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Biomolecules > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

how many glands in the endocrine system

A

eight

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2
Q

liquid chemical messengers

A

hormones

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3
Q

produced and secreted in the blood when levels of glucose in blood becomes too high

A

insulin

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4
Q

is any member of a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms, that are transported to distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior.

A

hormone

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5
Q

hormone means

A

setting in motion

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6
Q

are required for the correct development of animals, plants, and fungi.

A

hormones

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7
Q

Among the substances that can be considered hormones are

A

eicosanoids
amino acid derivatives
protein/peptides
steroids

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8
Q

example of hormones

A

prostaglandins
thromboxanes

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9
Q

amino acid example

A

epinephrine
auxin

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10
Q

protein/peptides example

A

insulin

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11
Q

In ___, hormones are responsible for the regulation of many physiological processes and behavioral activities such as digestion, metabolism, respiration, sensory perception, sleep, excretion, lactation, stress induction, growth and development, movement, reproduction, and mood manipulation.

A

vertebrates

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12
Q

In ___, hormones modulate almost all aspects of development, from germination to senescence

A

plants

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13
Q

When a hormone binds to the receptor, it results in the activation of a _____ _____pathway that typically activates gene transcription, resulting in increased expression of target proteins.

A

signal transduction

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14
Q

generally act on the surface of target cells via second messengers.

A

water soluble hormones

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15
Q

water soluble hormones examples

A

peptides
amines

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16
Q

generally pass through the plasma membranes of target cells (both cytoplasmic and nuclear) to act within their nuclei.

A

lipid-soluble hormones

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17
Q

example of lipid soluble hormones

A

steroids and eicosanoids

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18
Q

can also act in rapid, non-genomic pathways that can be synergistic with genomic effects

A

hormones

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19
Q

are cellular processes that can lead to rapid cellular responses within seconds.

A

non genomic pathways

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20
Q

are mediated by nuclear receptors that regulate genes

A

genomic pathways

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21
Q

are specialized organs that secrete hormones into the endocrine signaling system.

A

endocrine glands

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22
Q

occurs in response to specific biochemical signals and is often subject to negative feedback regulation.

A

hormone secretion

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23
Q

For instance, high blood sugar (serum glucose concentration) promotes ____ ___

A

insulin snythesis

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24
Q

acts to reduce glucose levels and maintain homeostasis, leading to reduced glucose levels.

A

insulin

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25
Q

Upon secretion, ___-soluble hormones are readily transported through the circulatory system.

A

water

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26
Q

must bond to carrier plasma glycoproteins (e.g., thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)) to form ligand-protein complexes

A

lipid-soluble hormones

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27
Q

what carrier does lipid-soluble hormones must bond to

A

carrier plasma glycoproteins

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28
Q

example of carrier plasma glycoproteins

A

thyroxine-binding globulin

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29
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones must bond to carrier plasma glycoproteins (e.g., thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)) to form

A

ligand-protein complexes

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30
Q

Some hormones are completely active when released into the bloodstream

what example

A

insulin
growth hormones

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31
Q

that must be activated in specific cells through a series of activation steps that are commonly highly regulated

A

prohormones

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32
Q

secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream, typically via fenestrated capillaries

A

endocrine system

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33
Q

endocrine system secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream, typically via

A

fenestrated capillaries

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34
Q

are a type of blood vessel. They have tiny pores that allow nutrients, waste and oxygen to flow from the blood to the organs.

A

fenestrated capillaries

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35
Q

secretes its hormones indirectly using ducts

A

exocrine system

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36
Q

Hormones with ___ function diffuse through the interstitial spaces to a nearby target tissue.

A

paracrine

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37
Q

a term used in cellular biology to describe a type of cell signaling where a cell secretes a signal to change the behavior of nearby cells

A

paracrine

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38
Q

lack specialized organs for the secretion of hormones, although there is a spatial distribution of hormone production

A

plants

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39
Q

is produced mainly at the tips of young leaves and in the shoot apical meristem

A

auxin

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40
Q

The lack of specialized glands means that the main site of hormone production cannot/can change throughout the life of a plant

A

can

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41
Q

and the site of production is dependent on the plant’s

what two factors

A

age
environment

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42
Q

chemical messengers synthesized at one location that deliver messages to a different location

A

hormones

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43
Q

5 main types of hormones that influence plant growth

A

auxin
gibberellin
cytokinin
ethylene
abscisic acid

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44
Q

hormones that allows plants to bend towards the light

A

auxin

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45
Q

is the way plants and other organisms grow in response to light.

A

phototropism

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46
Q

the directional growth or turning of an organism in response to an external stimulus

A

tropism

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47
Q

where is auxin synthesized

A

stem tips

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48
Q

required for a plant to germinate

A

gibberellins

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49
Q

promote elongation of internodes

A

gibberellins

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50
Q

stem between notes

A

internodes

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51
Q

counters senescence in plants

A

cytokinin

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52
Q

produced in the root apical meristem

A

cytokinin

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53
Q

tips of the roots where cytokinin is produced

A

root apical meristem

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54
Q

uses this ratio to determine if the plant develops roots or shoots

A

cytokinin:auxin

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55
Q

more auxin promotes the formation of

A

roots

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56
Q

more cytokinin promotes the formation of

A

shoots

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57
Q

works with ethylene to cause the abscission of leaves, flowers, and fruits

A

cytokinin

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58
Q

ripens fruits

A

ethylene

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59
Q

gaseous, with low solubility in water

A

ethylene

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60
Q

more produced by rapidly growing and dividing cells

A

ethylene

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61
Q

important in germinating plants, preventing leaf expansion

A

ethylene

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62
Q

allows shoots to dig upward through the tsoil until it reaches llight

A

ethylene

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63
Q

hormone that signals dehydration

A

abscisic acid

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64
Q

synthesized in the chloroplast to makes leaves close their stomata to prevent water loss through phototranspiration

A

abscisic acid

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65
Q

a substance which produced in any one part of an organism, is transferred to another part and there influences a specific physiological prcoess

A

hormone

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66
Q

term hormone is derived from the greek word “___”

A

hormao

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67
Q

hormao means

A

to excite

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68
Q

the tissues where hormones are produced are called as

A

effectors

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69
Q

tissue or organs which hormoens exert their influence are called as

A

targets

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70
Q

hormones are produced in

A

duct-less glands/endocrine glands

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71
Q

hormone is a ___-cellular messenger

A

intra

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72
Q

what medium are hormones transported in from endocrine cell

A

blood

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73
Q

target cell has specific ___ to recognize homrone

A

receptor

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74
Q

have low molecular weight and diffuse readily

A

hormones

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75
Q

readily oxidized and their effects do not remain permanent unless supplied continuously

A

hormones

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76
Q

hormones are classified based on (2)

A

chemical nature
mechanism of action on target cell

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77
Q

chemically, hormones are group as (3)

A

protein or peptide hormones
steroid hormones
amino acid derivatives

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78
Q

example of protein or peptide hormones

A

insulin
glucagon
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin

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79
Q

example of steroid hormones

A

glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoid
sex hormones

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80
Q

example of amino acid derivatives

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
thyroxine
triiodothyronine

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81
Q

hormones based on mechanism of action on target cell (2)

A

group 1 hormones
group 2 hormones

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82
Q

bind to intracellular complexes, which then binds to the DNA and activates transcription of certain genes

A

group I hormones

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83
Q

bind to cell surface receptors and stimulate release of second messengers

A

group II hormones

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84
Q

group II hormones are further divided based on the type of group II messenger released on target cells (3)

A

cAMP
phosphatidylinositol/calcium
uncharacterized

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85
Q

all steroid hormones and amino acid derivatives fall in the category of

A

lipophilic

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86
Q

protein or peptide hormones are __

A

hydrophilic

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87
Q

steroid hormones and amino acid derivatives fall in what group of hormones

A

group I hormones

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88
Q

group I hormones are lipophilic/hydrophilic

A

lipophilic

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89
Q

group II hormones are lipophilic/hydrophilic

A

hydrophilic

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90
Q

protein or peptide hormones are what type of homrones

A

group II hormones

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91
Q

lipophilic hormone action

A

endocrine gland releases lipophilic hormone

hormones travels in the blood and reaches target cell (receptor is present in the cell nucleus)

cell is lipophilic so it can easily enter the cell through the cell membrane and through the nuclear pore

binds to the receptor and forms hormone receptor complex

complex binds to DNA and activates transcription to induce desired effect

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92
Q

hormones that act in the mechanisms of lipophilic hormone action

A

estrogens
progestins
androgens
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
calcitriol
thyroid hormones

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93
Q

hydrophilic hormone action

A

endocrine gland releases hydrophilic hormone

hormone travels in the blood and reaches target cell

receptor of hydrophilic hormone is present in the cell membrane

hormone cannot enter the cell since it is hydrophilic

receptor induces the release of 2nd messengers (cAMP/phosphatidylinositol/calcium)

2nd messengers activates or deactives cellular enzymes to induce desired effect

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94
Q

hormones that undergo hydrophilic hormone action

A

Adenocotricotropic homrone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
glucagon
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
calcitonin
epinephrine
norepinephrine
insulin
gastrin

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95
Q

major endocrine glands found in the body

A

pineal gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal glands
testis (male)
ovary (female)

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96
Q

endocrine gland found in the head

A

pineal
pituitary gland

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97
Q

endocrine gland located in the neck

A

thyroid gland

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98
Q

gland located in the abdomen

A

pancreas
adrenal gland

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99
Q

steps in hormone signaling

A

Biosynthesis of a particular hormone in a particular tissue

Storage and secretion of the hormone

Transport of the hormone to the target cell(s)

Recognition of the hormone by an associated cell membrane or intracellular receptor protein

Relay and amplification of the received hormonal signal via a signal transduction process: This then leads to a cellular response. The reaction of the target cells may then be recognized by the original hormone-producing cells, leading to a down-regulation in hormone production. This is an example of a homeostatic negative feedback loop.

Breakdown of the hormone.

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100
Q

are typical of a specialized cell type, residing within a particular endocrine gland, such as the thyroid gland, ovaries, and testes.

A

hormone producing cells

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101
Q

Hormones exit their cell of origin via ___ or another means of membrane transport.

A

exocytosis

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102
Q

refers to the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane and results in the discharge of the vesicle content into the extracellular space and the incorporation of new proteins and lipids into the plasma membrane.

A

exocytosis

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103
Q

communication of ten invloves a signal sent from one location to another that instructs the second organ about the status of some cellular feature

A

insulin signalling

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104
Q

is a process that involves the use of signaling proteins and molecules to relay information within a cell and to the mitochondria

A

cytoplasmic signalling

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105
Q

process that occur when phosphate binds itself on the receptors during insulin signalling

A

autophosphorylation

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106
Q

are made of a chain of amino acids that can range from just 3 to hundreds of amino acids.

A

peptide hormones

107
Q

Examples of peptide hormones

A

oxytocin and insulin.

108
Q

Their sequences are encoded in DNA and can be modified by alternative splicing and/or post-translational modification.

A

peptide hormones

109
Q

They are packed in vesicles and are hydrophilic, meaning that they are soluble in water.

A

peptides

110
Q

they can only bind to receptors on the membrane, as traveling through the membrane is unlikely.

A

peptide hormones

111
Q

some of them can bind into intracellular receptors through an intracine mechanism

A

peptide hormones

112
Q

refer to hormones that are produced and act inside the same cell.

A

intracine

113
Q

are derived from an amino acid, most commonly tyrosine.

A

amino acid hormones

114
Q

stored in vesicles

A

amino acid hormones

115
Q

example of amino acid hormones

A

melatonin
thyroxine

116
Q

are derived from cholestero

A

steroid hormones

117
Q

example of steroid hormones

A

estradiol
tesosterone
cortisol

118
Q

how many fused rings does steroid have

A

four fused rings

119
Q

are lipophilic and hence can cross membranes to bind to intracellular nuclear receptors.

A

steroid hormones

120
Q

are derived from lipids such as arachidonic acid, lipoxins, and prostaglandins.

A

eicosanoid hormones

121
Q

example of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins
thromboxane

122
Q

hormones that are produced by cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases

A

eicosanoid

123
Q

are hydrophobic and act on membrane receptors.

A

eicosanoid

124
Q

form most of body’s hormones

A

proteins/polypeptides

125
Q

Receptors for most peptides as well as many eicosanoid hormones are embedded in the plasma membrane at the surface of the cell and the majority of these receptors belong to the

A

G protein-coupled recptor class

126
Q

The interaction of hormone and receptor typically triggers a cascade of secondary effects within the cytoplasm of the cell, described as

A

signal transduction

127
Q

often involving phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of various other cytoplasmic proteins, changes in ion channel permeability, or increased concentrations of intracellular molecules that may act as secondary messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP).

A

signal transduction

128
Q

For steroid or thyroid hormones, their receptors are located inside the cell within the ___of the target cell.

A

cytoplasm

129
Q

first step of protein synthesis.

A

mRNA synthesis

130
Q

EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON THE BODY

A

stimulation or inhibition of growth

wake-sleep cycle and other circadian rhythms

mood swings

induction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death)

activation or inhibition of the immune system

regulation of metabolism

preparation of the body for mating, fighting, fleeing, and other activity

preparation of the body for a new phase of life, such as puberty, parenting, and menopause
control of the reproductive cycle

hunger cravings

131
Q

may also regulate the production and release of other hormones.

A

hormone

132
Q

Hormone signals control the internal environment of the body through

A

homeostasis

133
Q

The rate of hormone biosynthesis and secretion is often regulated by a

A

homeostatic negative feedback control mechanism

134
Q

Thus, higher hormone concentration alone cannot trigger the negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback must be triggered by the overproduction of an “___” of the hormone.

A

effect

135
Q

Blood glucose levels are maintained at a constant level in the body by a ___feedback mechanism.

A

negative

136
Q

When the blood glucose level is too high, the pancreas secretes ____and when the level is too low, the pancreas then secretes ___.

A

insulin
glucagon

137
Q

Hormone secretion can be stimulated and inhibited by:

A

other hormones

plasma concentration of ions or nutrients

neurons and mental activity

environmental changes, e.g. of light or temperature

138
Q

One special group of hormones is the ___ hormones that stimulate the hormone production of other endocrine glands.

A

tropic

139
Q

are hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target

A

tropic hormones

140
Q

Most tropic hormones are produced and secreted by the

A

anterior pituitary gland

141
Q

causes growth and increased activity of another endocrine gland, the thyroid

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

142
Q

To release active hormones quickly into the circulation, hormone biosynthetic cells may produce and store biologically inactive hormones in the form of

A

pre or prohormones

143
Q

which cells produce and store prehormones

A

hormone biosynthethic cells

144
Q

are considered to act as local hormones.

A

eicosanoids

145
Q

considered to be “local” because they possess specific effects on target cells close to their site of formation

A

eicosanoids

146
Q

have a rapid degradation cycle, making sure they do not reach distant sites within the body.

A

eicosanoids

147
Q

Hormones are also regulated by receptor

A

agonists

148
Q

are ligands, which are any kind of molecules that produce a signal by binding to a receptor site on a protein.

A

hormones

149
Q

any kind of molecules that produce a signal by binding to a receptor site on a protein

A

ligans

150
Q

Hormone effects can be inhibited, thus regulated, by ___ ____s that bind to the same target receptor as the hormone in question.

A

competing lignds

151
Q

These competing ligands are called ___of the hormone.

A

antagonist

152
Q

what hormone is produced by the pineal gland

A

melatonin

153
Q

function of melatonin

A

biological clock

154
Q

FSH/LH
ADH
Growth hormone
Oxytocin
Prolactin

are produced where?

A

Thyroid gland

155
Q

target organ of FSH/LH

A

ovaries

156
Q

function of FSH and LH

A

menstrual cycle

157
Q

target organ and function of ADH

A

kidneys
osmoregulation

158
Q

target organ and function of growth hormone

A

uterus
growth and division

159
Q

target organ and function of oxytocin

A

breast tissue
birth contractions

160
Q

target organ and function of prolactin

A

many others
milk production

161
Q

target organ and function of thyroxin

A

liver
metabolic rate

162
Q

thyroxin is produced where

A

thyroid gland

163
Q

adrenal glands produce which hormones (2)

A

adrenaline
cortisol

164
Q

target organ and function of adrenaline

A

many
fight or flight

165
Q

target organ and function of cortisol

A

many
anti-stress

166
Q

pancreas produces which hormone

A

insulin
glucagon

167
Q

target organ and function of insulin and glucagon

A

liver
blood sugar levels

168
Q

ovaries produce which hormone

A

estrogen
progesterone

169
Q

target organ and function of estrogen and progesterone

A

uterus
menstrual cycle

170
Q

testes produce which hormone

A

testosterone

171
Q

target organ and function of testes

A

many
male characteristics

172
Q

consume a very small fraction of the total steroids available in the organism,

A

steroid hormones

173
Q

five principles classes of steroids

A

progestins
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
estrogens
androgens

174
Q

all steroids are derived from

A

cholesterol

175
Q

steroid hormones that are active during pregnancy

A

progestins

176
Q

steroid hormones that promotes the synthess of glucose and suppressing inflammatory reactions

A

glucocorticoids

177
Q

steroid hormones that regulates ion balances

A

mineralocorticoids

178
Q

steroid hormones that promotes female sex characteristics

A

estrogens

179
Q

steroid hormones that male sex charactersitics

A

androgens

180
Q

With the exception of progesterone, all of these closely related biologically active molecules have in common a shortened side chain in ring D and, in some cases, an oxidized OH group on ring A.

A

steroids

181
Q

Except ___, steroids have closely related biologically active molecules that have in common a shortened side chain in ring D and, in some cases, an oxidized OH group on ring A.

A

progesterone

182
Q

invoke changes in gene expression; that is, their action is to turn on or off the instructions issued by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to produce proteins that regulate the biosynthesis of other important proteins.

A

lipid hormones

183
Q

are carried in the circulation bound singly to specific carrier proteins that target them to the cells in particular organs.

A

steroids

184
Q

first step in protein biosynthesis.

A

DNA transcription

185
Q

For steroids, the structural backbone is called the

A

steroidal nucleus

186
Q

The chemical name of the steroidal nucleus is

A

peryhydrocyclopentanopheanthrene

187
Q

Any compound that contains the steroidal nucleus is considered a

A

steroid

188
Q

example of steroids

A

cholesterol
cortisone
estrogen
testosterone

189
Q

important biological regulators that nearly always show dramatic physiological effects when they are administered to living organisms

A

steroids

190
Q

are major components of biological membranes in eukaryotes

A

steroids

191
Q

is the principal steroid of animals

A

cholesterol

192
Q

the major steroid in fungi is

A

ergosterol

193
Q

major steroid in plants

A

sitosterol

194
Q

The characteristic feature of each of these three important molecules is ___ rigidly fused carbon rings forming the steroid nucleus and a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the ___ring

A

four
first

195
Q

This is a group of steroids that regulate events during pregnancy and are the precursors of the other steroid hormones

A

progestins

196
Q

is secreted by the adrenal cortex as well as the gonads. It is secreted by the ovarian corpus luteum during the first ten weeks of pregnancy, followed by the placenta in the later phase of pregnancy.

A

progesterone

197
Q

are synthetic forms of the body’s naturally occurring hormone progesterone

A

progestins

198
Q

Progestins are synthetic forms of the body’s naturally occurring hormone

A

progesterone

199
Q

were designed to interact with progesterone receptors in the body in order to produce progesterone-like effects.

A

progestins

200
Q

Examples of progestins include natural or bioidentical progesterone such as

A

medroxyprogesterone acetate
norethisterone

201
Q

is used for any natural or man-made substance that has properties similar to natural progesterone

A

progestin

202
Q

There are ___ different types of progestins that may be found in combination birth control pills along with estrogen.

A

eight

203
Q

are cholesterol-derived steroid hormones synthesized and secreted by the adrenal gland.

A

glucocorticoids

204
Q

anti-inflammatory in all tissues

A

glucocorticoids

205
Q

control the metabolism in muscles, fat, liver, and bone

A

glucocorticoids

206
Q

also affect vascular tone

A

vascular tone

207
Q

the contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle cells in the walls of small arteries and arterioles,

A

vascular tone

208
Q

influences mood, behavior, and sleep-wakefulness cycle in the brain

A

clucocorticoids

209
Q

are powerful medicines that fight inflammation and work with your immune system to treat a wide range of health problems. They control how your cells use sugar and fats. They also control inflammation.

A

glucocorticoids

210
Q

example of glucocorticoids

A

cortisol
cortisone
prednisone
dexamethasone hydrocortisone

211
Q

are a class of steroid hormones that regulate salt and water balances.

A

mineralocorticoids

212
Q

promote sodium and potassium transport usually followed by changes in water balance.

A

mineralocorticoids

213
Q

group of steroids that regulates ion balances between the interior and the exterior of the cell.

A

mineralocorticoids

214
Q

is the primary example of a mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

215
Q

where is aldosterone produced

A

zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

216
Q

It also acts on the kidneys particularly involved in the reabsorption of sodium ions as well as the passive reabsorption of water.

A

aldosterone

217
Q

is a group of any natural or synthetic hormone that regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors

A

androgen

218
Q

esponsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in men, including facial and body hair growth, and voice change

A

androgens

219
Q

affect bone and muscle development

A

androgens

220
Q

The principal examples of androgens are (2)

A

testosterone
androstenedione

221
Q

is produced mainly by the testes

A

testosterone

222
Q

are produced primarily from the adrenal glands

A

androgens

223
Q

this can also play roles in converting weak adrogens to more potent ones

A

peripheral tissues (fat and skin)

224
Q

is a class of sex hormones that is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics such as the development of breasts and pubic hair

A

estrogen

225
Q

also contributes to cognitive health, bone health, the function of the cardiovascular system, and other essential bodily processes.

A

estrogen

226
Q

There are three major endogenous estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal activity namely

A

estrone
estradiol
estriol

227
Q

is the main sex hormone responsible for sexual and reproductive development.

A

estrogen

228
Q

estrogen is produced in (3)

A

ovaries
adrenal glands
fat tissues

229
Q

target organs of glucocorticoids

A

liver
retina
kidney
oviduct
pituitary

230
Q

target organs of estrogen

A

oviduct
liver

231
Q

target organs of progesterone

A

oviduct
uterus

232
Q

target organs of androgens

A

prostate
kidney
oviduct

233
Q

there are two types of hormones that are hydrophobic in nature

A

steroids
eicosanoids

234
Q

consist of three types of locally acting signaling molecules derived biosynthetically from C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, principally called arachidonic acid.

A

eicosnaoids

235
Q

eicosanoids consist of three types of locally acting signaling molecules derived biosynthetically from C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, principally called

A

arachidonic acids

236
Q

Twenty-carbon fatty acids are all known collectively as

A

eicosanoid acids

237
Q

three types of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins
thromboxanes
leukotrienes

238
Q

are synthesized from different cell types such as blood cells, endothelial cells, and connective tissue cells.

A

eicosanoids

239
Q

Eicosanoids are synthesized from different cell types such as

A

blood cells
endothelial cells
connective tissue cells

240
Q

They are typically not stored within cells but rather synthesized as required.

A

eicosanoids

241
Q

eicosanoids are derived from

A

fatty acids that make the cell membrane and nuclear membrane

242
Q

The eicosanoids interact with specific cell surface receptors to produce a variety of different effects on different tissues, but generally, they cause (3)

A

inflammatory response
change in blood pressure
affect the clotting of blood

243
Q

For prostaglandins, the basic chemical structure common to these compounds is a 20-carbon carboxylic acid called

A

prostanoic acid

244
Q

represent a family of fatty acid derivatives which have a variety of potent biological actions of a hormonal or regulatory nature

A

prostaglandin

245
Q

who coined the term prostaglandins

A

Ulf von Euler

246
Q

was coined by Ulf von Euler for this lipid-soluble acidic substance because they are found in the seminal plasma, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles.

A

prostaglandins

247
Q

In very small amounts, ___lower blood pressure and stimulate some smooth muscles to contract.

A

prostaglandins

248
Q

There are at least __ different prostaglandins in human seminal plasma.

A

14

249
Q

are named according to their ring substituents, and the number of additional side chain double bonds which have cis-configuration.

A

prostaglandins

250
Q

Prostaglandins are named according to their ring substituents, and the number of additional side chain double bonds which have ___-configuration.

A

cis

251
Q

In multicellular organisms (eukaryotes), the internal mechanisms that control and coordinate basic biochemical reactions are connected to other cells by means of

A

nerves and chemical messengers

252
Q

The overall process of receiving these messages and converting the information they contain into metabolic and physiological effects is known as

A

signal transduction

253
Q

Many of the chemical messengers are ___and are thus of special interest here

A

lipids

254
Q

With the exception of the ____ hormones, most hormones such as insulin and glucagon interact with a receptor on the cell surface.

A

steroid

255
Q

The activated receptor then generates so-called ___ messengers within the cell that transmit the information to the biochemical systems whose activities must be altered to produce a particular physiological effect.

A

second messengers

256
Q

The magnitude of the end effect is generally proportional to the ___ of the second messengers.

A

concentration

257
Q

Activation of ___C by one of the agents listed in the table causes the hydrolysis of a minor membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.

A

phosphalipase

258
Q

What does diacylglycerol activate without leaving the membrane bilayer

A

Diacylglycerol activates the membrane-bound enzyme, protein kinase C.

259
Q

What is the role of protein kinase C in cellular signaling?

A

Protein kinase C catalyzes the addition of phosphate groups to a soluble protein.

260
Q

: What is the significance of the soluble protein phosphorylated by protein kinase C?

A

The soluble protein is the first member of a reaction sequence leading to an appropriate physiological response in the cell.

261
Q

What other product is generated from the hydrolysis of phospholipase C besides diacylglycerol?

A

The other product is triphosphoinositol

262
Q

What effect does triphosphoinositol have in the cell?

A

Triphosphoinositol causes the release of calcium from intracellular stores

263
Q

Why is calcium important for protein kinase C activation?

A

Calcium, along with triacylglycerol, is required for the activation of protein kinase C.

Biomolecules (16 decks)

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