Sync Exam 2 Flashcards
What side would a lesion to the right cerebellum cause deficits at?
Right side (ipsilateral)
What kind of deficits are present in a cerebellum lesion?
Timing and control of movement
What sensory tracts provide high fidelity, somatotopically arranged information to the cerebellum?
Spinocerebellar
What are the three parts of the cerebellum?
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
What is the function of the Spinocerebellum?
Coordinated gross limb movements (walking and reaching)
What tract is the Spinocerebellum associated with?
Medial motor tracts
What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?
Fine motor movement
What tracts are associated with the cerebrocerebellum?
Lateral corticospinal tract
Corticobrainstem
What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?
Equilibrium and postural control (eye movement)
What tracts are associated with the vestibulocerebellum?
Medial and lateral vestibulospinal tract
What are the afferents of the cerebellum?
Visual
Spinocerebellar
Auditory
Semi circular canals
Otoliths
Vestibular nucleus
What are the efferents of the cerebellum?
Vestibulospinal
LCST
MCST
Reticulospinal
Eye movement
How do the basal ganglia and cerebellum regulate movement of a task together?
Basal ganglia- produces and plans movement (gate keeper)
Cerebellum- coordinates movement
Which motor circuitry in the basal ganglia suppresses specific motor activity that is not helpful while trying to achieve a behavioral goal?
No-go
What is the synapse action of the sensory nuclei “main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve”?
Vibration, 2 point discrimination, light touch, and proprioception (CN5)
What is the synapse action of the sensory nuclei “vestibular nucleus”?
Semi-circular canals, otoliths (utricle and saccule) (CN8)
What is the synapse action of the sensory nuclei “cochlear nucleus”?
Auditory (CN8)
What is the synapse action of the sensory nuclei “solitary nucleus”?
Visceral afferents (CN 9 and 10 autonomic)
What is the synapse action of the sensory nuclei “spinal trigeminal nucleus”?
Nociception/temp (CN5)
What is the action of the motor nuclei “oculomotor PNS”?
Lens accommodation and pupil constriction (autonomic)
What is the action of the motor nuclei “oculomotor”?
Inferior oblique
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
What is the action of the motor nuclei “trochlear and abducens”?
Superior oblique
Lateral rectus
What is the action of the motor nuclei “vestibular”?
Vestibular spinal tracts
Vestibulo-ocular reflex (eye movement-keeping eyes on target as head moves)
What is the action of the motor nuclei “trigeminal motor”?
Muscles of mastication
What is the action of the motor nuclei “facial”?
Muscles of facial expression
What is the action of the motor nuclei “salivatory”?
CN 7 and 9 (autonomic)
What is the action of the motor nuclei “nucleus ambiguous”?
LMN for CN 9 and 10 (speech and swallowing)
What is the action of the motor nuclei “dorsal motor”?
CN 10 (regulates viscera/autonomic)
What is the action of the motor nuclei “spinal accessory”?
LMN CN 11
What is the action of the motor nuclei “hypoglossal”?
LMN CN 12 (movements of tongue)
What structure is most likely impacted if a patient has trouble tracking a pen?
Cerebellum
What are the impairments associated with a cerebellum problem?
Nystagmus
Impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex (gaze)
Oscillopsia
Truncal, gait, limb ataxia
Dysmetria
Dysdiadochokinesia
Decomposition of movements
Tremor
Dysarthria
What is nystagmus?
Involuntary eye movement (mismatch input in CN)
What is oscillopsia?
World bouncing in vision
What is dysmetria?
Inability to control the distance, speed, and ROM necessary to perform smoothly coordinated movements (finger to nose)
What is dysdiadochokinesia?
Inability to perform rapid alternating movement (flipping hands)
What is decomposition of movement?
Finger slows as it gets to target
What is dysarthria?
Slurred speech
What type of information is the optic nerve?
Divergent information
Where does the optic nerve synapse with the optic tract at?
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Where does information go from the optic nerve?
Visual cortex in occipital lobe
Prefrontal cortex
Posterior parietal cortex
Superior colliculus
Vestibular nucleus
What is the function of the superior colliculus?
Turns head towards stimuli (sound)
What visual disturbance would arise with a pituitary gland tumor?
Loss of temporal visual fields in the right and left eye
What does a lesion to the optic nerve result in?
Loss of entire ipsilateral eye (right temporal and left nasal)
Only lose right temporal because left nasal accommodates for right nasal loss
What does a lesion to the optic chiasm result in?
Bilateral loss of temporal visual fields (bitemporal hemianopia)
What does a lesion to the optic tract result in?
Loss of entire visual field on contralateral side (Right side- left nasal and left temporal loss)
(Homonymous hemianopia)
What is the function of the vestibular-ocular reflex?
Maintains gaze with movement (gaze stability)
What role does the cerebellum play in gaze stabilization and vestibular information?
Coordinates info between gaze stability and vestibular info
What type of information is the vestibular nuclei synapse?
Convergent information
Where does the vestibular nuclei synapse on?
Medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts
Where does information come from in the vestibular nuclei synapse?
Vision
Proprioception
Sensory (tactile)
Auditory
Does the vestibular system detect proprioception?
No
What does the vestibular system detect?
Head position relative to gravity and acceleration
What is the pathway of awareness of head/body position (conscious)?
Vestibular cortex (vestibulothalacortical)
What is the pathway of eye movement?
CN 3,4 and 6
What is the pathway of head and eyes turning towards a sound?
Superior colliculus and CN 11 (SCM)
(Vestibulocollic)
What is the pathway for postural control?
Medial and lateral vestibulospinal
What is the pathway for muscular response to vestibular information (including VOR gain)?
Vestibulocerebellar
What is the pathway for nausea/vomiting/consciousness?
Vestibuloreticular
How can you test smooth pursuit in the eyes?
H-test
What does abnormal smooth pursuit result in?
Diplopia
What are saccades used for?
Reading and driving
What is eye movement driven by?
Frontal eye fields located in frontal lobe
What is the pupillary light reflex?
Both pupils constrict when light is shined into just one eye
What part of the basal ganglia circuit is also part of the diencephalon?
Subthalamus
What lobe drives goal directed behaviors?
Frontal lobe
How does the left hemisphere communicate with the right hemisphere in the brain?
Commissural fibers (corpus callosum)
What do associated fibers do?
How one hemisphere talks to other parts of the same hemisphere (occipital lobe to temporal lobe)
What part of the cortex assists with the intensity and quality of sensory output?
Primary sensory area
What does the primary sensory area detect?
Size, texture, and shape
What does the secondary sensory area detect?
Recognition of color and motion
What do the association areas detect?
Associates stimuli with prior experience
What is apraxia?
Inability to plan actions
What structures are damaged when someone has apraxia?
Supplementary motor cortex and pre motor cortex
What does the supplementary motor cortex do?
Performs bi manual movements (sequence of movements)
What is the function of the pre motor cortex?
Plans movement that moves across multi joint
What is the dorsal stream (action)?
From occipital lobe to frontal lobe (takes visual information to make a motor plan)
What is the central stream (perception)?
What is allowing you to recognize stuff in a situation (if a dog looks nice or mean)
What is damaged if you have dysarthria?
Cerebellum or brainstem (CN)
What is damaged if you have aphasia?
Wernickes are Broca’s area (cerebrum)
Where is wernickes area located?
Temporoparietal junction
What does wernickes area do?
Language comprehension
What is left hemineglect?
Not paying attention to left side of the body at all
What is damaged when you have left hemineglect?
Right parietal lobe
