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Clinical Neuroscience > Brainstem (2) > Flashcards

Brainstem (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What information does the brainstem integrate?

A

Sensory, auditory, vestibular, and cortical

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2
Q

What does the brainstem regulate?

A

Somatic motor activity (Reticulospinal tracts for tone, balance, and posture)

Autonomic function (cardiac and vasomotor centers)

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3
Q

What does the brainstem play an important role in?

A

Sleep and consciousness

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4
Q

What are the red flags for brainstem dysfunction?

A

Dysphagia

Dysarthria

Diplopia

Dysmetria

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5
Q

What are the reticular nuclei?

A

Clusters of cell bodies distributed throughout brainstem

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6
Q

What are the types reticular nuclei?

A

Ventral tegmental area (dopamine)

Pedunculopontine nucleus (acetylcholine)

Locus coeruleus (norepinephrine)

Raphe nuclei (serotonin)

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7
Q

What does the ascending reticular activating system regulate?

A

Consciousness (sleep/wake cycles and attention)

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8
Q

What are the descending tracts from reticular formation?

A

Reticular tracts (raphe nuclei)

Cerulospinal tract (locus coeruleus)

Raphespinal tract (raphe nuclei)

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9
Q

What is the role of the reticular tracts?

A

Posture and gross movement

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10
Q

What is the role of the ceruleospinal tract?

A

Autonomic function- physiologic response to stress and panic

Alertness

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11
Q

What is the role of the raphespinal tract?

A

Sensory, autonomic, and motor

(Influence on cardiovascular system and inhibition of pain)

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12
Q

What are the altered states of consciousness?

A

Coma

Stupor

Obtunded

Vegetative state

Minimally conscious state

Syncope

Delirium

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13
Q

Coma

A

Unarousabale (no response to strong stimuli)

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14
Q

Stupor

A

Avoidable only by strong stimuli (strong pinching of Achilles)

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15
Q

Obtunded

A

Sleeping more than awake (confused when awake)

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16
Q

Vegetative state

A

Complete loss of consciousness, without alteration of vital functions

17
Q

What signs distinguish vegetative state from a coma?

A

Eye opening

Regular sleep/wake cycles

Normal respiratory patterns

18
Q

Minimally conscious state

A

Severely altered consciousness with at least 1 behavioral sign of consciousness

19
Q

What are behavioral signs of consciousness?

A

Following simple commands

Yes/no responses

Intelligible speech

Movements that are not reflexive

20
Q

Syncope

A

Brief loss of consciousness due to drop in BP

21
Q

Delirium

A

Reduced attention, orientation, and perception (associated with confusion and agitation)

22
Q

What responses do you look for in the Glasgow coma scale?

A

Eye

Verbal

Motor

23
Q

What does the superior Cerebellar arteries supply?

A

Superior half of cerebellum and part of midbrain

24
Q

What does the anterior inferior Cerebellar arteries supply?

A

Anterior inferior portion of cerebellum

25
Q

What does the posterior inferior Cerebellar arteries supply?

A

Posterior inferior portion of cerebellum

26
Q

What does disruption to the posterior inferior Cerebellar arteries result in?

A

Lateral medullary syndrome

27
Q

What is ischemia in the brainstem?

A

Rapid onset of symptoms (visual disturbance, weakness, incoordination, and somatosensory disturbances)

28
Q

What is a red flag of vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency?

A

Neck extended and rotated provokes symptoms

29
Q

Where is the corticospinal tract in the medulla?

A

Ventral portion

30
Q

Where is the spinothalamic tract located in the medulla?

A

Medial

31
Q

Where is the spinocerebellar tract located in the medulla?

A

Lateral

32
Q

Where are the trigeminal and medial lemniscus located in the medulla?

A

Ventral and medial

33
Q

What is the small hole in the middle of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

34
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus?

A

Unconscious coordination of motor activities

35
Q

What is the function of the pariaqueductal gray?

A

Somatic and autonomic reactions to pain (fight or flight)

36
Q

What is the function of the superior tectum?

A

Orienting eyes to external stimuli

37
Q

What is the function of the inferior tectum?

A

Hearing and relating auditory information to the superior colliculi

38
Q

What cranial nerves is the pons involved in?

A

5, 6, 7, and 8

Clinical Neuroscience (31 decks)

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