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Clinical Neuroscience > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

How does a neurotransmitter release?

A

Directly into synaptic cleft and acts directly on post synaptic terminal

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2
Q

How does a neuromodulator release?

A

Into extracellular space

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3
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitters?

A

Fast acting (1/1000 of a second)

Slow acting (1/10 of a second to minutes)

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4
Q

How do neuromodulators alter neural functions?

A

By acting at a distance away from synaptic cleft

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5
Q

How long do the effects of neuromodulators last?

A

Minutes to days

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6
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

Major transmitter in the PNS

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7
Q

What do all motor neurons use?

A

Acetylcholine

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8
Q

What does acetylcholine cause at the skeletal muscle?

A

Initiates contraction

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9
Q

What does acetylcholine cause at the ANS?

A

Slows heart

Constricts pupil

Increases GI secretions/contractions

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10
Q

What does acetylcholine cause at the brain?

A

Arousal

Pleasure

Reward

Cognitive function

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11
Q

What does glutamate cause at the brain?

A

Excitatory effect

Learning and memory

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12
Q

What does glycine cause at the spinal cord?

A

Inhibition

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13
Q

What does GABA cause at the CNS?

A

Inhibition

Sedation

Antianxiety

Anti seizures

Sleep inducing

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14
Q

What do low levels of GABA lead to?

A

Anxiety and seizures

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15
Q

What are the amino acid transmitters?

A

Glutamate

Glycine

GABA

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16
Q

What does dopamine cause at the emotional system?

A

Feeling of wanting or reward

17
Q

What does dopamine cause at the basal ganglia?

A

Control of movement, attention, decision making, and goal directed behavior

18
Q

What does a decreased level of dopamine in the basal ganglia lead to?

A

Parkinson’s

19
Q

What does dopamine cause at the frontal lobe?

A

Thinking and planning

20
Q

What is an increased level of dopamine in the frontal lobe associated with?

A

Schizophrenia

21
Q

What does norepinephrine cause at the adrenal gland and SNS?

A

Increased HR and force

Dilation of bronchioles

Inhibition of peristalsis

22
Q

What does norepinephrine cause at the emotional system and cerebral cortex?

A

Control of mood

Increased attention to sensory

23
Q

What does histamine cause at the brain?

A

Regulates wakefulness and attention

24
Q

What type of response is histamine?

A

Allergic or inflammatory response

25
Q

What are the types of endogenous opioid peptides?

A

Endorphins

Enkephalins

Dynorphins

26
Q

Where are endogenous opioid peptides produced?

A

Within the nervous system

27
Q

What do endogenous opioid peptides bind to?

A

Opioid receptors

28
Q

What do endogenous opioid peptides do?

A

Inhibit nociceptive signals

29
Q

What is substance P?

A

Common neuromodulators that signals tissue damage (nociception)

30
Q

What do calcitonin gene related peptides cause?

A

Migraines

31
Q

What are types of amines?

A

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

Histamine

32
Q

What are types of peptides?

A

Opioids

Substance P

Calcitonin gene related peptide

Clinical Neuroscience (31 decks)

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