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Biomolecules > Hormones (PPT) > Flashcards

Hormones (PPT) Flashcards

1
Q

m includes special glands whose cells
function is to secrete chemical regulators

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

The endocrine system includes special glands whose cells
function is to secrete chemical regulators, commonly
referred to as

A

hormones

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3
Q

internal media of organism

A

blood,lymph

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4
Q

hormones are produced in the

A

gland cells

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5
Q

hormones are secreted into the

A

blood or lymph

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6
Q

hormones exercise control over

A

metabolism
development of organism

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7
Q

general biological characteristics of hormones (3)

A

remote action
strict specificity of biological action
high biological activity

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8
Q

general biological characteristics of hormones that states no hormone can be entirely replaced by another one

A

strict specificity of biological action

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9
Q

general biological characteristics of hormones that states (small amounts are sufficient for
the vital activity of the organism

A

high biological activity

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10
Q

hormone secreting glands are divided into two

A

central glands
peripheral glands

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11
Q

central glands include (3)

A

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
epiphysis

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12
Q

Releasing hormones

A

liberins

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13
Q

Inhibitory hormones

A

statins

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14
Q

hypothalamus secretes what kind of hormones (3)

A

neuropeptides
vasopressin
oxytocin

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15
Q

Control of the secretion of the tropic hypophyseal
hormones

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

Control of the metabolism and function of the
peripheral tissues and organs

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

pituitary gland releases what hormones in terms of FORMATION AND SECRETION of hormones in PERIPHERAL endocrine glands

A

Thyrotropin
Corticotropin
Gonadotropin
Somatotropin

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18
Q

examples of Gondaotropin

A

Follitropin
Lutropin
Prolactin (lactotropin)

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19
Q

Control of the formation and secretion of hormones
in the peripheral endocrine glands,

A

pituitary gland

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20
Q

Partial involvement in direct metabolism in
peripheral tissues and organs

A

pituitary gland

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21
Q

what hormones does epiphysis release

A

Melatonin
Adrenoglomerulotropin

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22
Q

Control of production of hypophyseal gonadotropin

A

epiphysis

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23
Q

Control of aldosteron secretion in adrenal cortex

A

epiphysis

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24
Q

is a hormone that triggers the thyroid to produce and release hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism

A

Thyrotropin

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25
Q

s a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that controls the release of corticosteroids from the adrenal gland

A

cotricotropin

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26
Q

are hormones that regulate the function of the sex glands, or gonads, and are essential for reproduction, sexual development, and normal growth

A

gonadotropin

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27
Q

is a 191 amino acid single-chain polypeptide produced by somatotropic cells within the anterior pituitary gland.

A

somatotropin

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28
Q

are both peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), a precursor protein processed in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus

A

Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and beta-lipotropin (β-LPH)

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29
Q

s a hormone that helps regulate blood pressure, sodium levels, and water balance in the body

A

vasopressin

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30
Q

is a hormone that plays a role in many aspects of human life, including reproduction, behavior, and positive feelings

A

oxytocin

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31
Q

a hormone made in the body. It regulates night and day cycles or sleep-wake cycles.

A

melatonin

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32
Q

is a chemical that stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone

A

Adrenoglomerulotropin

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33
Q

peripheral glands include (7)

A

thyroid
parathyroid
pancreas
adrenal glands
sex glands
placenta
thymus

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34
Q

releases iodotyronines and calcitonine

A

thyroid

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35
Q

Action of the peripheral gland
hormones on metabolism and
functions of the peripheral tissues and
organs

A

thyroid

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36
Q

s a hormone that the thyroid gland produces and releases into the bloodstream

essential for growth and development, and regulates many bodily functions, including metabolism, heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain development, and bone maintenanc

A

thyroxine

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37
Q

a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that affects many bodily functions, including metabolism, body temperature, heart rate, growth and development, digestion

A

Triiodothyronine

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38
Q

the parathyroid releases what kind of hormones

A

Parathyrine
Calcitonine

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39
Q

Pancreas releases two hormonesm namely

A

insulin
glucagon

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40
Q

alpha cells in the pancreas releases

A

glucagon

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41
Q

beta cells in the pancreas releases

A

insulin

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42
Q

in the ___ of the adrenal glands, corticosteroids, estrogens, androgens were synthesized

A

cortex

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43
Q

example of corticosteroids

A

corticosterone
cortisone

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44
Q

a steroid-based hormone of 21 carbons among adrenal corticosteroids synthesized in the adrenal cortex

a main glucocorticoid in rodents, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, controls the metabolism and stress response.

A

corticosterone

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45
Q

is a hormone that’s produced by the adrenal glands and is essential for life. It’s known as the “stress hormone” because it’s released when the body experiences stress, but it has many other important functions, including: Regulating blood pressure, Regulating blood sugar, Helping control the sleep-wake cycle,

A

cortisol

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46
Q

is a steroid hormone that helps regulate the body’s balance of water and salts, and plays a key role in blood pressure control

A

aldosterone

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47
Q

a group of hormones that are responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics

A

estrogens

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48
Q

is defined as a substance capable of developing and maintaining masculine characteristics in reproductive tissues

A

androgen

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49
Q

in the ___ of the adrenal glands, adrenaline and noradrenaline are synthesized

A

medulla

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50
Q

adrenaline is also known as __

A

epinephrine

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51
Q

is a hormone and medication that helps the body prepare for dangerous or stressful situations

A

epinephrine

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52
Q

noradrenaline is also known as

A

norepinephrin

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53
Q

is a chemical messenger that functions as both a hormone and a neurotransmitte

A

norepinepherine

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54
Q

difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

epinephrine is primarily a hormone that affects the heart. It’s used to treat life-threatening conditions like anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and severe asthma attacks

norepinephrine is primarily a neurotransmitter that affects blood vessels. It’s used to raise blood pressure that’s too low, such as after a heart attack, septic shock, or critical hypotension

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55
Q

sex glands include (2)

A

testes
ovaries

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56
Q

androgens include

A

testosterone
5-a-dihidrotestosterone

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57
Q

estrogens include

A

estradiol
estrone
estriol

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58
Q

o maintain pregnancy (they are pro-gestational), and play a key role in the menstrual cycle regulation

A

Gestagens

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59
Q

is a hormone that helps the body prepare for childbirth by loosening the ligaments and muscles in the pelvis and other areas

A

Relaxin

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60
Q

placenta is a gland that produces what hormones

A

estrongens
gestagens
testosterone
chorionic gonadotropin
placental lactogen
thyrotropin
relaxin

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61
Q

is a hormone produced primarily by syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta during pregnancy.

A

chorionic gonadotropin

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62
Q

a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy that helps regulate the metabolic state of the mother to supply energy to the fetus

A

, placental lactogen,

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63
Q

the thymus produces what kind of hormone

A

thymosin

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64
Q

ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS ARE ALSO EXERCISED BY OTHER SECRETING
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS WHOSE PROPERTIES RESEMBLE
THOSE OF HORMONES called

A

hormonoids/local hormones/parahormones

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65
Q

their action is at the site they are produced

A

hormonoids

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66
Q

produced by cells dispersed in different tissues

A

hormone-like compounds

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67
Q

CELLS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

A

gastrine
secretine

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68
Q

– INTESTINAL CHROMAFFIN CELLS

A

serotonin

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69
Q

hormones of – MOST CELLS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

heparin
histamine

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70
Q

hormones of CELLS OF KIDNEYS, SEMINAL VESICLES

A

prostaglandins

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71
Q

a hormone that helps with digestion by stimulating the stomach to produce gastric acid, increase stomach motility, and replenish the stomach lining

A

gastrin

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72
Q

is a hormone that regulates the body’s water balance and the environment of the duodenum

A

secretin

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73
Q

stimulates the secretion of mucus, fluid, and active ions. It also inhibits gastric acid secretion

A

serotonin

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74
Q

is an anticoagulant (“blood thinner”) that stops your blood from forming blood clots or making them bigger.

A

heparin

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75
Q

a chemical found in some of the body’s cells - causes many of the symptoms of allergies, such as a runny nose or sneezing.

A

histamine

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76
Q

are hormone-like compounds that regulate many bodily processes, including inflammation, blood flow, and pain

A

prostaglandins

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77
Q

hormone-like compound example

A

gastrine
secretin
serotonin
heparin
histamin
prostaglandins

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78
Q

chemical structure of hormones can be divided into the following (3)

A

protein-peptide hormones
aminoacid derivatives
steroids

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79
Q

protein peptide hormones produced by hypothalamus

A

regulatory hormones

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80
Q

protein peptide hormones produced by pituitary gland

A

tropic hormones

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81
Q

protein peptide hormones produced by thyroid

A

calcitonin

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82
Q

protein peptide hormones produced by parathyroid

A

parathyrin
calcitonin

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83
Q

protein peptide hormones produced by pancreas

A

insulin
glucagon

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84
Q

derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine

A

adrenaline

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85
Q

amino acid derivatives (3)

A

adrenaline
iodothyroines
melatonin

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86
Q

hormone derived from tyrosine

A

iodothyronines

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87
Q

hormone derived from tyrptophan

A

melatonin

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88
Q

steroids include

A

sex hormones
glucocorticoids
aldosterone

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89
Q

a class of steroid hormones that regulate metabolism and have anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anti-allergic effect

A

glucocorticoids

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90
Q

the hypothalamus targets the ___ to release oxytocin and vasopressin

A

posterior pituitary gland

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91
Q

the hypothalamus targets the ___ to release TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL,GH, MSH

A

anterior pituitary gland

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92
Q

the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary gland to release TSH to target

A

thyroid

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93
Q

the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH to target the

A

adrenal cortex

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94
Q

the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH to target the

A

testes/ovaries

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95
Q

the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary gland to release PRL to target

A

mammary glands

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96
Q

the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary gland to release GH to target

A

bones

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97
Q

the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary gland to release MSH to target

A

skin

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98
Q

thyroid releases ___ to target muscles, liver, and other tissues

A

thyroxine

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99
Q

adrenal cortex releases ___ to target musle, liver, and other tissues

A

corticosteroids

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100
Q

Extracellular regulators, including hormones, act as

A

first messengers

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101
Q

type of action of hormones

A

membrane (local action)
membrane (intracellular, indirect)
cytosolic (direct)

102
Q

The hormone, at the site of its binding with the cell membrane,
acts as an allosteric effector for membrane transport system and
renders the membrane permeable to glucose, aminoacids, certain
ions.

what action of hormonal control

A

membrane type of action

103
Q

The glucose and amino acids influence the biochemical cellular
processes, while a change in ion partition on both sides of the
membrane affects the electric potentioal and function of the cell.

what kind of hormonal control

A

membrane type of action

104
Q

example of hormone based on membrane type of action hormonal controlo

A

insulin

105
Q

The first messengers are not able to enter in the cell and cannot
influence the intracellular processes directly. They act through a second
messenger, intracellular, which triggers a chain of successive
biochemical reactions leading to a modification of cellular functions

what hormonal control

A

membrane-intracellular type of action

106
Q

First messenger (hormone) reaches the ___ on the outer side of the
cell membrane in membrane-intracellular type of action

A

receptor

107
Q

The hormone-receptor complex acts on a protein, a device that measures pressure by deforming a membrane. The membrane deforms in response to changes in pressure, which is then translated into an electrical signal

A

membrane transducer

108
Q

The transducer transmits the signal to an enzyme acting as a

A

chemical amplifier

109
Q

then, the transducer acts as a a catalyst for the production of a ___ messenger inside the
cell.

A

secxond

110
Q

exampel of second messengers

A

cAMP
cGMP
diacylgycerides
inositol-triphosphate
Ca2+
Peptides

111
Q

The second messenger binds to a special protein called the

A

internal effector

112
Q

exerts an influence in the activity of a definite enzyme or on the
properties of non-enzyme proteins

A

internal effector

113
Q

Is typical for the compounds that can penetrate through the
lipid layer of cell membrane, for example steroid hormones,
vitamin D

A

cytosolic mechanism of action

114
Q

The hormone forms a complex with a cytosolic or nuclear
receptor

what hormone control

A

cytosolic mechanism of action

115
Q

By selectively affecting the gene activity of nuclear
chromosomes and exerting influence on the metabolism and
function of cell, the hormone-receptor complex controls the
enzyme concentration in the cell

what hormone control

A

cytosolic mechanism of action

116
Q

example of hormone with cytosolic mechanism of action

A

iodothyronine

117
Q

have a combined type of action, both
intracellular-membrane and cytosolic

A

iodothyronine

118
Q

Polypeptide hormones are synthesized as inactive

A

prohormones

119
Q

prohormones are also known as

A

hormonogens

120
Q

They become active after the extracellular activation by the
peptidases

A

prohormones

121
Q

prohormones from pancreas

A

proinsulin

122
Q

prohormones from parathyroid

A

proparathyroid hormone

123
Q

prohormones from liver

A

angiotensinogen

124
Q

prohormones from stomach

A

progastrin

125
Q

anterior lobe of pituitary galnd

A

adenohypophysis

126
Q

IN THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND
(ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) ___HORMONES ARE PRODUCED

A

tropic

127
Q

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

neurohypohpysis

128
Q

FROM THE POSTERIOR LOBE (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
__ PRODUCED

A

neurohormones

129
Q

FROM THE POSTERIOR LOBE (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
NEUROHORMONES PRODUCED IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS ARE
RELEASED:

A

oxytocin
vasopressin

130
Q

structure of thyrotropin, follitropin, lutropin

A

glycoproteins

131
Q

cyclic octapeptides

A

vasopresisn
oxytocin

132
Q

which hypothalamic hormones have inhibiting hormones (3)

A

somatostatin
prolactostatin
melanostatin

133
Q

releasing hormones of hypothalamic hormones

A

somatoliberin
thyreolibern
corticolibern
folliliberin
luliberin
prolactoliberin
melanoliberin

134
Q

study table of hormones of hypothalamus nad hypophyseal system

A

+1

135
Q

exert their function on the peripheral glands
or directly on the peripheral tissues by binding on the
membrane receptors and activating adenylate cyclase.

A

tropic hormones

136
Q

determines the effects in the target cells including control of biosynthesis and hormonal secretion, sex production, effector tissues, nervous system

A

cAMP

137
Q

adenylate cyclase activation; cAMP activates the lipase →
release of fatty acids and glycerol (direct action on fat tissue by
stimulating the tissue’s glucose absorption and fat mobilizing);
* action on melanin production

what hormone has this direct effect on tissues

A

corticotropin

138
Q

fat mobilizing action (cAMP mechanism)

which hormone has direct effect on peripheral tissue

A

a and b lipotropins

139
Q

Fat mobilizing (cAMP)
* Prolactin protein and lactose synthesis by mamary gland
epithelium

what hormones

A

gonadotropins

140
Q
  • Production of melanin in the skin, iris, epithelial pigment in retina
  • Fat-mobilizing (cAMP)
A

melatonotropin

141
Q

Only hormone with species-specific effect

A

STH,GH

142
Q

Stimulates cartilage cell division, growth of bones in length, internal
organs, soft tissue of face and oral cavity

A

somatotropin/growth hormone

143
Q

STH/GH Stimulates secretion of ___more than insulin

A

glucagon

144
Q

deficiency of GH, STH

A

dwarfism

145
Q

hypersecretion of GH, STH

A

gigantism or acromegalia

146
Q

Fat mobilizing action

  • Selective control of water reabsorption in the distal tubes and collecting ducts of the kidneys and activates adenylate cyclase;
    cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorilate the proteins in
    the membranes to increase the permeability for water; reduces
    diuresis,  density and Na+ and Cl- urinary concentration.
     contraction of muscles in arterioles and capillaries and determine
    moderate  in blood pressure
A

vasopressin or ADH

147
Q

What is the role of selective control in the kidneys regarding water reabsorption?

A

It regulates water reabsorption in the distal tubes and collecting ducts, leading to reduced diuresis and increased concentration of Na+ and Cl- in urine.

148
Q

What enzyme is activated that plays a key role in the process of fat mobilization?

A

Adenylate cyclase is activated, which increases levels of cAMP.

149
Q

How does cAMP affect protein kinases in the kidneys?

A

cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate proteins in the membranes, increasing their permeability to water.

150
Q

What effect does increased water permeability have on urine output?

A

It reduces diuresis, leading to more concentrated urine.

151
Q

What happens to muscle contraction in arterioles and capillaries as a result of this process?

A

There is an increase in contraction of muscles in arterioles and capillaries.

152
Q

What is the overall effect on blood pressure from these actions?

A

There is a moderate increase in blood pressure due to increased muscle contraction and reduced diuresis.

153
Q

Which ions see an increase in concentration in the urine due to selective water reabsorption?

A

Sodium (Na+) and Chloride (Cl-) concentrations increase in urine.
Flashcard 8

154
Q

What physiological mechanism is primarily involved in fat mobilization related to kidney function?

A

he activation of adenylate cyclase and subsequent increase in cAMP levels, which enhances water reabsorption

155
Q

An increase in the amount of urine made by the kidney and passed from the body.

A

diuresis

156
Q

large discharge of urine (4-
10L/day), low density, polydipsia

A

diabetes insipidus

157
Q

deficiency of ADH/vasopressin

A

diabetes insipidus

158
Q

up contraction of uterine muscles,  Ca2+ intracellular, cAMP,

A

oxytocin

159
Q

up synthesis of protein in mamary glands during lactation

A

oxytocin

160
Q

^ the release of milk – ^ contractility of myoepithelium of mamary
ducts

A

oxytocin

161
Q

Insulin-like effect on fat tissue (^ G consumption and TG synthesis)

A

oxytocin

162
Q

thyroidal hormones include

A

iodothyronines
calcitonin

163
Q

T3 of iodothyronine

A

triiodothyronine

164
Q

t4 of iodothyronine

A

thyroxine

165
Q

FUNCTION:
– CONTROL THE ENERGY METABOLISM
– EXERT INFLUENCE ON CELL DIVISION AND DIFFERENTIATION

A

iodothyronine

166
Q
  • POLIPEPTIDE MW 30,000
    FUNCTION: CONTROL OF CALCIUM-PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM
A

calcitonin

167
Q

hyperfunction of the thyroid hormone

A

hyperthyrodism

168
Q

acute disease of hyperthyroidism

A

thyrotoxicosis

169
Q

is a typical disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, a condition in which thyroid hormones are overproduced

A

basedow’s disease

170
Q

in hyperthyroidism, which hormone is predominant

A

T3

171
Q

symptoms include

INCREASED BASAL METABOLISM
ELEVATED BODY TEMPERATURE
LOSS OF BODY WEIGHT
TACHYCARDIA
HYPEREXCITABILITY
EXOPHTALMOS

A

hyperthyroidism

172
Q

protrusion of eyeballs

A

exophthalmos

173
Q

hypofunction of thyroid

A

hypothyrosis

174
Q

in child hypothyrosis, it is a condition called

A

infantile myxedema

175
Q

is a condition that occurs in infants with severe hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid gland.

A

infantile myxedema

176
Q

also known as congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, is a condition that causes severe physical and mental retardation due to a lack of thyroid hormone production:

A

cretinism

177
Q

INEFFECTIVE ACTION OF THE HORMONES ON CELL DIVISION
AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION

– PHYSICAL RETARDATION WITH DISPROPORTIONATE CONSTITUTION
DUE TO IMPROPER GROWTH OF BONE TISSUE,

– EXTREME MENTAL RETARDATION DUE TO IMPARED DIFFERENTIATION
OF THE NEURONS

– BASAL METABOLISM REDUCED, BODY TEMPERATURE BELOW NORMAL

in child, what is this?

A

infantile myxedema

178
Q

MYXEDEMA MANIFESTED IN
– REDUCED BASAL METABOLISM, LOWERED BODY TEMPERATURE
– LESS RETENTIVE MEMORY
– IMPAIRED RENEWAL OF DERMAL EPITHELIUM (DRY SKIN)
– DEPOSITION OF MUCOID MATERIALS IN SUBCUTANEOUS FAT

in what

A

adult

179
Q

(ALSO SECRETED BY THYROID GLAND) –
PROTEIN OF 32 AA

A

calcitonine

180
Q

– 84 AA

A

parathyrine (parathormone, PTH)

181
Q

CONTROL THE BALANCE OF CALCIUM AND
ORGANIC PHOSPHATE

A

calcitonin
parathyrine

182
Q

Produced by the thyroid gland, calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels. It does this by inhibiting osteoclasts, the cells that break down bone and release calcium into the bloodstream.

A

calcitonin

183
Q

increases blood calcium levels

A

parathyroid hormone

184
Q

parathyroid hormone produces what hormones

A

calcitonin
parathyroid hormone

185
Q

hypofunction of parathyroids

A

hypoparathyrosis

186
Q

determine reduced ca2+ concentration in the blood and extracellular fluid, that facilitates the na+ flow into the cell, increasing the excitability of nerve and muscle cells = hyperexcitability of the neuromuscular system (convulsive contraction of muscles)

what condition of parathyroid hormone

A

hypoparathyrosis

187
Q

hyperfunction of parathyroids

A

hyperparathyrosis

188
Q

mobilization of endogenic calcium from bones (risk of fracture); calcemia is increased, phosphate lower; calcium is deposited in the internal organs (calcification of blood vessels, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, liver)

what condition of parathyroid hormone

A

hyperfunction

189
Q

pancreas hormones are produced in the

A

cells of langerhans islands

190
Q

cells of langerhans cells (4)

A

a-type
b-type
d-type
PP type (f cells)

191
Q

secrete glucagoin

A

a-cells

192
Q

d-type cells of pancreas secrete

A

somatostatin

193
Q

PP type of pancreas hormones secrete

A

pancreatic polypeptide

194
Q

a 36-amino acid peptide hormone that regulates pancreatic secretion, liver glycogen storage, and gastrointestinal secretion:

A

pancreatic polypeptide

195
Q

__ is also produced in the acinous tissue

A

pancreatic polypeptide

196
Q

is a cluster of cells that produce and secrete digestive enzymes. The word “acinus” comes from the Latin word for “berry in a cluster”. Acinous tissue is found in the pancreas and in the lungs

A

acinous tissue

197
Q
  • Polypeptide with MW 3485, composed of 29 aa
  • Produced by the α-cells as proglucagon (
A

glucagon

198
Q

___ is hydrolysed by proteases to generate the
active glucagon

A

proglucagon

199
Q

proglucagon (37aa)
which is hydrolysed by ___ to generate the
active glucagon

A

proteases

200
Q

glucagon secretion is increased by

A

Ca2+ and arginine

201
Q

glucagon secretion is inhibited by

A

glucose
somatostatin

202
Q

targets liver, fat tissue, muscle

A

glucagon

203
Q

binds to the membrane receptors, activates the adenylate cyclase, increase the camp that stimulates the mobilization of glycogen in the liver and muscles and triglycerides in the fat tissue

A

glucagon

204
Q

release of glucagon causes the increased concentration of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids and catabolism of FA produce to produce a large amount of

A

acetyl coa
ketone bodies

205
Q

the presence of an abnormally high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood.

A

ketonemia

206
Q

Having ketones in your urine

A

ketonuria

207
Q

IN THE LIVER IT INHIBITS THE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND FACILITATES THE
PROTEIN BREAKDOWN. THE AA ARE USED IN
– UREA PRODUCTION AND

A

glucagon

208
Q

s a metabolic process that creates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, fats, or lactate

A

gluconeogenesis

209
Q

SECRETED BY Β-CELLS AS PRE-PROINSULIN WHICH IS HYDROLYSED AND GENERATES THE
PROINSULIN (84 AA);

A

insulin

210
Q

insulin is composed of two polypeptide chains called

A

a chain
b chain

211
Q

chain of insulin WITH A DISULPHIDE BOND (-S-S-) BETWEEN
CYS IN POSITION 6 AND CYS IN POSITION 11 AND
C-TERMINAL ASPARAGINE, ESSENTIAL FOR THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

A

a chain

212
Q

chain of insulin with LINKED THROUGH DISULPHIDE (-S-S-) BRIDGES BETWEEN:
–CYS IN POSITION 7 ON A-CHAIN AND 7 ON B-CHAIN
–CYS IN POSITION 20 ON A-CHAIN AND 19 ON B-CHAIN

A

b chain

213
Q

THE SECRETION IS INCREASED BY GLUCOSE AND CA2+, ASPARAGINE AND LEUCINE,

A

insulin

214
Q

INSULIN EXISTS AS:

A

free insulin
bound to plasma proteins
less sensitive (liver)
not sensitive (nervous tissue)

215
Q

INFLUENCES ALL THE INSULIN-SENSITIVE TISSUES (MUSCLES, CONNECTIVE
TISSUE, INCLUDING FAT TISSUE)

A

free insulin

216
Q

insulin that INFLUENCES ONLY FAT TISSUE

A

insulin bound to plasma proteins

217
Q

INSULIN BINDS TO what type of MEMBRANE RECEPTOR

A

glycoprotein

218
Q

read insulin mechanism of action

A

+1

219
Q

EXCESSIVE INSULIN IN INSULINOMES (TUMOURS WITH Β-CELLS) OR IN
OVERDOSE IN INSULIN THERAPY results in

A

hypoglycemia

220
Q

TUMOURS WITH Β-CELLS

A

insulinomes

221
Q

deficient insulin results in

A

diabetes mellitus

222
Q

– HYPERGLYCEMIA (G↑), GLYCOSURIA
– FA, GLYCEROL, CHOLESTEROL↑
– HYPERAMINOACIDEMIA, HYPERAMINOACIDURIA

what disturbance of insulin

A

deficient

223
Q

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF INSULIN:

A

TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
– ANABOLIC STIMULATORS IN DYSTROPHY OF ORGANS,
MALNUTRITION, INANITION
– RESTORATION OF METABOLISM AFTER HEAVY MUSCULAR WORK

224
Q

PRODUCES AND STORES INTO CHROMAFFIN CELLS

A

adrenal medulla

225
Q

ADRENALIN SECRETION IS INFLUENCED BY

A

hypoglycemia
stress

226
Q

adrenoceptors A stimulates the

A

guanidine cyclase

227
Q

adrenoreceptors B stimulate the

A

adenylate cyclase

228
Q

HAS A SIMILAR EFFECT AS GLUCAGON ON THE LIVER, MUSCLE, FAT
TISSUE

A

cAMP

229
Q

AFFECTS THE FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (AMPLITUDE AND
FREQUENCY OF HEART CONTRACTION ↑, BLOOD PRESSURE ↑) RELAXES
SMOOTH MUSCLES OF THE INTESTINE, BRONCHI, UTERUS.

A

hormones of adrenal glands

230
Q

PRODUCES STEROID HORMONES

A

adrenal cortex

231
Q

corticosteroids are subdivided in

A

gulococorticosteroids
mineralocorticosteroids
sex hormones

232
Q

– AFFECTING THE CARBOHYDRATE
METABOLISM

A

glucocorticosteroids

233
Q

-AFFECTING THE MINERAL METABOLISM

A

mineralocorticosteroids

234
Q

CONTROLLED BY CORTICOTROPIN RELEASED FROM THE PITUITARY GLAND AS A
RESPONSE TO STRESS; IT IS BOUND TO THE ADRENOCORTICAL CELL MEMBRANE,
STIMULATES THE PRODUCTION OF CAMP, TRIGGERING THE DELIVERY OF
CHOLESTEROL ESTERS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS; THEY INHIBIT THE
CORTICOTROPIN (NEGATIVE FEED-BACK MECHANISM)

A

clucocorticoids

235
Q

glucocorticoids are transported in the plasma by what protein

A

transcortin

236
Q

TARGETS: LIVER, KIDNEY, LYMPHOID TISSUE (SPLEEN, LYMPH NODES, LYMPHOID
PLAQUES IN THE INTESTIN, LYMPHOCYTES, THYMUS), CONNECTIVE TISSUE (BONES,
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, ADIPOSE TISSUE) MUSCLE

A

glucocorticoids

237
Q

IN THE BLOOD: GLUCOSE, FATTY ACIDS, GLYCEROL, AMINOACIDS, KETONE BODIES↑
– IN URINE: GLUCOSE, AMINOACIDS, KETONE BODIES↑
– IN THE KIDNEYS: ↑ NA+ REABSORPTION, K+ EXCRETION;

what hormone

A

glucocorticoid

238
Q

NA AND H2O ARE RETAINED IN EXTRACELLULAR SPACE (EDEMA)

what hormone

A

glucocorticoid

239
Q

– IN BONES: ↓ PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, DEOSSIFICATION, CA AND P →BLOOD →URINE

what hormone

A

glucocorticoid

240
Q

SECRETION IS CONTROLED BY NA+ AND K+
(STIMULATED BY LOW NA+ AND HIGH K+ CONCENTRATION)

A

aldosterone

241
Q

T IS BELIEVED THAT THE EPIPHYSIS PRODUCES A TROPIC HORMONE =
______ THAT STIMULATES THE SECRETION
of aldosterone

A

adrenoglomerulotropin

242
Q

read meechanism of action of mineralocorticoids

A

=1

243
Q

hyperfunction of adrenal glands

A

hypercorticodism

244
Q

hypersecretion of corticotropin

A

cushing’s disease

245
Q

“STEROID” DIABETES,
ATROPHY OF SUBCUTANEOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
OSTEOPOROSIS
HYPERTENSION (DUE TO SECONDARY INCREASE OF ADRENALIN AND
NORADRENALIN)

what disease

A

cushing’s disease

246
Q

hyperaldosteronism is also known as

A

konn’s disease

247
Q

EDEMA, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, MYOCARDIAL HYPEREXCITABILITY

what disease

A

konn’s disease

248
Q

hypofunction of corticotropin

A

hypocorticoidism/addison’s disease

249
Q

: REDUCED RESISTANCE TO EMOTIONAL STRESS
AND INFECTIONS, CHEMICAL, MECHANICAL FACTORS; IT DETERMINES
HYPOGLYCEMIA

A

glucocorticoid deficiency

250
Q

DISTURBED WATER-SALT IMBALANCE - LOSS OF
NA+, H2O AND ACCUMULATION OF K+ → HYPOTENSION, MYASTENIA,
PROGRESSIVE FATIGABILITY, LOW MUSCULAR EXCITABILIT

A

aldosterone deficiency

251
Q

PRACTICAL USE OF CORTICOSTEROIDS

A

TREATMENT OF ALLERGIC AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: RHEUMATISM,
COLLAGENOSES, NONSPECIFIC ARTHRITES, BRONCHIAL ASTMA, DERMATOSES
DESENSITIZING
ANTIINFLAMMATORY
IMMUNODEPRESSIVE AGENTS (PROPHYLAXIS OF REJECTION OF TRANSPLANTED
ORGANS)

Biomolecules (19 decks)

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