortex
epiphysis
is a hormone that triggers the thyroid to produce and release hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism
Thyrotropin
s a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that controls the release of corticosteroids from the adrenal gland
cotricotropin
are hormones that regulate the function of the sex glands, or gonads, and are essential for reproduction, sexual development, and normal growth
gonadotropin
is a 191 amino acid single-chain polypeptide produced by somatotropic cells within the anterior pituitary gland.
somatotropin
are both peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), a precursor protein processed in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and beta-lipotropin (β-LPH)
s a hormone that helps regulate blood pressure, sodium levels, and water balance in the body
vasopressin
is a hormone that plays a role in many aspects of human life, including reproduction, behavior, and positive feelings
oxytocin
a hormone made in the body. It regulates night and day cycles or sleep-wake cycles.
melatonin
is a chemical that stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone
Adrenoglomerulotropin
peripheral glands include (7)
thyroid
parathyroid
pancreas
adrenal glands
sex glands
placenta
thymus
releases iodotyronines and calcitonine
thyroid
Action of the peripheral gland
hormones on metabolism and
functions of the peripheral tissues and
organs
thyroid
s a hormone that the thyroid gland produces and releases into the bloodstream
essential for growth and development, and regulates many bodily functions, including metabolism, heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain development, and bone maintenanc
thyroxine
a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that affects many bodily functions, including metabolism, body temperature, heart rate, growth and development, digestion
Triiodothyronine
the parathyroid releases what kind of hormones
Parathyrine
Calcitonine
Pancreas releases two hormonesm namely
insulin
glucagon
alpha cells in the pancreas releases
glucagon
beta cells in the pancreas releases
insulin
in the ___ of the adrenal glands, corticosteroids, estrogens, androgens were synthesized
cortex
example of corticosteroids
corticosterone
cortisone
a steroid-based hormone of 21 carbons among adrenal corticosteroids synthesized in the adrenal cortex
a main glucocorticoid in rodents, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, controls the metabolism and stress response.
corticosterone
is a hormone that’s produced by the adrenal glands and is essential for life. It’s known as the “stress hormone” because it’s released when the body experiences stress, but it has many other important functions, including: Regulating blood pressure, Regulating blood sugar, Helping control the sleep-wake cycle,
cortisol
is a steroid hormone that helps regulate the body’s balance of water and salts, and plays a key role in blood pressure control
aldosterone
a group of hormones that are responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
estrogens
is defined as a substance capable of developing and maintaining masculine characteristics in reproductive tissues
androgen
in the ___ of the adrenal glands, adrenaline and noradrenaline are synthesized
medulla
adrenaline is also known as __
epinephrine
is a hormone and medication that helps the body prepare for dangerous or stressful situations
epinephrine
noradrenaline is also known as
norepinephrin
is a chemical messenger that functions as both a hormone and a neurotransmitte
norepinepherine
difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine
epinephrine is primarily a hormone that affects the heart. It’s used to treat life-threatening conditions like anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and severe asthma attacks
norepinephrine is primarily a neurotransmitter that affects blood vessels. It’s used to raise blood pressure that’s too low, such as after a heart attack, septic shock, or critical hypotension
sex glands include (2)
testes
ovaries
androgens include
testosterone
5-a-dihidrotestosterone
estrogens include
estradiol
estrone
estriol
o maintain pregnancy (they are pro-gestational), and play a key role in the menstrual cycle regulation
Gestagens
is a hormone that helps the body prepare for childbirth by loosening the ligaments and muscles in the pelvis and other areas
Relaxin
placenta is a gland that produces what hormones
estrongens
gestagens
testosterone
chorionic gonadotropin
placental lactogen
thyrotropin
relaxin
is a hormone produced primarily by syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta during pregnancy.
chorionic gonadotropin
a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy that helps regulate the metabolic state of the mother to supply energy to the fetus
, placental lactogen,
the thymus produces what kind of hormone
thymosin
ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS ARE ALSO EXERCISED BY OTHER SECRETING
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS WHOSE PROPERTIES RESEMBLE
THOSE OF HORMONES called
hormonoids/local hormones/parahormones
their action is at the site they are produced
hormonoids
produced by cells dispersed in different tissues
hormone-like compounds
CELLS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
gastrine
secretine
– INTESTINAL CHROMAFFIN CELLS
serotonin
hormones of – MOST CELLS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
heparin
histamine
hormones of CELLS OF KIDNEYS, SEMINAL VESICLES
prostaglandins
a hormone that helps with digestion by stimulating the stomach to produce gastric acid, increase stomach motility, and replenish the stomach lining
gastrin
is a hormone that regulates the body’s water balance and the environment of the duodenum
secretin
stimulates the secretion of mucus, fluid, and active ions. It also inhibits gastric acid secretion
serotonin
is an anticoagulant (“blood thinner”) that stops your blood from forming blood clots or making them bigger.
heparin
a chemical found in some of the body’s cells - causes many of the symptoms of allergies, such as a runny nose or sneezing.
histamine
are hormone-like compounds that regulate many bodily processes, including inflammation, blood flow, and pain
prostaglandins
hormone-like compound example
gastrine
secretin
serotonin
heparin
histamin
prostaglandins
chemical structure of hormones can be divided into the following (3)
protein-peptide hormones
aminoacid derivatives
steroids
protein peptide hormones produced by hypothalamus
regulatory hormones
protein peptide hormones produced by pituitary gland
tropic hormones
protein peptide hormones produced by thyroid
calcitonin
protein peptide hormones produced by parathyroid
parathyrin
calcitonin
protein peptide hormones produced by pancreas
insulin
glucagon
derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine
adrenaline
amino acid derivatives (3)
adrenaline
iodothyroines
melatonin
hormone derived from tyrosine
iodothyronines
hormone derived from tyrptophan
melatonin
steroids include
sex hormones
glucocorticoids
aldosterone
a class of steroid hormones that regulate metabolism and have anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anti-allergic effect
glucocorticoids
the hypothalamus targets the ___ to release oxytocin and vasopressin
posterior pituitary gland
the hypothalamus targets the ___ to release TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL,GH, MSH
anterior pituitary gland
the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary gland to release TSH to target
thyroid
the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH to target the
adrenal cortex
the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH to target the
testes/ovaries
the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary gland to release PRL to target
mammary glands
the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary gland to release GH to target
bones
the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary gland to release MSH to target
skin
thyroid releases ___ to target muscles, liver, and other tissues
thyroxine
adrenal cortex releases ___ to target musle, liver, and other tissues
corticosteroids
Extracellular regulators, including hormones, act as
first messengers
type of action of hormones
membrane (local action)
membrane (intracellular, indirect)
cytosolic (direct)
The hormone, at the site of its binding with the cell membrane,
acts as an allosteric effector for membrane transport system and
renders the membrane permeable to glucose, aminoacids, certain
ions.
what action of hormonal control
membrane type of action
The glucose and amino acids influence the biochemical cellular
processes, while a change in ion partition on both sides of the
membrane affects the electric potentioal and function of the cell.
what kind of hormonal control
membrane type of action
example of hormone based on membrane type of action hormonal controlo
insulin
The first messengers are not able to enter in the cell and cannot
influence the intracellular processes directly. They act through a second
messenger, intracellular, which triggers a chain of successive
biochemical reactions leading to a modification of cellular functions
what hormonal control
membrane-intracellular type of action
First messenger (hormone) reaches the ___ on the outer side of the
cell membrane in membrane-intracellular type of action
receptor
The hormone-receptor complex acts on a protein, a device that measures pressure by deforming a membrane. The membrane deforms in response to changes in pressure, which is then translated into an electrical signal
membrane transducer
The transducer transmits the signal to an enzyme acting as a
chemical amplifier
then, the transducer acts as a a catalyst for the production of a ___ messenger inside the
cell.
secxond
exampel of second messengers
cAMP
cGMP
diacylgycerides
inositol-triphosphate
Ca2+
Peptides
The second messenger binds to a special protein called the
internal effector
exerts an influence in the activity of a definite enzyme or on the
properties of non-enzyme proteins
internal effector
Is typical for the compounds that can penetrate through the
lipid layer of cell membrane, for example steroid hormones,
vitamin D
cytosolic mechanism of action
The hormone forms a complex with a cytosolic or nuclear
receptor
what hormone control
cytosolic mechanism of action
By selectively affecting the gene activity of nuclear
chromosomes and exerting influence on the metabolism and
function of cell, the hormone-receptor complex controls the
enzyme concentration in the cell
what hormone control
cytosolic mechanism of action
example of hormone with cytosolic mechanism of action
iodothyronine
have a combined type of action, both
intracellular-membrane and cytosolic
iodothyronine
Polypeptide hormones are synthesized as inactive
prohormones
prohormones are also known as
hormonogens
They become active after the extracellular activation by the
peptidases
prohormones
prohormones from pancreas
proinsulin
prohormones from parathyroid
proparathyroid hormone
prohormones from liver
angiotensinogen
prohormones from stomach
progastrin
anterior lobe of pituitary galnd
adenohypophysis
IN THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND
(ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) ___HORMONES ARE PRODUCED
tropic
posterior lobe of pituitary gland
neurohypohpysis
FROM THE POSTERIOR LOBE (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
__ PRODUCED
neurohormones
FROM THE POSTERIOR LOBE (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
NEUROHORMONES PRODUCED IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS ARE
RELEASED:
oxytocin
vasopressin
structure of thyrotropin, follitropin, lutropin
glycoproteins
cyclic octapeptides
vasopresisn
oxytocin
which hypothalamic hormones have inhibiting hormones (3)
somatostatin
prolactostatin
melanostatin
releasing hormones of hypothalamic hormones
somatoliberin
thyreolibern
corticolibern
folliliberin
luliberin
prolactoliberin
melanoliberin
study table of hormones of hypothalamus nad hypophyseal system
+1
exert their function on the peripheral glands
or directly on the peripheral tissues by binding on the
membrane receptors and activating adenylate cyclase.
tropic hormones
determines the effects in the target cells including control of biosynthesis and hormonal secretion, sex production, effector tissues, nervous system
cAMP
adenylate cyclase activation; cAMP activates the lipase →
release of fatty acids and glycerol (direct action on fat tissue by
stimulating the tissue’s glucose absorption and fat mobilizing);
* action on melanin production
what hormone has this direct effect on tissues
corticotropin
fat mobilizing action (cAMP mechanism)
which hormone has direct effect on peripheral tissue
a and b lipotropins
Fat mobilizing (cAMP)
* Prolactin protein and lactose synthesis by mamary gland
epithelium
what hormones
gonadotropins
- Production of melanin in the skin, iris, epithelial pigment in retina
- Fat-mobilizing (cAMP)
melatonotropin
Only hormone with species-specific effect
STH,GH
Stimulates cartilage cell division, growth of bones in length, internal
organs, soft tissue of face and oral cavity
somatotropin/growth hormone
STH/GH Stimulates secretion of ___more than insulin
glucagon
deficiency of GH, STH
dwarfism
hypersecretion of GH, STH
gigantism or acromegalia
Fat mobilizing action
- Selective control of water reabsorption in the distal tubes and collecting ducts of the kidneys and activates adenylate cyclase;
cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorilate the proteins in
the membranes to increase the permeability for water; reduces
diuresis, density and Na+ and Cl- urinary concentration.
contraction of muscles in arterioles and capillaries and determine
moderate in blood pressure
vasopressin or ADH
What is the role of selective control in the kidneys regarding water reabsorption?
It regulates water reabsorption in the distal tubes and collecting ducts, leading to reduced diuresis and increased concentration of Na+ and Cl- in urine.
What enzyme is activated that plays a key role in the process of fat mobilization?
Adenylate cyclase is activated, which increases levels of cAMP.
How does cAMP affect protein kinases in the kidneys?
cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate proteins in the membranes, increasing their permeability to water.
What effect does increased water permeability have on urine output?
It reduces diuresis, leading to more concentrated urine.
What happens to muscle contraction in arterioles and capillaries as a result of this process?
There is an increase in contraction of muscles in arterioles and capillaries.
What is the overall effect on blood pressure from these actions?
There is a moderate increase in blood pressure due to increased muscle contraction and reduced diuresis.
Which ions see an increase in concentration in the urine due to selective water reabsorption?
Sodium (Na+) and Chloride (Cl-) concentrations increase in urine.
Flashcard 8
What physiological mechanism is primarily involved in fat mobilization related to kidney function?
he activation of adenylate cyclase and subsequent increase in cAMP levels, which enhances water reabsorption
An increase in the amount of urine made by the kidney and passed from the body.
diuresis
large discharge of urine (4-
10L/day), low density, polydipsia
diabetes insipidus
deficiency of ADH/vasopressin
diabetes insipidus
up contraction of uterine muscles, Ca2+ intracellular, cAMP,
oxytocin
up synthesis of protein in mamary glands during lactation
oxytocin
^ the release of milk – ^ contractility of myoepithelium of mamary
ducts
oxytocin
Insulin-like effect on fat tissue (^ G consumption and TG synthesis)
oxytocin
thyroidal hormones include
iodothyronines
calcitonin
T3 of iodothyronine
triiodothyronine
t4 of iodothyronine
thyroxine
FUNCTION:
– CONTROL THE ENERGY METABOLISM
– EXERT INFLUENCE ON CELL DIVISION AND DIFFERENTIATION
iodothyronine
- POLIPEPTIDE MW 30,000
FUNCTION: CONTROL OF CALCIUM-PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM
calcitonin
hyperfunction of the thyroid hormone
hyperthyrodism
acute disease of hyperthyroidism
thyrotoxicosis
is a typical disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, a condition in which thyroid hormones are overproduced
basedow’s disease
in hyperthyroidism, which hormone is predominant
T3
symptoms include
INCREASED BASAL METABOLISM
ELEVATED BODY TEMPERATURE
LOSS OF BODY WEIGHT
TACHYCARDIA
HYPEREXCITABILITY
EXOPHTALMOS
hyperthyroidism
protrusion of eyeballs
exophthalmos
hypofunction of thyroid
hypothyrosis
in child hypothyrosis, it is a condition called
infantile myxedema
is a condition that occurs in infants with severe hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid gland.
infantile myxedema
also known as congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, is a condition that causes severe physical and mental retardation due to a lack of thyroid hormone production:
cretinism
INEFFECTIVE ACTION OF THE HORMONES ON CELL DIVISION
AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION
– PHYSICAL RETARDATION WITH DISPROPORTIONATE CONSTITUTION
DUE TO IMPROPER GROWTH OF BONE TISSUE,
– EXTREME MENTAL RETARDATION DUE TO IMPARED DIFFERENTIATION
OF THE NEURONS
– BASAL METABOLISM REDUCED, BODY TEMPERATURE BELOW NORMAL
in child, what is this?
infantile myxedema
MYXEDEMA MANIFESTED IN
– REDUCED BASAL METABOLISM, LOWERED BODY TEMPERATURE
– LESS RETENTIVE MEMORY
– IMPAIRED RENEWAL OF DERMAL EPITHELIUM (DRY SKIN)
– DEPOSITION OF MUCOID MATERIALS IN SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
in what
adult
(ALSO SECRETED BY THYROID GLAND) –
PROTEIN OF 32 AA
calcitonine
– 84 AA
parathyrine (parathormone, PTH)
CONTROL THE BALANCE OF CALCIUM AND
ORGANIC PHOSPHATE
calcitonin
parathyrine
Produced by the thyroid gland, calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels. It does this by inhibiting osteoclasts, the cells that break down bone and release calcium into the bloodstream.
calcitonin
increases blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone produces what hormones
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
hypofunction of parathyroids
hypoparathyrosis
determine reduced ca2+ concentration in the blood and extracellular fluid, that facilitates the na+ flow into the cell, increasing the excitability of nerve and muscle cells = hyperexcitability of the neuromuscular system (convulsive contraction of muscles)
what condition of parathyroid hormone
hypoparathyrosis
hyperfunction of parathyroids
hyperparathyrosis
mobilization of endogenic calcium from bones (risk of fracture); calcemia is increased, phosphate lower; calcium is deposited in the internal organs (calcification of blood vessels, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, liver)
what condition of parathyroid hormone
hyperfunction
pancreas hormones are produced in the
cells of langerhans islands
cells of langerhans cells (4)
a-type
b-type
d-type
PP type (f cells)
secrete glucagoin
a-cells
d-type cells of pancreas secrete
somatostatin
PP type of pancreas hormones secrete
pancreatic polypeptide
a 36-amino acid peptide hormone that regulates pancreatic secretion, liver glycogen storage, and gastrointestinal secretion:
pancreatic polypeptide
__ is also produced in the acinous tissue
pancreatic polypeptide
is a cluster of cells that produce and secrete digestive enzymes. The word “acinus” comes from the Latin word for “berry in a cluster”. Acinous tissue is found in the pancreas and in the lungs
acinous tissue
- Polypeptide with MW 3485, composed of 29 aa
- Produced by the α-cells as proglucagon (
glucagon
___ is hydrolysed by proteases to generate the
active glucagon
proglucagon
proglucagon (37aa)
which is hydrolysed by ___ to generate the
active glucagon
proteases
glucagon secretion is increased by
Ca2+ and arginine
glucagon secretion is inhibited by
glucose
somatostatin
targets liver, fat tissue, muscle
glucagon
binds to the membrane receptors, activates the adenylate cyclase, increase the camp that stimulates the mobilization of glycogen in the liver and muscles and triglycerides in the fat tissue
glucagon
release of glucagon causes the increased concentration of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids and catabolism of FA produce to produce a large amount of
acetyl coa
ketone bodies
the presence of an abnormally high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood.
ketonemia
Having ketones in your urine
ketonuria
IN THE LIVER IT INHIBITS THE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND FACILITATES THE
PROTEIN BREAKDOWN. THE AA ARE USED IN
– UREA PRODUCTION AND
glucagon
s a metabolic process that creates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, fats, or lactate
gluconeogenesis
SECRETED BY Β-CELLS AS PRE-PROINSULIN WHICH IS HYDROLYSED AND GENERATES THE
PROINSULIN (84 AA);
insulin
insulin is composed of two polypeptide chains called
a chain
b chain
chain of insulin WITH A DISULPHIDE BOND (-S-S-) BETWEEN
CYS IN POSITION 6 AND CYS IN POSITION 11 AND
C-TERMINAL ASPARAGINE, ESSENTIAL FOR THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
a chain
chain of insulin with LINKED THROUGH DISULPHIDE (-S-S-) BRIDGES BETWEEN:
–CYS IN POSITION 7 ON A-CHAIN AND 7 ON B-CHAIN
–CYS IN POSITION 20 ON A-CHAIN AND 19 ON B-CHAIN
b chain
THE SECRETION IS INCREASED BY GLUCOSE AND CA2+, ASPARAGINE AND LEUCINE,
insulin
INSULIN EXISTS AS:
free insulin
bound to plasma proteins
less sensitive (liver)
not sensitive (nervous tissue)
INFLUENCES ALL THE INSULIN-SENSITIVE TISSUES (MUSCLES, CONNECTIVE
TISSUE, INCLUDING FAT TISSUE)
free insulin
insulin that INFLUENCES ONLY FAT TISSUE
insulin bound to plasma proteins
INSULIN BINDS TO what type of MEMBRANE RECEPTOR
glycoprotein
read insulin mechanism of action
+1
EXCESSIVE INSULIN IN INSULINOMES (TUMOURS WITH Β-CELLS) OR IN
OVERDOSE IN INSULIN THERAPY results in
hypoglycemia
TUMOURS WITH Β-CELLS
insulinomes
deficient insulin results in
diabetes mellitus
– HYPERGLYCEMIA (G↑), GLYCOSURIA
– FA, GLYCEROL, CHOLESTEROL↑
– HYPERAMINOACIDEMIA, HYPERAMINOACIDURIA
what disturbance of insulin
deficient
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF INSULIN:
TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
– ANABOLIC STIMULATORS IN DYSTROPHY OF ORGANS,
MALNUTRITION, INANITION
– RESTORATION OF METABOLISM AFTER HEAVY MUSCULAR WORK
PRODUCES AND STORES INTO CHROMAFFIN CELLS
adrenal medulla
ADRENALIN SECRETION IS INFLUENCED BY
hypoglycemia
stress
adrenoceptors A stimulates the
guanidine cyclase
adrenoreceptors B stimulate the
adenylate cyclase
HAS A SIMILAR EFFECT AS GLUCAGON ON THE LIVER, MUSCLE, FAT
TISSUE
cAMP
AFFECTS THE FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (AMPLITUDE AND
FREQUENCY OF HEART CONTRACTION ↑, BLOOD PRESSURE ↑) RELAXES
SMOOTH MUSCLES OF THE INTESTINE, BRONCHI, UTERUS.
hormones of adrenal glands
PRODUCES STEROID HORMONES
adrenal cortex
corticosteroids are subdivided in
gulococorticosteroids
mineralocorticosteroids
sex hormones
– AFFECTING THE CARBOHYDRATE
METABOLISM
glucocorticosteroids
-AFFECTING THE MINERAL METABOLISM
mineralocorticosteroids
CONTROLLED BY CORTICOTROPIN RELEASED FROM THE PITUITARY GLAND AS A
RESPONSE TO STRESS; IT IS BOUND TO THE ADRENOCORTICAL CELL MEMBRANE,
STIMULATES THE PRODUCTION OF CAMP, TRIGGERING THE DELIVERY OF
CHOLESTEROL ESTERS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS; THEY INHIBIT THE
CORTICOTROPIN (NEGATIVE FEED-BACK MECHANISM)
clucocorticoids
glucocorticoids are transported in the plasma by what protein
transcortin
TARGETS: LIVER, KIDNEY, LYMPHOID TISSUE (SPLEEN, LYMPH NODES, LYMPHOID
PLAQUES IN THE INTESTIN, LYMPHOCYTES, THYMUS), CONNECTIVE TISSUE (BONES,
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, ADIPOSE TISSUE) MUSCLE
glucocorticoids
IN THE BLOOD: GLUCOSE, FATTY ACIDS, GLYCEROL, AMINOACIDS, KETONE BODIES↑
– IN URINE: GLUCOSE, AMINOACIDS, KETONE BODIES↑
– IN THE KIDNEYS: ↑ NA+ REABSORPTION, K+ EXCRETION;
what hormone
glucocorticoid
NA AND H2O ARE RETAINED IN EXTRACELLULAR SPACE (EDEMA)
what hormone
glucocorticoid
– IN BONES: ↓ PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, DEOSSIFICATION, CA AND P →BLOOD →URINE
what hormone
glucocorticoid
SECRETION IS CONTROLED BY NA+ AND K+
(STIMULATED BY LOW NA+ AND HIGH K+ CONCENTRATION)
aldosterone
T IS BELIEVED THAT THE EPIPHYSIS PRODUCES A TROPIC HORMONE =
______ THAT STIMULATES THE SECRETION
of aldosterone
adrenoglomerulotropin
read meechanism of action of mineralocorticoids
=1
hyperfunction of adrenal glands
hypercorticodism
hypersecretion of corticotropin
cushing’s disease
“STEROID” DIABETES,
ATROPHY OF SUBCUTANEOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
OSTEOPOROSIS
HYPERTENSION (DUE TO SECONDARY INCREASE OF ADRENALIN AND
NORADRENALIN)
what disease
cushing’s disease
hyperaldosteronism is also known as
konn’s disease
EDEMA, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, MYOCARDIAL HYPEREXCITABILITY
what disease
konn’s disease
hypofunction of corticotropin
hypocorticoidism/addison’s disease
: REDUCED RESISTANCE TO EMOTIONAL STRESS
AND INFECTIONS, CHEMICAL, MECHANICAL FACTORS; IT DETERMINES
HYPOGLYCEMIA
glucocorticoid deficiency
DISTURBED WATER-SALT IMBALANCE - LOSS OF
NA+, H2O AND ACCUMULATION OF K+ → HYPOTENSION, MYASTENIA,
PROGRESSIVE FATIGABILITY, LOW MUSCULAR EXCITABILIT
aldosterone deficiency
PRACTICAL USE OF CORTICOSTEROIDS
TREATMENT OF ALLERGIC AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: RHEUMATISM,
COLLAGENOSES, NONSPECIFIC ARTHRITES, BRONCHIAL ASTMA, DERMATOSES
DESENSITIZING
ANTIINFLAMMATORY
IMMUNODEPRESSIVE AGENTS (PROPHYLAXIS OF REJECTION OF TRANSPLANTED
ORGANS)
