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Biomolecules > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

make up nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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2
Q

3 components of nucleotide

A

phosphate
5 carbon sugar
nitrogenous base

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3
Q

example of 5 carbon sugar

A

ribose

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4
Q

5 carbon sugar present in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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5
Q

4 nitrogenous bases

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine

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6
Q

how are nucleotides linked together

A

by dehydration synthesis or polymerisation reactions betrween one sugar nucleotide and phosphate group of second nucleotide

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7
Q

forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA.

A

sugar phosphate backbone

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8
Q

DNA is composed of two strands arranged as a right handed ___

A

helix

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9
Q

orientation of the strands of a double helix

A

anti-parallel

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10
Q

what kind of bonds hold the two strands of double helix

A

hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

Guanine form hydrogen bonds with ___

A

cytosine

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12
Q

Adenine bonds with ___

A

thymine

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13
Q

RNA differs from DNA because it contains the sugar

A

ribose

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14
Q

nitrogenous base present in RNA

A

uracil

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15
Q

RNA is usually ___ and does not form ___

A

single stranded
helix

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16
Q

which is more stable

RNA/DNA

A

RNA

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17
Q

stores the information to construct a protein

A

DNA

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18
Q

regulates expression of information during protein synthesis

A

RNA

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19
Q

modified nucleotide that plays essential role in energy processing within cells

A

ATP

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20
Q

ATP is composed of

A

adenine
ribose
3 phosphate

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21
Q

bonds within ATP bonds are

A

high energy bonds

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22
Q

which phosphate group in ATP is removed when energy is needed

A

terminal phosphate

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23
Q

formed when terminal phosphate is removed in ATP

A

adenosine diphosphate

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24
Q

are biopolymers that carry information inside cells

A

nucleic acids

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25
Q

two main kinds of nucleic acids

A

DNA
RNA

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26
Q

function of DNA

A

stores the genetic information for a cell and is inherited and passed down through generations of organisms.

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27
Q

function of RNA

A

copy of particular sections of genetic information, which are used to direct the synthesis of proteins during gene expression.

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28
Q

act as templates for making copies of themselves.

A

nucleic acids

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29
Q

monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotide

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30
Q

three sections of nucleotide

A

sugar
base
phosphate group

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31
Q

all three parts of the nucleotide have what bonds

A

covalent bonds

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32
Q

how many hydrogen bonds has G-C has

A

3

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33
Q

how many hydrogen bonds does T-A have

A

2

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34
Q

So, each nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) consists of repeating subunits, called

A

nucleotide

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35
Q

what kind of sugar is in DNA

A

2-deoxyribose

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36
Q

In 2-deoxyribose, an oxygen atom is lost in the –OH group of the ribose at carbon number

A

2

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37
Q

are formed by joining the hydroxyl (OH) group on the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of another nucleotide.

A

polynucleotides

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38
Q

Just like magnets, these polynucleotides have ___ , or different ends - a “top” and a “bottom”.

A

poles

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39
Q

polynucleotide top pole

A

phosphate group

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40
Q

polynucleotide bottom pole

A

OH from a sugar

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41
Q

what designation means that the numbering is present in the sugar and not in the nitrogenous base.

A

prime (‘)

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42
Q

two categories of nitrogenous bases

A

purines
pydrimidines

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43
Q

has large, double-ring molecules, and can be found in both DNA and RNA

A

purines

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44
Q

two purines

A

adenine
guanine

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45
Q

bases that have single-ring molecules

A

pyrimidines

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46
Q

example of pyrimidines

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil

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47
Q

heterocyclic means

A

there is an element aside from carbon inside the ring

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48
Q

difference between U and T

A

uracil does not have a CH3 group

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49
Q

bond of nitrogenous base to the anomeric carbon

A

beta-glycosidic linkage

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50
Q

sugar and base combined are called

A

nucleoside

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51
Q

adenine + sugar base

A

adenosine
2-deoxyadenosine

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52
Q

what carbon is the phosphate added

A

5’

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53
Q

is involved in the regulation of glycogen, sugar, and lipid metabolism.

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

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54
Q

second messenger molecule released in signal transduction

A

cylic adenosine monophosphate

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55
Q

in nucleic acids, the monomers are connected by:

A

phosphate esters

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56
Q

approximate frequency of this base in human DNA is about 30% (2)

A

adenine (A)
thymine (T)

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57
Q

approximate frequency of this base in human DNA is about 20% (2)

A

cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

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58
Q

DNA is stored by coiling around proteins called

A

histones

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59
Q

coils of DNA around histones undergo what process to save more space

A

supercoiling

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60
Q

one long supercoiled DNA molecules with the histones are called

A

chromosome

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61
Q

all the DNA material in the nucleus of the cell is collectively called

A

chromatin

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62
Q

the basic repeating subunit of chromatin packaged inside the cell’s nucleus.

A

nucleosome

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63
Q

3 major differences between RNA and DNA

A

RNA contains ribose as the sugar while DNA contains 2-deoxyribose

RNA uses uracil (U) while DNA uses thymine (T).

RNA is single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded

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64
Q

is produced by transcribing (copying) from DNA, and unlike the double strand of DNA, it is usually single-stranded.

A

RNA

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65
Q

biological functions of RNA

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
enzyme

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66
Q

RNA that carry information

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

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67
Q

RNA that is part of the ribosome

A

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

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68
Q

RNA that carry amino acids in the form of

A

tRNA (transporter RNA)

69
Q

RNA function aside from mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

A

act as an enzyme
regulate gene expression

70
Q

Nucleic acids are specialized for

A

storage and transmission of genetic information

important in cell division and reproduction

71
Q

where DNA is stored in eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus

72
Q

two main biological functions of DNA

A

contains the genetic material responsible for inheritance

directs and regulates protein synthesis.

73
Q

transmission of stored information from mother to daughter cells

A

vertical gene transfer

74
Q

duplicate copy of DNA during cell division

A

DNA replication

75
Q

in what kind of cells DNA is linear-stranded double helix

A

eukaryotic cell

76
Q

a linear-stranded double helix wrapped around histones

A

DNA

77
Q

proteins that act as spools around which DNA is wound

A

histones

78
Q

DNA is a linear-stranded double helix wrapped around histones to form a

A

nucleosome

79
Q

importance of RNA

A

protein synthesis

80
Q

is a linear molecule that carries a copy of the gene to be expressed from the nucleus

A

Messenger RNA

81
Q

group of three bases

A

codon

82
Q

how many codon codes for an amino acid

A

3 groups

83
Q

short, unstable, single-stranded RNA corresponding to a gene encoded within DNA

A

mRNA

84
Q

intermediary between DNA and protein, directs the synthesis of the protein it encodes

what kind of RNA

A

mRNA

85
Q

single strand of RNA which folds due to base pairing to form an unusual shape of cloverleaf

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

86
Q

shape of tRNA

A

cloverleaf-like

87
Q

has a triplet anti-codon site and attachment site for specific amino acid

A

transfer RNA

88
Q

how many nucleotides does tRNA have

A

70-90

89
Q

short, stable RNA with extensive intermolecular base pairing; contains an amino acid binding site and mRNA binding site

A

tRNA

90
Q

carries the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis in the ribosome

A

tRNA

91
Q

form the ribosome which is the structure where protein synthesis takes place

A

rRNA

92
Q

longer, stable RNA molecules making up of the 60% of the ribosomes mass

A

rRNA

93
Q

rRNA makes up what percent of the ribosome’s mass

A

60 percent

94
Q

ensures alignment of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome during protein synthesis

A

rRNA

95
Q

catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids

A

rRNA

96
Q

is an important process in cells, because without it, a cell is not able to accommodate the large amount of cell stored inside

A

DNA packaging

97
Q

contains a well-defined nucleus

A

eukaryote

98
Q

in prokaryotes, the chromosome lies in the cytoplasm in an area called

A

nucleoid

99
Q

what cells does DNA and RNA synthesis occur in separate compartment from protein synthesis

A

euakryotic cells

100
Q

cells wherein DNA and protein synthesis occur in the same compartment

A

prokaryotic cells

101
Q

size of genome of E. coli

A

4.6 million base pairs

102
Q

DNA is twisted by what is known as

A

supercoiling

103
Q

means DNa is either under-wound or over-wound

A

supercoiling

104
Q

less than one turn of the helix per 10 base pairs

A

under-wound

105
Q

more than 1 turn per 10 base pairs

A

over-wound

106
Q

enzyme helping in maintaining the supercoiled structure by relieving the strain brought about the coiling process

A

DNA gyrase

107
Q

has chromosomes that consist of linear DNa molecule, employing a different type of packing strategy to fit their DNA inside the nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

108
Q

at the most basic level, DNA is wrapped around proteins known as

A

histones

109
Q

are evolutionarily conserved proteins that are rich in basic amino acids and form an octamer

A

histomes

110
Q

DNA is charged (+/-)

A

negatiive

111
Q

reason why DNA is negatively charged

A

phoshpate groups

112
Q

at physiological pH, the histones are charged

A

positively

113
Q

links one nucleosome to another

A

linker DNA

114
Q

known as the beads on a string structure

A

nucleosomes

115
Q

diameter of the structure of nucleosome

A

30 nm

116
Q

what phase of cell division does the chromosomes are the most compact (approximately 700nm)

A

metaphase

117
Q

chromosomes in metaphase are in association with what kind of proteins

A

scaffold proteins

118
Q

what fiber does nucleosomes are coiled into

A

chromatin fibe

119
Q

DNA is found in which organelles in eukaryotes

A

nucleus
chloroplast
mitochondria

120
Q

difference between DNA in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

E - enclosed in a membrane envelope

P - is in the cytoplasm

121
Q

forces of attraction that hold the double stranded DNA together

A

hydrogen bonds

122
Q

between adenine and thymine, there are __ hydrogen bonds

A

two

123
Q

between guanine and cytosine, there are ___ hydrogen bonds

A

three

124
Q

DNA fragments with more G and C are more/less stable

A

more

125
Q

more stable DNA strands are

A

less likely to separate

126
Q

nitrogenous base is attached to what carbon

A

1’ of the ribose

127
Q

phosphate group is attached to what carbon

A

5’ of the ribose

128
Q

when a polynucleotide is formed, what carbon of the incoming nucleotide is attached to the hydroxyl group at the end of the growing chain

A

5’ phosphate of incoming nucleotide attaches to the 3’ hydroxyl group of the end of the growing chain

129
Q

never leave the nucleus but instead use intermediary to communicate with the rest of the cell

A

DNA

130
Q

intermediary used by DNA to communicate with the rest of the cell

A

mRNA

131
Q

enters the nucleus and attaches itself to one of the DNA strands when proteins are needed to be made

A

mRNA

132
Q

being complementary, the sequence of nitrogen bases of the RNA is ___ to that of the DNA

A

opposite

133
Q

sequence of nitrogen bases of RNA opposite that of the DNA is called what process

A

transcription

134
Q

mRNa then carries the code out of the nucleus to organelles called what

A

ribosomes

135
Q

the synthesis of DNA or RNA always assumes what direction

A

5’ to 3’ direction

136
Q

enzyme responsible for the synthesis of DNA is called

A

DNA polymerase

137
Q

compounds that are used by DNA polymerase to synthesize DNA (4)

A

ATP
GTP
CTP
TTP

138
Q

nucleotides undergo what process to activate

A

phosphorylation

139
Q

enzyme responsible for the synthesis of RNA is called

A

RNA polymerase

140
Q

compounds used by RNA polymerase to synthesize RNA are (4)

A

ATP
GTP
CTP
UTP

141
Q

one the mRNa has reached the ribosomes, the ribosomes do not read the instructions directly, instead another type of RNA called is needed to translate the information from mRNA to usable form

A

tRNA

142
Q

the amino acids first attach themsleves to specific tRNAs through what enzyme

A

tRNA synthethase

143
Q

complex that attaches to the mRNA through the action of RNA synthethase

A

tRNA-amino acid

144
Q

tRNA-amino acid attaches to the mRNA using what end

A

anti-codon end

145
Q

is part of tRNA that contains bases that are complementary to the codon in mRNA

A

anti-codon

146
Q

reads the sequence of three bases in the mRNA

A

ribosome

147
Q

each possible three letter arrangement of codons come from (4)

A

A
C
U
G

148
Q

correspondence of these instructions and amino acids is known as the

A

genetic code

149
Q

start codon

A

AUG (methionine)

150
Q

stop codon (3)

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

151
Q

the portion of the mRNA having 5’ AGG UUC AGC 3’ when translated will have the peptide sequence of

A

arg-phe-ser

152
Q

acts like a giant clamp, holding all the players in position, and facilitating both the pairing of bases between the messenger and transfer RNAs, and the chemical bonding between amino acids

A

ribosome

153
Q

special subunits of ribosomes

A

ribosomal RNAs

154
Q

do not carry instructions for making specific proteins but are instead an integral part of the ribosome machinery that used to make proteins from mRNAs

A

rRNas

155
Q

making of proteins by reading instructions in mRNA is generally known as

A

translation

156
Q

enzyme responsible for joining amino acids together during translation is called

A

peptidyl transferase

157
Q

peptidyl transferase reads this RNA from 5’ to 3’ direction

A

mRNA

158
Q

newly synthesized peptide chain grows from what terminal to another

A

N-terminal to C-terminal

159
Q

cell division phase where eukaryotic chromosomes have two distinct regions that can be distinguished by staining

A

interphase

160
Q

tightly packed region in eukaryotic regions with two distinct regions

A

heterochromatin

161
Q

less dense region, lightly packed form of chromatin (DNA, RNA, and protein) that is enriched in genes, and is often (but not always) under active transcription.

A

euchromatin

162
Q

usually contains genes that are not expressed and is found in the regions of the centromere and telomere

A

heterochromatin

163
Q

usually contains genes that are transcribed, with DNa packaged around nucleosomes but not further compacted

A

euchromatin

164
Q

the process where DNA is copied into another DNA is called

A

replication

165
Q

when DNa is copied into an RNA the process called

A

transcription

166
Q

when the information in the mRNA is used to direct protein synthesis, the process is called

A

translation

167
Q

some of these can have the ability to synthesize DNA from RNA

A

viruses

168
Q

viruses synthesizing DNA from RNA is a process called

A

reverse transcription

Biomolecules (14 decks)

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