Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomolecules > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

make up nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 components of nucleotide

A

phosphate
5 carbon sugar
nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

example of 5 carbon sugar

A

ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5 carbon sugar present in DNA

A

deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

4 nitrogenous bases

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how are nucleotides linked together

A

by dehydration synthesis or polymerisation reactions betrween one sugar nucleotide and phosphate group of second nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA.

A

sugar phosphate backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DNA is composed of two strands arranged as a right handed ___

A

helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

orientation of the strands of a double helix

A

anti-parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what kind of bonds hold the two strands of double helix

A

hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Guanine form hydrogen bonds with ___

A

cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Adenine bonds with ___

A

thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

RNA differs from DNA because it contains the sugar

A

ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

nitrogenous base present in RNA

A

uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

RNA is usually ___ and does not form ___

A

single stranded
helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which is more stable

RNA/DNA

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

stores the information to construct a protein

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

regulates expression of information during protein synthesis

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

modified nucleotide that plays essential role in energy processing within cells

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ATP is composed of

A

adenine
ribose
3 phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bonds within ATP bonds are

A

high energy bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which phosphate group in ATP is removed when energy is needed

A

terminal phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

formed when terminal phosphate is removed in ATP

A

adenosine diphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

are biopolymers that carry information inside cells

A

nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

two main kinds of nucleic acids

A

DNA
RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

function of DNA

A

stores the genetic information for a cell and is inherited and passed down through generations of organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

function of RNA

A

copy of particular sections of genetic information, which are used to direct the synthesis of proteins during gene expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

act as templates for making copies of themselves.

A

nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

three sections of nucleotide

A

sugar
base
phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

all three parts of the nucleotide have what bonds

A

covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how many hydrogen bonds has G-C has

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how many hydrogen bonds does T-A have

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

So, each nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) consists of repeating subunits, called

A

nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what kind of sugar is in DNA

A

2-deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In 2-deoxyribose, an oxygen atom is lost in the –OH group of the ribose at carbon number

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

are formed by joining the hydroxyl (OH) group on the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of another nucleotide.

A

polynucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Just like magnets, these polynucleotides have ___ , or different ends - a “top” and a “bottom”.

A

poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

polynucleotide top pole

A

phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

polynucleotide bottom pole

A

OH from a sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what designation means that the numbering is present in the sugar and not in the nitrogenous base.

A

prime (‘)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

two categories of nitrogenous bases

A

purines
pydrimidines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

has large, double-ring molecules, and can be found in both DNA and RNA

A

purines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

two purines

A

adenine
guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

bases that have single-ring molecules

A

pyrimidines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

example of pyrimidines

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

heterocyclic means

A

there is an element aside from carbon inside the ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

difference between U and T

A

uracil does not have a CH3 group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

bond of nitrogenous base to the anomeric carbon

A

beta-glycosidic linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

sugar and base combined are called

A

nucleoside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

adenine + sugar base

A

adenosine
2-deoxyadenosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what carbon is the phosphate added

A

5’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

is involved in the regulation of glycogen, sugar, and lipid metabolism.

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

second messenger molecule released in signal transduction

A

cylic adenosine monophosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

in nucleic acids, the monomers are connected by:

A

phosphate esters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

approximate frequency of this base in human DNA is about 30% (2)

A

adenine (A)
thymine (T)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

approximate frequency of this base in human DNA is about 20% (2)

A

cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

DNA is stored by coiling around proteins called

A

histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

coils of DNA around histones undergo what process to save more space

A

supercoiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

one long supercoiled DNA molecules with the histones are called

A

chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

all the DNA material in the nucleus of the cell is collectively called

A

chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

the basic repeating subunit of chromatin packaged inside the cell’s nucleus.

A

nucleosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

3 major differences between RNA and DNA

A

RNA contains ribose as the sugar while DNA contains 2-deoxyribose

RNA uses uracil (U) while DNA uses thymine (T).

RNA is single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

is produced by transcribing (copying) from DNA, and unlike the double strand of DNA, it is usually single-stranded.

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

biological functions of RNA

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

RNA that carry information

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

RNA that is part of the ribosome

A

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

RNA that carry amino acids in the form of

A

tRNA (transporter RNA)

69
Q

RNA function aside from mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

A

act as an enzyme
regulate gene expression

70
Q

Nucleic acids are specialized for

A

storage and transmission of genetic information

important in cell division and reproduction

71
Q

where DNA is stored in eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus

72
Q

two main biological functions of DNA

A

contains the genetic material responsible for inheritance

directs and regulates protein synthesis.

73
Q

transmission of stored information from mother to daughter cells

A

vertical gene transfer

74
Q

duplicate copy of DNA during cell division

A

DNA replication

75
Q

in what kind of cells DNA is linear-stranded double helix

A

eukaryotic cell

76
Q

a linear-stranded double helix wrapped around histones

A

DNA

77
Q

proteins that act as spools around which DNA is wound

A

histones

78
Q

DNA is a linear-stranded double helix wrapped around histones to form a

A

nucleosome

79
Q

importance of RNA

A

protein synthesis

80
Q

is a linear molecule that carries a copy of the gene to be expressed from the nucleus

A

Messenger RNA

81
Q

group of three bases

A

codon

82
Q

how many codon codes for an amino acid

A

3 groups

83
Q

short, unstable, single-stranded RNA corresponding to a gene encoded within DNA

A

mRNA

84
Q

intermediary between DNA and protein, directs the synthesis of the protein it encodes

what kind of RNA

A

mRNA

85
Q

single strand of RNA which folds due to base pairing to form an unusual shape of cloverleaf

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

86
Q

shape of tRNA

A

cloverleaf-like

87
Q

has a triplet anti-codon site and attachment site for specific amino acid

A

transfer RNA

88
Q

how many nucleotides does tRNA have

A

70-90

89
Q

short, stable RNA with extensive intermolecular base pairing; contains an amino acid binding site and mRNA binding site

A

tRNA

90
Q

carries the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis in the ribosome

A

tRNA

91
Q

form the ribosome which is the structure where protein synthesis takes place

A

rRNA

92
Q

longer, stable RNA molecules making up of the 60% of the ribosomes mass

A

rRNA

93
Q

rRNA makes up what percent of the ribosome’s mass

A

60 percent

94
Q

ensures alignment of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome during protein synthesis

A

rRNA

95
Q

catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids

A

rRNA

96
Q

is an important process in cells, because without it, a cell is not able to accommodate the large amount of cell stored inside

A

DNA packaging

97
Q

contains a well-defined nucleus

A

eukaryote

98
Q

in prokaryotes, the chromosome lies in the cytoplasm in an area called

A

nucleoid

99
Q

what cells does DNA and RNA synthesis occur in separate compartment from protein synthesis

A

euakryotic cells

100
Q

cells wherein DNA and protein synthesis occur in the same compartment

A

prokaryotic cells

101
Q

size of genome of E. coli

A

4.6 million base pairs

102
Q

DNA is twisted by what is known as

A

supercoiling

103
Q

means DNa is either under-wound or over-wound

A

supercoiling

104
Q

less than one turn of the helix per 10 base pairs

A

under-wound

105
Q

more than 1 turn per 10 base pairs

A

over-wound

106
Q

enzyme helping in maintaining the supercoiled structure by relieving the strain brought about the coiling process

A

DNA gyrase

107
Q

has chromosomes that consist of linear DNa molecule, employing a different type of packing strategy to fit their DNA inside the nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

108
Q

at the most basic level, DNA is wrapped around proteins known as

A

histones

109
Q

are evolutionarily conserved proteins that are rich in basic amino acids and form an octamer

A

histomes

110
Q

DNA is charged (+/-)

A

negatiive

111
Q

reason why DNA is negatively charged

A

phoshpate groups

112
Q

at physiological pH, the histones are charged

A

positively

113
Q

links one nucleosome to another

A

linker DNA

114
Q

known as the beads on a string structure

A

nucleosomes

115
Q

diameter of the structure of nucleosome

A

30 nm

116
Q

what phase of cell division does the chromosomes are the most compact (approximately 700nm)

A

metaphase

117
Q

chromosomes in metaphase are in association with what kind of proteins

A

scaffold proteins

118
Q

what fiber does nucleosomes are coiled into

A

chromatin fibe

119
Q

DNA is found in which organelles in eukaryotes

A

nucleus
chloroplast
mitochondria

120
Q

difference between DNA in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

E - enclosed in a membrane envelope

P - is in the cytoplasm

121
Q

forces of attraction that hold the double stranded DNA together

A

hydrogen bonds

122
Q

between adenine and thymine, there are __ hydrogen bonds

A

two

123
Q

between guanine and cytosine, there are ___ hydrogen bonds

A

three

124
Q

DNA fragments with more G and C are more/less stable

A

more

125
Q

more stable DNA strands are

A

less likely to separate

126
Q

nitrogenous base is attached to what carbon

A

1’ of the ribose

127
Q

phosphate group is attached to what carbon

A

5’ of the ribose

128
Q

when a polynucleotide is formed, what carbon of the incoming nucleotide is attached to the hydroxyl group at the end of the growing chain

A

5’ phosphate of incoming nucleotide attaches to the 3’ hydroxyl group of the end of the growing chain

129
Q

never leave the nucleus but instead use intermediary to communicate with the rest of the cell

A

DNA

130
Q

intermediary used by DNA to communicate with the rest of the cell

A

mRNA

131
Q

enters the nucleus and attaches itself to one of the DNA strands when proteins are needed to be made

A

mRNA

132
Q

being complementary, the sequence of nitrogen bases of the RNA is ___ to that of the DNA

A

opposite

133
Q

sequence of nitrogen bases of RNA opposite that of the DNA is called what process

A

transcription

134
Q

mRNa then carries the code out of the nucleus to organelles called what

A

ribosomes

135
Q

the synthesis of DNA or RNA always assumes what direction

A

5’ to 3’ direction

136
Q

enzyme responsible for the synthesis of DNA is called

A

DNA polymerase

137
Q

compounds that are used by DNA polymerase to synthesize DNA (4)

A

ATP
GTP
CTP
TTP

138
Q

nucleotides undergo what process to activate

A

phosphorylation

139
Q

enzyme responsible for the synthesis of RNA is called

A

RNA polymerase

140
Q

compounds used by RNA polymerase to synthesize RNA are (4)

A

ATP
GTP
CTP
UTP

141
Q

one the mRNa has reached the ribosomes, the ribosomes do not read the instructions directly, instead another type of RNA called is needed to translate the information from mRNA to usable form

A

tRNA

142
Q

the amino acids first attach themsleves to specific tRNAs through what enzyme

A

tRNA synthethase

143
Q

complex that attaches to the mRNA through the action of RNA synthethase

A

tRNA-amino acid

144
Q

tRNA-amino acid attaches to the mRNA using what end

A

anti-codon end

145
Q

is part of tRNA that contains bases that are complementary to the codon in mRNA

A

anti-codon

146
Q

reads the sequence of three bases in the mRNA

A

ribosome

147
Q

each possible three letter arrangement of codons come from (4)

A

A
C
U
G

148
Q

correspondence of these instructions and amino acids is known as the

A

genetic code

149
Q

start codon

A

AUG (methionine)

150
Q

stop codon (3)

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

151
Q

the portion of the mRNA having 5’ AGG UUC AGC 3’ when translated will have the peptide sequence of

A

arg-phe-ser

152
Q

acts like a giant clamp, holding all the players in position, and facilitating both the pairing of bases between the messenger and transfer RNAs, and the chemical bonding between amino acids

A

ribosome

153
Q

special subunits of ribosomes

A

ribosomal RNAs

154
Q

do not carry instructions for making specific proteins but are instead an integral part of the ribosome machinery that used to make proteins from mRNAs

A

rRNas

155
Q

making of proteins by reading instructions in mRNA is generally known as

A

translation

156
Q

enzyme responsible for joining amino acids together during translation is called

A

peptidyl transferase

157
Q

peptidyl transferase reads this RNA from 5’ to 3’ direction

A

mRNA

158
Q

newly synthesized peptide chain grows from what terminal to another

A

N-terminal to C-terminal

159
Q

cell division phase where eukaryotic chromosomes have two distinct regions that can be distinguished by staining

A

interphase

160
Q

tightly packed region in eukaryotic regions with two distinct regions

A

heterochromatin

161
Q

less dense region, lightly packed form of chromatin (DNA, RNA, and protein) that is enriched in genes, and is often (but not always) under active transcription.

A

euchromatin

162
Q

usually contains genes that are not expressed and is found in the regions of the centromere and telomere

A

heterochromatin

163
Q

usually contains genes that are transcribed, with DNa packaged around nucleosomes but not further compacted

A

euchromatin

164
Q

the process where DNA is copied into another DNA is called

A

replication

165
Q

when DNa is copied into an RNA the process called

A

transcription

166
Q

when the information in the mRNA is used to direct protein synthesis, the process is called

A

translation

167
Q

some of these can have the ability to synthesize DNA from RNA

A

viruses

168
Q

viruses synthesizing DNA from RNA is a process called

A

reverse transcription

Biomolecules (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions