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Clinical Neuroscience > Sync Exam 2 > Flashcards

Sync Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What side would a lesion to the right cerebellum cause deficits at?

A

Right side (ipsilateral)

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2
Q

What kind of deficits are present in a cerebellum lesion?

A

Timing and control of movement

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3
Q

What sensory tracts provide high fidelity, somatotopically arranged information to the cerebellum?

A

Spinocerebellar

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the cerebellum?

A

Spinocerebellum

Cerebrocerebellum

Vestibulocerebellum

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5
Q

What is the function of the Spinocerebellum?

A

Coordinated gross limb movements (walking and reaching)

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6
Q

What tract is the Spinocerebellum associated with?

A

Medial motor tracts

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7
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Fine motor movement

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8
Q

What tracts are associated with the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

Corticobrainstem

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9
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Equilibrium and postural control (eye movement)

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10
Q

What tracts are associated with the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Medial and lateral vestibulospinal tract

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11
Q

What are the afferents of the cerebellum?

A

Visual

Spinocerebellar

Auditory

Semi circular canals

Otoliths

Vestibular nucleus

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12
Q

What are the efferents of the cerebellum?

A

Vestibulospinal

LCST

MCST

Reticulospinal

Eye movement

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13
Q

How do the basal ganglia and cerebellum regulate movement of a task together?

A

Basal ganglia- produces and plans movement (gate keeper)

Cerebellum- coordinates movement

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14
Q

Which motor circuitry in the basal ganglia suppresses specific motor activity that is not helpful while trying to achieve a behavioral goal?

A

No-go

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15
Q

What is the synapse action of the sensory nuclei “main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve”?

A

Vibration, 2 point discrimination, light touch, and proprioception (CN5)

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16
Q

What is the synapse action of the sensory nuclei “vestibular nucleus”?

A

Semi-circular canals, otoliths (utricle and saccule) (CN8)

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17
Q

What is the synapse action of the sensory nuclei “cochlear nucleus”?

A

Auditory (CN8)

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18
Q

What is the synapse action of the sensory nuclei “solitary nucleus”?

A

Visceral afferents (CN 9 and 10 autonomic)

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19
Q

What is the synapse action of the sensory nuclei “spinal trigeminal nucleus”?

A

Nociception/temp (CN5)

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20
Q

What is the action of the motor nuclei “oculomotor PNS”?

A

Lens accommodation and pupil constriction (autonomic)

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21
Q

What is the action of the motor nuclei “oculomotor”?

A

Inferior oblique

Superior rectus

Inferior rectus

Medial rectus

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22
Q

What is the action of the motor nuclei “trochlear and abducens”?

A

Superior oblique

Lateral rectus

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23
Q

What is the action of the motor nuclei “vestibular”?

A

Vestibular spinal tracts

Vestibulo-ocular reflex (eye movement-keeping eyes on target as head moves)

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24
Q

What is the action of the motor nuclei “trigeminal motor”?

A

Muscles of mastication

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25
Q

What is the action of the motor nuclei “facial”?

A

Muscles of facial expression

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26
Q

What is the action of the motor nuclei “salivatory”?

A

CN 7 and 9 (autonomic)

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27
Q

What is the action of the motor nuclei “nucleus ambiguous”?

A

LMN for CN 9 and 10 (speech and swallowing)

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28
Q

What is the action of the motor nuclei “dorsal motor”?

A

CN 10 (regulates viscera/autonomic)

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29
Q

What is the action of the motor nuclei “spinal accessory”?

A

LMN CN 11

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30
Q

What is the action of the motor nuclei “hypoglossal”?

A

LMN CN 12 (movements of tongue)

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31
Q

What structure is most likely impacted if a patient has trouble tracking a pen?

A

Cerebellum

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32
Q

What are the impairments associated with a cerebellum problem?

A

Nystagmus

Impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex (gaze)

Oscillopsia

Truncal, gait, limb ataxia

Dysmetria

Dysdiadochokinesia

Decomposition of movements

Tremor

Dysarthria

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33
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

Involuntary eye movement (mismatch input in CN)

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34
Q

What is oscillopsia?

A

World bouncing in vision

35
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

Inability to control the distance, speed, and ROM necessary to perform smoothly coordinated movements (finger to nose)

36
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Inability to perform rapid alternating movement (flipping hands)

37
Q

What is decomposition of movement?

A

Finger slows as it gets to target

38
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Slurred speech

39
Q

What type of information is the optic nerve?

A

Divergent information

40
Q

Where does the optic nerve synapse with the optic tract at?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

41
Q

Where does information go from the optic nerve?

A

Visual cortex in occipital lobe

Prefrontal cortex

Posterior parietal cortex

Superior colliculus

Vestibular nucleus

42
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculus?

A

Turns head towards stimuli (sound)

43
Q

What visual disturbance would arise with a pituitary gland tumor?

A

Loss of temporal visual fields in the right and left eye

44
Q

What does a lesion to the optic nerve result in?

A

Loss of entire ipsilateral eye (right temporal and left nasal)

Only lose right temporal because left nasal accommodates for right nasal loss

45
Q

What does a lesion to the optic chiasm result in?

A

Bilateral loss of temporal visual fields (bitemporal hemianopia)

46
Q

What does a lesion to the optic tract result in?

A

Loss of entire visual field on contralateral side (Right side- left nasal and left temporal loss)

(Homonymous hemianopia)

47
Q

What is the function of the vestibular-ocular reflex?

A

Maintains gaze with movement (gaze stability)

48
Q

What role does the cerebellum play in gaze stabilization and vestibular information?

A

Coordinates info between gaze stability and vestibular info

49
Q

What type of information is the vestibular nuclei synapse?

A

Convergent information

50
Q

Where does the vestibular nuclei synapse on?

A

Medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts

51
Q

Where does information come from in the vestibular nuclei synapse?

A

Vision

Proprioception

Sensory (tactile)

Auditory

52
Q

Does the vestibular system detect proprioception?

A

No

53
Q

What does the vestibular system detect?

A

Head position relative to gravity and acceleration

54
Q

What is the pathway of awareness of head/body position (conscious)?

A

Vestibular cortex (vestibulothalacortical)

55
Q

What is the pathway of eye movement?

A

CN 3,4 and 6

56
Q

What is the pathway of head and eyes turning towards a sound?

A

Superior colliculus and CN 11 (SCM)

(Vestibulocollic)

57
Q

What is the pathway for postural control?

A

Medial and lateral vestibulospinal

58
Q

What is the pathway for muscular response to vestibular information (including VOR gain)?

A

Vestibulocerebellar

59
Q

What is the pathway for nausea/vomiting/consciousness?

A

Vestibuloreticular

60
Q

How can you test smooth pursuit in the eyes?

A

H-test

61
Q

What does abnormal smooth pursuit result in?

A

Diplopia

62
Q

What are saccades used for?

A

Reading and driving

63
Q

What is eye movement driven by?

A

Frontal eye fields located in frontal lobe

64
Q

What is the pupillary light reflex?

A

Both pupils constrict when light is shined into just one eye

65
Q

What part of the basal ganglia circuit is also part of the diencephalon?

A

Subthalamus

66
Q

What lobe drives goal directed behaviors?

A

Frontal lobe

67
Q

How does the left hemisphere communicate with the right hemisphere in the brain?

A

Commissural fibers (corpus callosum)

68
Q

What do associated fibers do?

A

How one hemisphere talks to other parts of the same hemisphere (occipital lobe to temporal lobe)

69
Q

What part of the cortex assists with the intensity and quality of sensory output?

A

Primary sensory area

70
Q

What does the primary sensory area detect?

A

Size, texture, and shape

71
Q

What does the secondary sensory area detect?

A

Recognition of color and motion

72
Q

What do the association areas detect?

A

Associates stimuli with prior experience

73
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Inability to plan actions

74
Q

What structures are damaged when someone has apraxia?

A

Supplementary motor cortex and pre motor cortex

75
Q

What does the supplementary motor cortex do?

A

Performs bi manual movements (sequence of movements)

76
Q

What is the function of the pre motor cortex?

A

Plans movement that moves across multi joint

77
Q

What is the dorsal stream (action)?

A

From occipital lobe to frontal lobe (takes visual information to make a motor plan)

78
Q

What is the central stream (perception)?

A

What is allowing you to recognize stuff in a situation (if a dog looks nice or mean)

79
Q

What is damaged if you have dysarthria?

A

Cerebellum or brainstem (CN)

80
Q

What is damaged if you have aphasia?

A

Wernickes are Broca’s area (cerebrum)

81
Q

Where is wernickes area located?

A

Temporoparietal junction

82
Q

What does wernickes area do?

A

Language comprehension

83
Q

What is left hemineglect?

A

Not paying attention to left side of the body at all

84
Q

What is damaged when you have left hemineglect?

A

Right parietal lobe

Clinical Neuroscience (31 decks)

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