Musculoskeletal 1-4

Question 1

Which claws are commonly found lame on the forelimb and hindlimb?

Answer 1

Forelimb=medial claw (WB claw)

Hindlimb=lateral claw (WB claw)

Question 2

What is the corium response?

Answer 2

When there is increased weight bearing there will be increased rate of horn production

Question 3

If there is an imbalance in the weight bearing on the claws in cattle, what can result from that?

Answer 3

Increased risk for trauma to the corium and ulcer formation

Question 4

What are the different behavior criteria used to assess lameness in cattle?

Answer 4

Head carriage (no bob)
Flat vs. arched back
Tracking up (hind limbs meet almost perfectly with forelimbs)
Joint flexion (symmetrical)
Gait symmetry
Weight bearing

Question 5

Briefly describe grades 1-5 of cattle lameness scoring

Answer 5

1: smooth, fluid movement
2: imperfect locomotion but moves freely still (shortened gait)
3: compromised ability to move freely
4: ability to move freely is diminished
5: encouragement needed for cow to move

Question 6

What is the hoof horn initially created by?

Answer 6

The dermis –> in the end the hoof is dead dermis

Question 7

Which part of the claw is the hardest and softest in cattle?

Answer 7

Tubular horn=hardest

Abaxial heel=softest

Question 8

Where is foot rot seen in cattle vs. small ruminants?

Answer 8

Cattle: interdigital dermis
SR: abaxial claw

Question 9

What is the condition where there has been damage to the interdigital dermis by bacterial invasion?

Answer 9

Interdigital phlegmon/foot rot

Question 10

What is the bacteria that invades the interdigital dermis/abaxial claw in SR/cattle to lead to foot rot?

Answer 10

Cattle: Fusobacterium necrophorum
SR: Dichelobacter nodosus

Question 11

What is the pathogenesis of foot rot?

Answer 11

Damage to dermis creating anaerobic environment –> opportunistic invasion of bacteria –> more tissue destruction (proteases/leukotoxin formation) –> clot formation & local ischemia

Question 12

How is the opportunistic bacteria involved with foot rot not destroyed by phagocytosis?

Answer 12

The leukotoxins protect the bacteria

Question 13

What is the treatment for foot rot?

Answer 13

Debridement (creates aerobic environment)
Systemic Ab (Ceftiofur or oxytetracycline)

Question 14

What bacteria is involved with digital dermatitis?

Answer 14

Treponema spp.

Question 15

What is digital dermatitis predisposed by?

Answer 15

Confinement, excess manure, increased standing, overcrowding

Question 16

What is the tx for digital dermatitis?

Answer 16

Debridement
Topical Ab
Foot baths (copper sulfate)

Question 17

What is foot rot in small ruminants best treated with?

Answer 17

Gamithromycin

Question 18

Which antibiotic has the shortest meat withdrawl time?

Answer 18

Ceftiofur

Question 19

What is the condition where there is bacterial degradation of the heel horn?

Answer 19

Heel horn erosion

Question 20

Where does claw horn disruption begin?

Answer 20

Inside the hoof at the corium

mechanical overload on abaxial claw of hindlimbs

Question 21

How many hours a day should a cow be laying down?

Answer 21

10-12 hours

Question 22

In claw horn disruption the corium is pinched between P3 and the sole leading to what?

Answer 22

Hemorrhage and ulcer

Question 23

Where is the damage in a sole ulcer?

Answer 23

Dermal/epidermal damage- interruption of horn production

Question 24

Which claw will you apply a block to?

Answer 24

Sound claw

Question 25

What is the tx for sole ulcers in cattle?

Answer 25

The initial problem that led to the ulcer is no longer present- you need to dish out the sole and redistribute the weight leaving the corium flush with the sole

Question 26

How can sole ulcers be prevented?

Answer 26

Environmental management

Question 27

What is the condition where there is inflammation and ischemia of the laminar corium leading to shearing and compression forces of P3?

Answer 27

White line disease

Question 28

T/F: Cattle typically are found with subclinical laminitis

Answer 28

TRUE | Cattle- hind end; Horses- front limbs

Question 29

What is the characteristic stance of a cow with laminitis?

Answer 29

Relaxation of suspensory apparatus --> toe tips up

Question 30

Which ligaments are affected in laminitis?

Answer 30

cruciate ligaments are affected at attachment site

Question 31

What process disrupts horn production in laminitis?

Answer 31

Aseptic inflammation of corium

Question 32

What does acute grain overload cause?

Answer 32

Increase in IL-1 in hoof laminae

Question 33

What is MMP (matrix mettaloproteinase) activated by in laminitis?

Answer 33

Cytokines, ROS, NO (inflammation)

Question 34

What is the tx for chronic laminitis in cattle?

Answer 34

hoof trimming and diet management

Question 35

What are some preventative methods for laminitis?

Answer 35

``` Stalls Flooring Diet Hygiene Foot baths Trimming ```

Question 36

What are the three common areas luxations are seen in cattle?

Answer 36

Hip Stifle Proximal interphalangeal joint

Question 37

T/F: You can feel a sacroiliac luxation on transrectal palpation

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

What is physitis caused by?

Answer 38

Growing too quickly

Question 39

What is sciatic nerve paralysis caused by?

Answer 39

Dystocia and pulling too hard leading to nerve damage

Question 40

What is the classic stance of a sciatic nerve paralysis?

Answer 40

Dropped hock and partially/fully knuckled over at the fetlock

Question 41

Where are tibial fractures commonly seen and caused by in cattle?

Answer 41

Mid-shaft | Traumatic cause

Question 42

What are the tx options for tibial fractures?

Answer 42

Walker splint | Thomas splint-cast

Question 43

What muscle is ruptured if the hind limb extends back beyond normal limits?

Answer 43

Peroneus tertius m.

Question 44

What muscle is ruptured if the cow is weight bearing on the hock?

Answer 44

Gastrocnemius m.

Question 45

What is noticed in a cows gait with a stifle injury?

Answer 45

Short stride, limited flexion, walk on toes w/ heels elevated, leg held in abduction, little weight bearing

Question 46

Which collateral ligament is more commonly torn?

Answer 46

Medial collateral ligament

Question 47

What is the difference in tx of fractures that are distal from the body vs. proximal to the body?

Answer 47

Distal MC: half-limb cast; Proximal MC: full limb cast | Distal radial/ulnar: full limb; Proximal: transfixation, bone plate

Question 48

Why should you avoid draining a hygroma?

Answer 48

Abscess formation- will regress on its own

Question 49

What does radial n. paralysis look like?

Answer 49

Dropped elbow (can still support weight just cannot place on it's own)