Isolation and Characterization of Lipids Flashcards
1
Q
is recognized as one of the prized products derived from the fruit in the market, known for flavor, and distinct color, as well as being potentially good for human health
A
avocado oil
2
Q
avocado oil is as nutritious as
A
olive oil
3
Q
can be consumed either neat or added to salads
A
avocao oild
4
Q
it could be used in the formulation of meat products to decrease the color deterioration of these products and inhibit lipid and protein oxidation
A
avocado oil
5
Q
is also an edible oil produced from the kernel of mature coconuts and it is known for its innumerable health benefits
A
coconut oil
6
Q
Over a thousand studies have proven, ___ oil to be one of the healthiest foods.
A
coconut
7
Q
. The many uses and healing benefits of coconut oil go beyond people’s expectations, coconut is indeed a true ____
A
superfood
8
Q
extraction makes use of a high-speed solid-liquid separation, so that column separation forms due to the density/weight differences
A
centrifugation oil extraction
9
Q
generated tens of thousands of times larger than the gravity of natural sedimentation, separation, and precipitation process continuously and quickly.
A
centrifugal force
10
Q
The huge centrifugal force in the system can achieve the separation effect in a few seconds which can be achieved by the natural gravity action of several hours in the __ tank
A
percipitation
11
Q
materials/chemicals and reagent used
A
50 g/ml coconut milk
50 g/ml avocado puree (durian) (1 part avocado:1 part water; 25 grams avocado: 25 ml water)
6 Centrifuge tubes (10 ml)
Centrifuge machine/device
Water bath
Test Tubes
Transfer pipettes
Dilute acetic acid
Dilute potassium hydroxide
Ethanol, benzene, ether, acetone, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride
250 ml conical flasks
Bile salt
Whatman No. 1 filter paper
Bromine water, Acetic acid, H2SO4,
Acetic anhydride
Sudan IV
12
Q
extraction of avocado oil procedure
A
- Mix 25 grams of avocado puree with 25 ml in a 150 mL beaker. Dispense 5.0 ml mixture into the 6 centrifuge tubes. Centrifuged at 6,000 rpm and for 20 minutes.
- Pipette out the oil into a 2 ml Eppendorf tubes and record the weight/volume (g/ml).
- The oil will appear as separate layer on top within the Eppendorf tube.
- Compute for the proportion of extracted water and oil mixture (relative to the initial 5 ml prior to centrifugation).
13
Q
extraction of coconut oil procedure
A
- Obtain a coconut milk sample provided. Dispense 5.0 ml coconut milk into the 6 centrifuge tubes. Centrifuged at 6,000 rpm and for 20 minutes.
- Pipette out the oil and record the weight/volume in g/ml.
- Compute for the proportion of extracted oil.
14
Q
rpm of centrifugation
A
6,000 rmp for 20 minutes
15
Q
paper spot test procedures
A
- Rub a bit of sample on a piece of paper.
- If the spot on the paper assumes a translucent appearance, that means the sample under test is a fat or oil, i.e., a lipid.
16
Q
solubility test procedures
A
- Take 5 ml of water, dilute acetic acid, dilute KOH, ethanol, benzene, ether, acetone, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride in nine test tubes separately.
- Add a few drops of the sample in each test tube.
- Shake well, allow the tube to stand and observe if the mixture becomes homogeneous.
17
Q
emulsification test procedure
A
- Take 5 ml of distilled water, add a few drops of emulsifier (bile salt) and the same amount of sample in a test tube.
- Shake well to mix the contents.
- The lipid is dispersed forming an emulsion in the form of micelles, i.e., fats, which are broken up into minute droplets in water. (This is brought about as a result of the lowering of the surface tension between fat and water. The bile salts or other substances that bring about emulsification are referred to as emulsifiers.)
18
Q
sudan IV test procedure
A
- Take a few ml of distilled water in a test tube and add a drop or two of the sample to it.
- Shake the tube so that the mixture is converted into an emulsion.
- Place a small drop of this emulsion on a micro slide and add to it a little bit Sudan IV stain, mix and put a cover glass.
- Examine under a microscope and note that only oily droplets are stained, this happens, because the stain is very specific for lipids.
19
Q
bromine test for unsaturation/saturation procedure
A
- Take a few ml of ethanol in a test tube and add a few drops of sample to it.
- To this add a few drops of 0.4% bromine water drop by drop. (An orange color is developed.) The intensity of the color developed corresponds to the degree of unsaturation. If the same test is performed with acetic acid, no color will be developed, as it is a saturated acid.
20
Q
Liebermann-Buchard Test procedure
A
- Take 2 ml of chloroform in a test tube and dissolve a pinch of the sample in it.
- To this add at first 8-10 drops of acetic anhydride and then a drop or two of concentrated H2SO4 from the sides of the test tube. (A greenish or greenish blue color will be developed indicating the presence of cholesterol.)
21
Q
percent by weight
durian
initial weight - 7.12 g
extracted oil - 4.18 g
A
58.7%
22
Q
percent by weight
coconut
initial weight - 3.04 g
extracted oil - 1.61g
A
53%
23
Q
considered as good fats
A
unsaturated fatssr
24
Q
sources of unsaturated fats
A
fish
nuts
olive oil
soybeans
avocado
25
unsaturated fats have a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids like
oleic acid
linoleic acid
docosahexaenoic acid
26
type of lipid that is recommended for balanced diet
unsaturated fats
27
promote cardiovascular and nervous system health
unsaturated fat
28
saturated fats have saturated fatty acids like
stearic acid
myristic acid
palmitic acid
29
considered as ugly fats
saturated fats
30
excessive consumption elevates bad cholesterol level
saturated fats
31
sources of saturated fats
palm oil
whole fats milk
red meat
chicken skin
32
exemption to this class of saturated fat is
virgin coconut oil
33
has medium chain saturated fatty acid
saturated fats
34
more readily burned into energy by our system
saturated fats
35
has proven antimicrobial and immune boosting properties when taking in moderation
saturated fats
36
contains trans-fatty acid
trans fat
37
partially hydrogenated oil
trans fat
38
artificially produced during hydrogenation of oils and fats
trans fat
39
sources of trans fats
highly procesed foods
doughnuts, deep fried foods, junk foods, microwaveable popcorn
40
detrimental to cardiovascular health
trans fat
41
sources are from plants such as coconut, avocado, oil palm, olive, soybean, peanut, and sesame
edible oil
42
has a unique fatty acid profile that can be comprised of different proportions of saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids
edible oils
43
one of the most common tropical oil
coconut oil
44
can be extracted from fresh coconut meat or its dried form
coconut oil
45
dried form of coconut oil
copra
46
is made up of emulsion of oil in water as mediated by coconut proteins
coconut milk
47
methods applied to separate coconut
centrifugation
heating
salting out
enzymatic processing
solvent extraction
steam distillation
48
made when the oil is pressed from the avocado fruit
avocado oil
49
has a mild flavor and aroma and a high smoke point
avocado oil
50
made up of primarily of monounsaturated fats
avocado oil
51
these healthy fats are the same type of fats found in olive oil
avocado oil
52
help lower bad cholesterol (LDL)
avocado oil
53
avocado oil is packed with ____ where the potent antioxidants that help mop up by products of oxidative stress in the body and brain
polyphenols
54
avocado provides brain-healthy ___, especially ____, which has been shown to reduce age-related macular degeneration
carotenoids
lutein
55
are soluble in organic solvents
fats and oils
56
organic solvents are
hexane
petroleum ether
alcohol
chloroform
57
are oils water soluble?
no
58
what would coconut oil do with water
float on the surface and forms a different layer
59
is coconut soluble in dilute acid
no (even if Hcl is nonpolar inorganic solvent)
60
in this solvent, coconut oil is more soluble than most common fats and oils
alcohol
61
what solvent are coconut oil and palmitic oil is soluble in
chloroform
62
what solvent will make the coconut oil and palmitic oil that makes them both a nonpolar organic compound
chloroform
63
solvent that coconut oil is very slightly soluble
ethanol
64
solvents that dissolve oil well
acetone
hexane
carbon tetrachloride
diethyl ether
65
commonly used as a cleaner and in cosmetics that remove skin oil
acetone
66
frequently used as a solvent for dissolving various types of cooking oil
hexane
67
often used as a general cleaner in numerous industries
carbon tetrachloride
68
infrequently used to dissolve oils due to its low flash point
diethyl ether
69
which has more monounsaturated fat
avocado oil - 70.554g
coconut oil - 6.332g
70
which has more polyunsaturade fat
avocado oil - 13.486g
coconut oil - 1.702g
71
which has more saturated fat
avocado oil - 11.56g
coconunt oil - 82.475g
72
scientific name of durian
Durio zibethinus L.
73
scientific name of avocado
Persea americana
74
scientific name of coconut
Cocos nucifera
75
does durian contain cholesterol
no
76
have fats that are monounsaturated fats and these may help to lower an individual's LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglyceride levels
durian oil
77
has relatively high fibre and carbohydrate content, excessive intake may actually give rise to heartburn and bloatedness in some people, which may be worsened with alcohol intake
durian
78
individuals with ___ may need to limit their consumption of durians as the fruit has high sugar content
diabetes
79
three seeds of durian have how much carbs
20-30 grams
80
what are prepared before lab? (3)
10% Ethanol solution of KOH
0.4% of Bromine water
Sudan IV (0.1%)
81
how is 10% ethanol solutio nof KOH prepared?
Weigh 10 g of KOH. Dissolve in 50 ml of ethanol and make the
volume to 100 ml.
82
how is 0.4% bromine water prepared?
Measure 0.4 ml of bromine and add 99.6 ml of water
83
how is Sudan IV (0.1%) prepared?
Weigh 100 mg of Sudan IV and dissolve in 100 ml of water
84
Equipment used for paper spot test
Whatman no.1 Filter paper
85
If the spot on the paper assumes a translucent appearance, that means the sample under
test is a ___
fat or oil
86
positive on spot test is
spot on the paper
87
solubility test reagents (9)
water
dilute acetic acid
dilute KOH
ethanol
benzene
ether
acetone
chloroform
carbon tetrachloride
88
lipid is dispersed in a form of ___ i.e. fats
micelles
89
This is brought about as a result of the lowering
of the surface tension between fat and water.
micelles
90
The bile salts or other substances that bring
about emulsification are referred to as
emulsifiers
91
yellowish brown or green fluid produced in the liver and stored in gallbladder
bile
92
acts like soaps and other emulsifiers; they contain both polar and nonpolar region, helping to break fats in foods into smaller pieces, allowing them to be hydrolyzed more easily
bile salts
93
lowers the surface tension of oil with water
bile salts
94
this test involves mixing a lipid sample with water and an emulsifying agent (bile salt). If an emulsion form (a milk appearance), it is positive for the presence of lipids. This test specifically confirms that a sample lipid contains oil due to their ability to form emulsion when mixed with water.
emulsification test
95
– this test is a color reaction test that shows the presence of lipids. When a lipid sample is mixed with Sudan IV stain, a positive indication of red coloration appears. With the help of a microscope, oil droplets that are stained prove that the stain is very specific for lipids.
sudan IV test
96
This test is used to identify between saturated and unsaturated lipids. Unsaturated lipids react with bromine water having decolorization of bromine (due to presence of carbon-carbon double bonds).
bromine test
97
positives for sudan IV test
avocado
durian
coconut
98
The intensity of the colour developed corresponds to the degree of
unsaturation
99
If the
same test is performed with _______ no colour will be developed, as it is a saturated
acid
acetic acid
100
Take ___ ml of chloroform in a test tube and dissolve a pinch of the sample in it
Liebermann-Buchard test
2 mL
101
To this add at first ___ drops of ____ ____and then a drop or two of concentrated
___from the sides of the test tube.
8-10 drops
acetic anhydride
h2so4
102
which uses acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid as reagents, that gives a characteristic green color in the presence of cholesterol
Lieberman-Buchard test
103
This color is due to the –OH group of cholesterol and the unsaturation found in the adjacent fused ring.
green color
104
Liebermann-Buchard Test
Acetic anhydride
Sulfuric acid
ethanol
