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Biomolecules > Isolation and Characterization of Lipids > Flashcards

Isolation and Characterization of Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

is recognized as one of the prized products derived from the fruit in the market, known for flavor, and distinct color, as well as being potentially good for human health

A

avocado oil

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2
Q

avocado oil is as nutritious as

A

olive oil

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3
Q

can be consumed either neat or added to salads

A

avocao oild

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4
Q

it could be used in the formulation of meat products to decrease the color deterioration of these products and inhibit lipid and protein oxidation

A

avocado oil

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5
Q

is also an edible oil produced from the kernel of mature coconuts and it is known for its innumerable health benefits

A

coconut oil

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6
Q

Over a thousand studies have proven, ___ oil to be one of the healthiest foods.

A

coconut

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7
Q

. The many uses and healing benefits of coconut oil go beyond people’s expectations, coconut is indeed a true ____

A

superfood

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8
Q

extraction makes use of a high-speed solid-liquid separation, so that column separation forms due to the density/weight differences

A

centrifugation oil extraction

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9
Q

generated tens of thousands of times larger than the gravity of natural sedimentation, separation, and precipitation process continuously and quickly.

A

centrifugal force

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10
Q

The huge centrifugal force in the system can achieve the separation effect in a few seconds which can be achieved by the natural gravity action of several hours in the __ tank

A

percipitation

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11
Q

materials/chemicals and reagent used

A

50 g/ml coconut milk
50 g/ml avocado puree (durian) (1 part avocado:1 part water; 25 grams avocado: 25 ml water)
6 Centrifuge tubes (10 ml)
Centrifuge machine/device
Water bath
Test Tubes
Transfer pipettes
Dilute acetic acid
Dilute potassium hydroxide
Ethanol, benzene, ether, acetone, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride
250 ml conical flasks
Bile salt
Whatman No. 1 filter paper
Bromine water, Acetic acid, H2SO4,
Acetic anhydride
Sudan IV

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12
Q

extraction of avocado oil procedure

A
  1. Mix 25 grams of avocado puree with 25 ml in a 150 mL beaker. Dispense 5.0 ml mixture into the 6 centrifuge tubes. Centrifuged at 6,000 rpm and for 20 minutes.
  2. Pipette out the oil into a 2 ml Eppendorf tubes and record the weight/volume (g/ml).
  3. The oil will appear as separate layer on top within the Eppendorf tube.
  4. Compute for the proportion of extracted water and oil mixture (relative to the initial 5 ml prior to centrifugation).
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13
Q

extraction of coconut oil procedure

A
  1. Obtain a coconut milk sample provided. Dispense 5.0 ml coconut milk into the 6 centrifuge tubes. Centrifuged at 6,000 rpm and for 20 minutes.
  2. Pipette out the oil and record the weight/volume in g/ml.
  3. Compute for the proportion of extracted oil.
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14
Q

rpm of centrifugation

A

6,000 rmp for 20 minutes

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15
Q

paper spot test procedures

A
  1. Rub a bit of sample on a piece of paper.
  2. If the spot on the paper assumes a translucent appearance, that means the sample under test is a fat or oil, i.e., a lipid.
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16
Q

solubility test procedures

A
  1. Take 5 ml of water, dilute acetic acid, dilute KOH, ethanol, benzene, ether, acetone, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride in nine test tubes separately.
  2. Add a few drops of the sample in each test tube.
  3. Shake well, allow the tube to stand and observe if the mixture becomes homogeneous.
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17
Q

emulsification test procedure

A
  1. Take 5 ml of distilled water, add a few drops of emulsifier (bile salt) and the same amount of sample in a test tube.
  2. Shake well to mix the contents.
  3. The lipid is dispersed forming an emulsion in the form of micelles, i.e., fats, which are broken up into minute droplets in water. (This is brought about as a result of the lowering of the surface tension between fat and water. The bile salts or other substances that bring about emulsification are referred to as emulsifiers.)
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18
Q

sudan IV test procedure

A
  1. Take a few ml of distilled water in a test tube and add a drop or two of the sample to it.
  2. Shake the tube so that the mixture is converted into an emulsion.
  3. Place a small drop of this emulsion on a micro slide and add to it a little bit Sudan IV stain, mix and put a cover glass.
  4. Examine under a microscope and note that only oily droplets are stained, this happens, because the stain is very specific for lipids.
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19
Q

bromine test for unsaturation/saturation procedure

A
  1. Take a few ml of ethanol in a test tube and add a few drops of sample to it.
  2. To this add a few drops of 0.4% bromine water drop by drop. (An orange color is developed.) The intensity of the color developed corresponds to the degree of unsaturation. If the same test is performed with acetic acid, no color will be developed, as it is a saturated acid.
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20
Q

Liebermann-Buchard Test procedure

A
  1. Take 2 ml of chloroform in a test tube and dissolve a pinch of the sample in it.
  2. To this add at first 8-10 drops of acetic anhydride and then a drop or two of concentrated H2SO4 from the sides of the test tube. (A greenish or greenish blue color will be developed indicating the presence of cholesterol.)
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21
Q

percent by weight

durian
initial weight - 7.12 g
extracted oil - 4.18 g

A

58.7%

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22
Q

percent by weight

coconut
initial weight - 3.04 g
extracted oil - 1.61g

A

53%

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23
Q

considered as good fats

A

unsaturated fatssr

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24
Q

sources of unsaturated fats

A

fish
nuts
olive oil
soybeans
avocado

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25
Q

unsaturated fats have a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids like

A

oleic acid
linoleic acid
docosahexaenoic acid

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26
Q

type of lipid that is recommended for balanced diet

A

unsaturated fats

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27
Q

promote cardiovascular and nervous system health

A

unsaturated fat

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28
Q

saturated fats have saturated fatty acids like

A

stearic acid
myristic acid
palmitic acid

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29
Q

considered as ugly fats

A

saturated fats

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30
Q

excessive consumption elevates bad cholesterol level

A

saturated fats

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31
Q

sources of saturated fats

A

palm oil
whole fats milk
red meat
chicken skin

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32
Q

exemption to this class of saturated fat is

A

virgin coconut oil

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33
Q

has medium chain saturated fatty acid

A

saturated fats

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34
Q

more readily burned into energy by our system

A

saturated fats

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35
Q

has proven antimicrobial and immune boosting properties when taking in moderation

A

saturated fats

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36
Q

contains trans-fatty acid

A

trans fat

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37
Q

partially hydrogenated oil

A

trans fat

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38
Q

artificially produced during hydrogenation of oils and fats

A

trans fat

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39
Q

sources of trans fats

A

highly procesed foods
doughnuts, deep fried foods, junk foods, microwaveable popcorn

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40
Q

detrimental to cardiovascular health

A

trans fat

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41
Q

sources are from plants such as coconut, avocado, oil palm, olive, soybean, peanut, and sesame

A

edible oil

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42
Q

has a unique fatty acid profile that can be comprised of different proportions of saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids

A

edible oils

43
Q

one of the most common tropical oil

A

coconut oil

44
Q

can be extracted from fresh coconut meat or its dried form

A

coconut oil

45
Q

dried form of coconut oil

A

copra

46
Q

is made up of emulsion of oil in water as mediated by coconut proteins

A

coconut milk

47
Q

methods applied to separate coconut

A

centrifugation
heating
salting out
enzymatic processing
solvent extraction
steam distillation

48
Q

made when the oil is pressed from the avocado fruit

A

avocado oil

49
Q

has a mild flavor and aroma and a high smoke point

A

avocado oil

50
Q

made up of primarily of monounsaturated fats

A

avocado oil

51
Q

these healthy fats are the same type of fats found in olive oil

A

avocado oil

52
Q

help lower bad cholesterol (LDL)

A

avocado oil

53
Q

avocado oil is packed with ____ where the potent antioxidants that help mop up by products of oxidative stress in the body and brain

A

polyphenols

54
Q

avocado provides brain-healthy ___, especially ____, which has been shown to reduce age-related macular degeneration

A

carotenoids
lutein

55
Q

are soluble in organic solvents

A

fats and oils

56
Q

organic solvents are

A

hexane
petroleum ether
alcohol
chloroform

57
Q

are oils water soluble?

A

no

58
Q

what would coconut oil do with water

A

float on the surface and forms a different layer

59
Q

is coconut soluble in dilute acid

A

no (even if Hcl is nonpolar inorganic solvent)

60
Q

in this solvent, coconut oil is more soluble than most common fats and oils

A

alcohol

61
Q

what solvent are coconut oil and palmitic oil is soluble in

A

chloroform

62
Q

what solvent will make the coconut oil and palmitic oil that makes them both a nonpolar organic compound

A

chloroform

63
Q

solvent that coconut oil is very slightly soluble

A

ethanol

64
Q

solvents that dissolve oil well

A

acetone
hexane
carbon tetrachloride
diethyl ether

65
Q

commonly used as a cleaner and in cosmetics that remove skin oil

A

acetone

66
Q

frequently used as a solvent for dissolving various types of cooking oil

A

hexane

67
Q

often used as a general cleaner in numerous industries

A

carbon tetrachloride

68
Q

infrequently used to dissolve oils due to its low flash point

A

diethyl ether

69
Q

which has more monounsaturated fat

A

avocado oil - 70.554g
coconut oil - 6.332g

70
Q

which has more polyunsaturade fat

A

avocado oil - 13.486g
coconut oil - 1.702g

71
Q

which has more saturated fat

A

avocado oil - 11.56g
coconunt oil - 82.475g

72
Q

scientific name of durian

A

Durio zibethinus L.

73
Q

scientific name of avocado

A

Persea americana

74
Q

scientific name of coconut

A

Cocos nucifera

75
Q

does durian contain cholesterol

A

no

76
Q

have fats that are monounsaturated fats and these may help to lower an individual’s LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglyceride levels

A

durian oil

77
Q

has relatively high fibre and carbohydrate content, excessive intake may actually give rise to heartburn and bloatedness in some people, which may be worsened with alcohol intake

A

durian

78
Q

individuals with ___ may need to limit their consumption of durians as the fruit has high sugar content

A

diabetes

79
Q

three seeds of durian have how much carbs

A

20-30 grams

80
Q

what are prepared before lab? (3)

A

10% Ethanol solution of KOH
0.4% of Bromine water
Sudan IV (0.1%)

81
Q

how is 10% ethanol solutio nof KOH prepared?

A

Weigh 10 g of KOH. Dissolve in 50 ml of ethanol and make the
volume to 100 ml.

82
Q

how is 0.4% bromine water prepared?

A

Measure 0.4 ml of bromine and add 99.6 ml of water

83
Q

how is Sudan IV (0.1%) prepared?

A

Weigh 100 mg of Sudan IV and dissolve in 100 ml of water

84
Q

Equipment used for paper spot test

A

Whatman no.1 Filter paper

85
Q

If the spot on the paper assumes a translucent appearance, that means the sample under
test is a ___

A

fat or oil

86
Q

positive on spot test is

A

spot on the paper

87
Q

solubility test reagents (9)

A

water
dilute acetic acid
dilute KOH
ethanol
benzene
ether
acetone
chloroform
carbon tetrachloride

88
Q

lipid is dispersed in a form of ___ i.e. fats

A

micelles

89
Q

This is brought about as a result of the lowering
of the surface tension between fat and water.

A

micelles

90
Q

The bile salts or other substances that bring
about emulsification are referred to as

A

emulsifiers

91
Q

yellowish brown or green fluid produced in the liver and stored in gallbladder

A

bile

92
Q

acts like soaps and other emulsifiers; they contain both polar and nonpolar region, helping to break fats in foods into smaller pieces, allowing them to be hydrolyzed more easily

A

bile salts

93
Q

lowers the surface tension of oil with water

A

bile salts

94
Q

this test involves mixing a lipid sample with water and an emulsifying agent (bile salt). If an emulsion form (a milk appearance), it is positive for the presence of lipids. This test specifically confirms that a sample lipid contains oil due to their ability to form emulsion when mixed with water.

A

emulsification test

95
Q

– this test is a color reaction test that shows the presence of lipids. When a lipid sample is mixed with Sudan IV stain, a positive indication of red coloration appears. With the help of a microscope, oil droplets that are stained prove that the stain is very specific for lipids.

A

sudan IV test

96
Q

This test is used to identify between saturated and unsaturated lipids. Unsaturated lipids react with bromine water having decolorization of bromine (due to presence of carbon-carbon double bonds).

A

bromine test

97
Q

positives for sudan IV test

A

avocado
durian
coconut

98
Q

The intensity of the colour developed corresponds to the degree of

A

unsaturation

99
Q

If the
same test is performed with _______ no colour will be developed, as it is a saturated
acid

A

acetic acid

100
Q

Take ___ ml of chloroform in a test tube and dissolve a pinch of the sample in it

Liebermann-Buchard test

A

2 mL

101
Q

To this add at first ___ drops of ____ ____and then a drop or two of concentrated
___from the sides of the test tube.

A

8-10 drops
acetic anhydride
h2so4

102
Q

which uses acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid as reagents, that gives a characteristic green color in the presence of cholesterol

A

Lieberman-Buchard test

103
Q

This color is due to the –OH group of cholesterol and the unsaturation found in the adjacent fused ring.

A

green color

104
Q

Liebermann-Buchard Test

A

Acetic anhydride
Sulfuric acid
ethanol

Biomolecules (14 decks)

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