Cattle Diarrhea-Bittar

Question 1

How many L of colostrum are required by a neonatal calf in the first two hours of life?

Answer 1

4L

Question 2

What is the most important defense of neonatal diarrhea?

Answer 2

Colostrum

Question 3

T/F: only the first milking is good for Ig transfer to the calf

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

T/F: IgG dramatically falls after calving (by 14 hours only 1/3 original level)

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

What are some cons of colostrum?

Answer 5

Lymphocytes can cross into the calf’s bloodstream, insulin-like growth factor, IgA (local immune protection)

Question 6

How long is colostrum good for if it is stored at room temp, refrigeration and frozen?

Answer 6

Room temp: 1 day
Refrigeration: 1 week
Frozen: indefinitely

Question 7

What is the pathogenesis of E. Coli in calves?

Answer 7

K99 fimbriae adherence on enterocytes (heat stable enterotoxin)
Physiologic high pH in abomasum (allows bacterial growth) –> unhygienic conditions –> inadequate colostrum protection

Question 8

What are is a potential result of calf diarrhea associated with E. coli?

Answer 8

Can lead to calf scours

Question 9

What is the gold standard dx test to evaluate assessment of passive transfer?

Answer 9

Radioactive immunoassay

Question 10

Which FPT evaluation test is NOT influenced by inflammation and dehydration?

Answer 10

Na-sulfite precipitation test

Question 11

What test is commonly done in farm settings to evaluate FPT?

Answer 11

TP- should be above 5.5 g/dL within 1st week of life

Question 12

What type of fluids do you want to administer to a calf with diarrhea?

Answer 12

Alkalinizing fluids

Question 13

What are some prevention methods for E. coli?

Answer 13

Coliform mastitis vaccine
Excellent hygiene
Proper management

Question 14

What does Rotavirus do to the GI system?

Answer 14

Damages intestinal villi, maldigestion/malabsorption (voluminous diarrhea), bloody or mucoid

Question 15

T/F: Diarrhea will be continuous even after pathogen is under control with Rotavirus patients

Answer 15

TRUE- takes about 7-10 days for new enterocytes to mature and differentiate

Question 16

If a calf presents in lateral recumbency for a potential Rotavirus infection, what should your first step be?

Answer 16

TREAT FIRST

Do not try to confirm suspicions of dx

Question 17

Which strain of E. coli is very pathogenic to humans and causes enterohemorrhagic issues but is asymptomatic in cattle?

Answer 17

E. coli 0157:H7

Question 18

What age does Coronavirus typically occur in?

Answer 18

14-20 days of age

Question 19

What does Coronavirus commonly cause?

Answer 19

Severe intestinal pathology leading to chronic malabsorption and progressive emaciation
Common causative agent of scours in calves

Question 20

T/F: Sporulated cryptosporidium oocysts in feces if ingested is immediately infective

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

T/F: Cryptosporidium starts early in neonatal life because there is no incubation period

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

What is the dx method of choice for cryptosporidium?

Answer 22

Fecal flotation

Question 23

What is the causative agent of overeating disease?

Answer 23

Clostridium perfringens

Question 24

What is a common predisposing cause of overeating disease?

Answer 24

Larger than normal amount of CHO and protein in feed supports germination of spores

Question 25

Which type of Clostridium perfringens causes hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

Answer 25

Type A

Question 26

What toxin is associated with Clostridium perfringens type D?

Answer 26

Epsilon toxin

Question 27

What is the 3rd most lethal clostridial toxin after Botulism and Tetanus?

Answer 27

Clostridium perfringens Type D

Question 28

What is a stress related cause of calf diarrhea and can be commonly due to environmental contamination

Answer 28

Salmonellosis

Question 29

Where does Slamonella localize in the body?

Answer 29

Gallbladder and spleen

Question 30

What is a dx characteristic seen in a calf with salmonella?

Answer 30

GOLDEN YELLOW DIARRHEA

Question 31

What is the tx for Salmonella?

Answer 31

Ab and flunixin meglumine

Question 32

What are common causes of diarrhea in adult cows?

Answer 32

``` Winter dysentery (Coronavirus) Johne's Disease Copper deficiency Ostertagiasis Coccidiosis Rumen acidosis Clostridium perfringens types A&B ```

Question 33

If you have an adult cow presenting for explosive diarrhea, what are you concerned of?

Answer 33

Winter dysentery- coronavirus | Spontaneous recovery in 3 days

Question 34

What is the causative agent of Johne's disease?

Answer 34

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Question 35

What is seen in a cow affected with Johne's disease?

Answer 35

Emaciation and chronic diarrhea

Question 36

T/F: The incubation period for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is 2-5 years, which is why it is commonly seen in adult cattle

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

What is the most common cause of diarrhea in Johne's disease patients?

Answer 37

PLE

Question 38

What are the classic signs of a patient with Johne's disease?

Answer 38

Intermittent/continuous diarrhea and severe weight loss

Question 39

What pathology is found at necropsy in a patient with Johne's disease?

Answer 39

Corrugated mucosa particularly at the ileum | Enlarged mesenteric LN

Question 40

What is the gold standard dx test for Johne's disease?

Answer 40

Fecal culture (long time to wait)

Question 41

What is the tx for Johne's disease?

Answer 41

No tx, cull positives and offspring