Swine-Sithole Flashcards
What age of piglets are commonly affected by Clostridium difficile?
2-10 day old
What is a microscopic characteristic associated with Clostridium difficile?
multifocal suppurative and erosive colitis
Presence of C. difficile enterotoxin is confirmed by what dx test?
ELISA test on fresh feces
What is the tx for C. difficile?
Virginiamycin in sows
Tylosin in piglets
What is the characteristic presentation of diarrhea associated with C. difficile?
Orange stained fecal diarrhea (sign of fecal blood loss)
What is the microscopic association with Clostridium perfringens?
mild multifocal suppurative enteritis w/ large gram positive rods
What is the tx for Clostridium perfringens?
Bacitracin in sows/piglets
Also can use Salinomycin or vaccination
What age range is most commonly seen to be infected with E. coli?
neonates to 2-4 wks post weaning
What are the virulence factors of E. coli?
Fimbria, enterotoxins, endotoxins, and capsules
Who acts as a carrier for E. coli?
Dams
T/F: Coliforms of E. coli can survive long periods in contaminated buildings
TRUE
What are the CS of E. coli?
Subnormal body temp (shivering), watery diarrhea, +/- V+
Can cause fibrinous polyserositis
How is E. coli dx?
Culture from SI or PCR
What are tx options for E. coli?
Ampicillin, gentamycin, neomycin, furizolidone, potentiated sulphur drugs
Control: vaccinate sows before farrowing
What strain of E. coli causes edema disease?
F18
Which age group is most commonly seen with Edema dz?
Recently weaned pigs
What are the CS of edema dz?
anorexia, ataxia, stupor, recumbency (paddling/running) and abnormal squeals
What group of swine are most commonly seen with coccidiosis?
Confinement raised (1-3 wk old)
Who is the source of infection for coccidiosis?
Carrier sows
How is coccidiosis transmitted?
Oocysts ingested when piglets first nurse or when ingest feed, water or feces
What are CS of coccidiosis?
Yellow-clear/pasty-watery diarrhea, dehydration, rough hair coat, failure to gain weight
T/F: Coccidiosis is similar to E. coli and responds well to Ab
FALSE- similar to E. coli EXCEPT that it DOESN’T respond well to Ab
What is the tx of choice for coccidiosis?
Toltrazuril
What age of pigs are affected by rotaviral enteritis?
1-6 week old piglets
How is rotavirus identified?
In feces by EM or ELISA or SI epithelium with FAT/IHC
What is the dermatitis agent typically seen in 4-12 week old swine?
Pityriasis rosea
What are the lesions seen with Pityriasis rosea?
1-20 cm raised, reddened, ring-shaped lesions on ventral abdomen
T/F: Pityriasis is non-pruritic and requires no treatment
True
What is the most important infection seen in nursing or recently weaned piglets with concern for Zoonoses?
Streptococcus suis
What are the CS of Streptococcus suis?
Septicemia, acute meningitis, polyarthritis, polyserositis or bronchopneumonia
Young: CNS signs
Older: ataxia, opisthotonus, incoordination, tremors, convulsions, blindness and deafness
What is the most virulent and prevalent form of Streptococcus suis?
Type 2
What is the method of transmission of streptococcus suis?
Ingestion, inhalation, nose-to-nose contact, wounds
Flies/rodents can play a role
What is the tx for Streptococcus suis?
Injectable Ab (penicillin, ampicillin, tiamulin, ceftiofur) Vaccination NOT effective-too many strains
What CS are seen in the acute form of transmissible gastroenteritis?
vomiting, bright yellow feces most commonly seen in pigs <3 weeks old
How is Transmissible gastroenteritis dx?
FAT or IHC on intestine of acutely affected pigs or PCR from feces
What is an abnormality of neonatal piglets characterized by lateral extension of hind legs w/ inability to adduct the legs?
Splay legs
What is the principle lesion in spay leg?
Myofibrillar hypoplasia
How long will it take piglets assisted to nurse to recover from splay leg?
1-2 weeks
What can increase the likliehood of survival in splay leg patients?
Tying front or back legs together loosely
What syndrome occurs w/in three days of farrowing and is characterized by inadequate milk production?
Hypogalactia/Mastitis, Metritis,Agalactia (MMA)
What are clinical lesions seen in piglets when the sow has MMA?
Knee lesions from increased working efforts
What can lead to tail necrosis in pigs?
Ednogenous estrogen (sow/colostrum) and exogenous estrogen (Zearalenone) make skin vulnerable to trauma can also lead to vulvar swelling
How is hypogalactia resolved?
Ensuring proper sanitation, sow’s exercise, nutrition and BCS
What is an inherited condition in piglets characterized by absence of discrete areas of skin on back, loin or thigh?
Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
What conditions are commonly associated with epitheliogenesis imperfecta?
Hydroureter and hydronephrosis
Why do piglets born alive with epitheliogenesis imperfecta typically die?
Bacterial invasion and septicemia
What zoonotic condition is seen in growing/adult swine characterized by enlarged joints, lameness and endocarditis?
Erysipeias (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae)
T/F: Rhomboid skin lesions are a consistent feature with all forms of Erysipeias?
FALSE- only seen with ACUTE cases
How is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae transmitted?
feces and oronasal secretions
What are the CS of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infected animals?
Fever, cyanotic skin (ears, snout, throat and ventral abdomen)
+/-: swollen painful joints, abortions, vulvular lesions leading to exercise intolerance
What is the tx for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
Penicillin or antiserum
What condition is characterized as brownish spots (1-2 cm diameter) covered by serum/exudate with NO PRURITUS most commonly seen in <8 week old piglets?
Greasy Pig Disease (Exudative Epidermitis-Staphylococcus hyicus)
How should Greasy Pig Disease be controlled?
Avoid mingling of piglets
What is the tx for Greasy Pig Disease?
spraying pigs several times w/ solutions of 10% bleach, chlorhexidine, virkon or dilute iodine
What is swine dysentery characterized by?
Severe, infectious disease-mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and marked inflammation limited to LI (cecum/colon)
What is spirochaetal colitis classified as?
Milder colitis in YOUNG pigs
When is there increased incidence of swine dysentery and spirochaetal colitis?
Summer and in organic antibiotic free farms
Where does swine dysentery and spirochaetal colitis persist?
Lagoon water/moist feces for two months and soil for 18 days
How long do mice and dogs shed swine dysentery and spirochaetal colitis?
Mice: 180 days
Dogs: 13 days
Who can transmit swine dysentery and spirochaetal colitis?
Mice, carrier sows, purchased stock, birds, flies, fomites
What are CS of swine dysentery and spirochaetal colitis?
Mucoid diarrhea (grey/yellow), tail twitching.humped or gaunt appearance, dehydration signs
Where is Salmonellosis mostly seen?
Weaned/growing pigs
Where do asymptomatic swine harbor salmonellosis infections?
Tonsils, intestine, lymph nodes or gallbladder (can shed in feces)
What is the transmission route of Salmonellosis?
Fecal-oral route, contaminated feed/water and aerosols
MOST COMMON IN STRESS INDUCED EVENTS
What are the two forms of Salmonellosis?
Septicemic: acute onset- inappetence, depression, huddling, weakness, HIGH temp, cyanosis
Enterocolitic (S. typhimurium): moderate anorexia, diarrhea (water-yellow and intermittent)
How is Salmonellosis diagnosed?
Culture/ID from liver, spleen, mesenteric LN, colon
What is the tx for Salmonellosis?
Carbadox, gentamycin, neomycin, tiamulin, ceftiofur
What is Porcine Proliferative Enteritis caused by?
Lawsonia Intracellularis- obligate intracellular organism
What is PPE characterized by?
Hyperplasia of crypt enterocytes w/ inflammation and sometimes ulceration or hemorrhage
Who is most commonly infected with PPE?
Young adults
How is PPE transmitted?
Feces
Carrier dams can infect litters as early as 6 days of age
Outbreaks associated with STRESS
What does acute and subacute PPE look like?
Acute: diarrhea w/ brownish to black unclotted blood, pallor, weakness and rapid death
Subacute: sporadic diarrhea, wasting and variation in growth rate
What is the tx for PPE?
Tylosin, Tetracyclines, Lincomycin, Tiamulin, Carbadox
What age is Actinobacillas Pleuropneumonia typically seen in?
6-20 week old piglets
What are the 4 exotoxins secreted by Actinobacillas Pleuropneumonia?
ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII, ApxIV
How is most Actinobacillas Pleuropneumonia transmitted?
Direct contact via nasal secretions (can be short distance aerosol)
What are CS of Actinobacillas Pleuropneumonia?
Prostration, high temperatures, apathy, anorexia, stiffness, V/D, shallow non-productive cough, cyanosis, abortion in sows, chronic cough, slow growth
What is the tx of Actinobacillas Pleuropneumonia?
Tiamulin, Tulathromycin, Chlortetracycline, Ceftiofur, Tilmicosin, Forfenicol, Enrofloxacin, Procaine Penicillin G
What are the bacterial agents of Atrophic rhinitis?
Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida
What does the Bordetella aspect of Atrophic rhinitis cause?
atrophy of turbinates leading to top mild lesions
What are CS of Atrophic rhinitis?
sneezing, snorting and serous/mucopurulent nasal discharge
Obstruct tears –> dirty hair under canthus, nose-bleed, lateral/dorsal deviation of snout resulting in shortening of snout or wrinkling of skin over snout
How can Atrophic rhinitis be controlled?
Ventilation, vaccination and Ab to sows and piglets
What is Haemophilus parasuis characterized as?
Acute w/ combinations of meningoencephalitis, polyserosistis and polyarthritis
What age group is Glasser’s dz commonly seen in?
3-4 week old piglets after stressful events
What are CS seen with Glasser’s Dz?
CNS: fever, anorexia, depression, tremors, incoordination, posterior paresis, lateral recumbency
Joints: swollen leg joints
What is a chronic respiratory disease of swine?
Mycoplasma Pneumonia (Enzootic Pneumonia)
When is Enzootic Pneumonia more commonly seen?
Growing/finishing phases
Mycoplasma pneumonia is seen to have a central role in what disease?
Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex
What does Mycoplasma hyosynoviae and hyorhinis cause?
Hyosynoviae: epidemic synovitis in growing swine
Hyorhinis: fibrinous polyserositis in young pigs
T/F: Mycoplasma pneumonia survives long periods in the environment
FALSE
What are the CS of mycoplasma pneumonia?
Chronic, persistent, nonproductive cough, dyspnea, growth retardation, reduced feed efficiency
What is the tx for mycoplasma pneumonia?
Lincomycin, tiamulin, tetracyclines, tylosin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, enrofloxacin
What is a growth cartilage dz occurring in rapidly rowing pigs approaching market weight or breeding age?
Osteochondrosis
What is osteochondrosis characterized by?
abnormal gait/lameness w/ pathologic lesions in cartilage and bone
What are common sites of osteochondrosis?
Medial femoral condyle Humeral condyle Humeral head Glenoid of scapula Distal ulna Lumbar vertebrae
T/F: If you have a pig presenting with osteochondrosis you should CULL
TRUE
What is swine influenza classified as?
Sudden fever, occulonasal discharge, prostration and weakness, paroxysmal coughing
5-7 day span
What is the most common strain of swine influenza in production?
H1N1
What are CS of swine influenza?
Prostration, weakness, fevers, paroxysmal coughing, anorexia, conjunctivitis w/ occulonasal discharge, growth retardation
What are the most common causes of salt poisoning?
Result of freezing, plugged water nipples or leaving water valve closed
What are CS of salt poisoning?
Aimless wandering, blindness, deafness and head pressing, +/- dog sitting, recumbency w/ leg paddling
What is a unique characteristic of salt poisoning in the brain?
Meningeal and cerebral perivascular cuffing by eosinophils
Gastric ulcers cause destruction to what portion of the stomach?
Pars esophagea (non-glandular stomach)
What are risk factors for gastric ulcers?
Finely ground feed, pelleted rations, nutrient rich low fiber diets, stress, ad lib whey or skimmed milk, summer hotter months
What are CS of gastric ulcers?
Black tarry feces, anemia and generalized pallor, grinding teeth
WHat is the tx for gastric ulcers?
Vitamin K and hematinics, access to fibrinous feeds
What type of circovirus causes postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome?
Type 2
What is postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome associated w/?
Porcine dermatitis, nephropathy syndrome, porcine respiratory disease complex and reproductive failure
What are the microscopic features of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome?
Lymphocytic depletion in LN w/ histiocytic infiltration
What are CS of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome?
gradual wasting, unthriftiness, rough hair coat, polypnea, dyspnea, pallor, diarrhea
T/F: Positive serology implies disease of PMWS?
FALSE
What is the most economically significant disease to affect US swine production since eradication of classical swine fever?
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
What form of PRRS is most commonly seen in young growing pigs and naive finishing pigs?
Respiratory syndrome
T/F: PRRS is highly infectious and contagious
FALSE- not contagious
How is PRRS spread?
Mechanical vectors- flies
What are CS of breeding sows and young piglets of PRRS?
Breeding sows: anorexia, fever, lethargy, depression, respiratory distress/vomiting, mild cyanosis of ears, increase premature farrowings, weak piglets, decrease in semen quality of boars
Piglets: fever, depression, lethargy, stunting, sneezing followed by expiratory dyspnea
