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LAM II-RUSVM > Musculoskeletal 1-4 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which claws are commonly found lame on the forelimb and hindlimb?

A

Forelimb=medial claw (WB claw)

Hindlimb=lateral claw (WB claw)

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2
Q

What is the corium response?

A

When there is increased weight bearing there will be increased rate of horn production

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3
Q

If there is an imbalance in the weight bearing on the claws in cattle, what can result from that?

A

Increased risk for trauma to the corium and ulcer formation

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4
Q

What are the different behavior criteria used to assess lameness in cattle?

A 
Head carriage (no bob)
Flat vs. arched back
Tracking up (hind limbs meet almost perfectly with forelimbs)
Joint flexion (symmetrical)
Gait symmetry
Weight bearing
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5
Q

Briefly describe grades 1-5 of cattle lameness scoring

A

1: smooth, fluid movement
2: imperfect locomotion but moves freely still (shortened gait)
3: compromised ability to move freely
4: ability to move freely is diminished
5: encouragement needed for cow to move

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6
Q

What is the hoof horn initially created by?

A

The dermis –> in the end the hoof is dead dermis

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7
Q

Which part of the claw is the hardest and softest in cattle?

A

Tubular horn=hardest

Abaxial heel=softest

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8
Q

Where is foot rot seen in cattle vs. small ruminants?

A

Cattle: interdigital dermis
SR: abaxial claw

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9
Q

What is the condition where there has been damage to the interdigital dermis by bacterial invasion?

A

Interdigital phlegmon/foot rot

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10
Q

What is the bacteria that invades the interdigital dermis/abaxial claw in SR/cattle to lead to foot rot?

A

Cattle: Fusobacterium necrophorum
SR: Dichelobacter nodosus

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11
Q

What is the pathogenesis of foot rot?

A

Damage to dermis creating anaerobic environment –> opportunistic invasion of bacteria –> more tissue destruction (proteases/leukotoxin formation) –> clot formation & local ischemia

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12
Q

How is the opportunistic bacteria involved with foot rot not destroyed by phagocytosis?

A

The leukotoxins protect the bacteria

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13
Q

What is the treatment for foot rot?

A 
Debridement (creates aerobic environment)
Systemic Ab (Ceftiofur or oxytetracycline)
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14
Q

What bacteria is involved with digital dermatitis?

A

Treponema spp.

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15
Q

What is digital dermatitis predisposed by?

A

Confinement, excess manure, increased standing, overcrowding

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16
Q

What is the tx for digital dermatitis?

A

Debridement
Topical Ab
Foot baths (copper sulfate)

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17
Q

What is foot rot in small ruminants best treated with?

A

Gamithromycin

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18
Q

Which antibiotic has the shortest meat withdrawl time?

A

Ceftiofur

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19
Q

What is the condition where there is bacterial degradation of the heel horn?

A

Heel horn erosion

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20
Q

Where does claw horn disruption begin?

A

Inside the hoof at the corium

mechanical overload on abaxial claw of hindlimbs

21
Q

How many hours a day should a cow be laying down?

A

10-12 hours

22
Q

In claw horn disruption the corium is pinched between P3 and the sole leading to what?

A

Hemorrhage and ulcer

23
Q

Where is the damage in a sole ulcer?

A

Dermal/epidermal damage- interruption of horn production

24
Q

Which claw will you apply a block to?

A

Sound claw

25
Q

What is the tx for sole ulcers in cattle?

A

The initial problem that led to the ulcer is no longer present- you need to dish out the sole and redistribute the weight leaving the corium flush with the sole

26
Q

How can sole ulcers be prevented?

A

Environmental management

27
Q

What is the condition where there is inflammation and ischemia of the laminar corium leading to shearing and compression forces of P3?

A

White line disease

28
Q

T/F: Cattle typically are found with subclinical laminitis

A

TRUE

Cattle- hind end; Horses- front limbs

29
Q

What is the characteristic stance of a cow with laminitis?

A

Relaxation of suspensory apparatus –> toe tips up

30
Q

Which ligaments are affected in laminitis?

A

cruciate ligaments are affected at attachment site

31
Q

What process disrupts horn production in laminitis?

A

Aseptic inflammation of corium

32
Q

What does acute grain overload cause?

A

Increase in IL-1 in hoof laminae

33
Q

What is MMP (matrix mettaloproteinase) activated by in laminitis?

A

Cytokines, ROS, NO (inflammation)

34
Q

What is the tx for chronic laminitis in cattle?

A

hoof trimming and diet management

35
Q

What are some preventative methods for laminitis?

A 
Stalls
Flooring
Diet
Hygiene
Foot baths
Trimming
36
Q

What are the three common areas luxations are seen in cattle?

A

Hip
Stifle
Proximal interphalangeal joint

37
Q

T/F: You can feel a sacroiliac luxation on transrectal palpation

A

TRUE

38
Q

What is physitis caused by?

A

Growing too quickly

39
Q

What is sciatic nerve paralysis caused by?

A

Dystocia and pulling too hard leading to nerve damage

40
Q

What is the classic stance of a sciatic nerve paralysis?

A

Dropped hock and partially/fully knuckled over at the fetlock

41
Q

Where are tibial fractures commonly seen and caused by in cattle?

A

Mid-shaft

Traumatic cause

42
Q

What are the tx options for tibial fractures?

A

Walker splint

Thomas splint-cast

43
Q

What muscle is ruptured if the hind limb extends back beyond normal limits?

A

Peroneus tertius m.

44
Q

What muscle is ruptured if the cow is weight bearing on the hock?

A

Gastrocnemius m.

45
Q

What is noticed in a cows gait with a stifle injury?

A

Short stride, limited flexion, walk on toes w/ heels elevated, leg held in abduction, little weight bearing

46
Q

Which collateral ligament is more commonly torn?

A

Medial collateral ligament

47
Q

What is the difference in tx of fractures that are distal from the body vs. proximal to the body?

A

Distal MC: half-limb cast; Proximal MC: full limb cast

Distal radial/ulnar: full limb; Proximal: transfixation, bone plate

48
Q

Why should you avoid draining a hygroma?

A

Abscess formation- will regress on its own

49
Q

What does radial n. paralysis look like?

A

Dropped elbow (can still support weight just cannot place on it’s own)

LAM II-RUSVM (19 decks)

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