Mastitis/Avian Flashcards
What is the BTSCC of a healthy gland?
<100,000 cells/mL
mononuclear cells mostly present
What is the BTSCC of an infected gland?
200,000+ cells/mL mainly PMN (neutrophils)
What are the results that commonly come back from a subclinical mastitis test?
CMT neg
CMT trace
CMT 1
What is the predominant form of contagious mastitis?
Subclinical mastitis
What is the legal limit of BTSCC for grade A milk?
750,000 cells/mL
T/F: Mild clinical mastitis is not obvious unless the milk is stripped
True
Predominant form-mild clinical mastitis
What type of clinical mastitis is seen when there is change in the milk and inflamed gland?
Moderate clinical mastitis
What is the least common form of clinical mastitis that is characterized by changes in milk, inflamed gland and sick cow?
Severe clinical mastitis
What is the difference in number of mammary glands in cows vs. small ruminants?
Cows: 4 glands
SR: 2 glands
What are some methods the body will try and combat mastitis infections?
Antibacterial enzymes Lactoferrin Cytotoxic lymphocytes Low O2 tension Complement IgG
What is the reservoir for contagious mastitis?
Mammary gland- acquired from milk-contaminated fomites & spread from cow to cow at milking time
How can bacteria be introduced to the mammary gland during milking?
Teat liner slips –> reverse pressure gradient produced –> organisms can then enter the gland
What is the most accurate method of teat sanitization in contagious mastitis?
Post-dipping (germicidal solution)
What is the most important aspect of prevention for contagious mastitis?
Biosecurity and Management
What are the 3 major pathogens in contagious mastitis?
Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Mycoplasma bovis
What is the minor pathogen in contagious mastitis?
Corynebacterium bovis
What are the blood agar results with Strep, Staph and Corynebacterium?
Strep: cAMP positive
Staph: coagulase positive
Corynebacterium: rods
Which pathogen involved with contagious mastitis requires special media?
Mycoplasma bovis
What is the tx for contagious mastitis?
Intra-mammary Ab during lactation or start of dry period
Which pathogens of contagious mastitis are easiest –> most difficult to tx?
Corynebacterium > Strep > Staph > Mycoplasma
Herds that have Mycoplasma strain of mastitis may also have what three other problems associated with the bacterial infection?
Polyarhtritis
Respiratory disease
Otitis media
What is the reservoir for environmental mastitis?
Environment
When is environmental mastitis acquired?
Between milking or during dry period
When is the highest risk for contracting environmental mastitis?
At dry-off and right before parturition
WHat are the common major pathogens of environmental mastitis?
Coliform bacteria (E. coli & Klebsiella), Streptococci
What is the uncommon major pathogen of environmental mastitis?
Environmental bacteria
Fungi/yeast
Algae
How should environmental mastitis be controlled?
Reduce pathogen load in the environment through good management practices
Frequent pasture rotation
Avoid overcrowding
Good ventilation
What type of bedding supports bacterial growth?
Organic materials (sawdust, straw, recycled material)
What are some preventative actions that can be taken on the cow for environmental mastitis?
Pre-dipping (prevents liners from being contaminated)
Teat sealant during dry period
What type of mastitis is there a vaccine available for?
Environmental mastitis (core antigen vaccine) Stimulate immunity against Gram Neg LPS antigens
T/F: Core antigen vaccine for mastitis prevents mastitis formation from ever occurring?
FALSE
Will still get infection but it is less severe for coliform mastitis
NO VACCINE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STREP MASTITIS
What fraction of milk cultures from mastitis has no growth?
1/3
What is the recommended tx for environmental mastitis?
Support therapy and frequent stripping
What is the typical presenting complaint of contagious mastitis?
High/increasing bulk tank SCC
Which form of mastitis is mostly a persistent mastitis?
Contagious mastitis
What type of mastitis has a greater decrease in milk yield?
Contagious
Which form of mastitis has a greater amount of discarded milk?
Environmental mastitis
What are the top 5 broiler producing states?
Georgia Arkansas Alabama Mississippi NC
When do chickens begin laying eggs?
20 weeks
How long are chickens typically kept for?
2 laying cycles- 75 wks
How many eggs are produced per cycle?
250-300
When does natural molting in chickens occur?
Fall
What avian viruses have vaccines available?
Marek's Newcastle Infectious bronchitis Infectious bursal disease Laryngotracheitis
What day of incubation is the in-ovo vaccine for Marek’s administered and what part of the egg is it injected into?
Day 18
Amniotic sac
When are female vs. male turkey’s marketed?
Females: 14 wks
Males: 20 wks
What is the most common skeletal abnormality in chicks?
Rickets (3-6 wks old)
What is rickets?
Lack of Ca/Vitamin D- rubbery bones, bowing legs, enlarged joints
What is cage layer fatigue?
Absorption of Ca from the bones leading to brittle bones and thinning of egg shells
Osteoporosis/osteomalacia
What is commonly associated with cage layer fatigue?
Fatty liver syndrome
What is manganese deficiency in chicks called and what does it cause?
Slipped tendon
Causes perosis in young- gastroc tendon displacement and swelling of hock joints
What does vitamin E prevent?
Free radical formation
What does Vit E deficiency cause?
Muscular dystrophy (white streaks in muscle) Crazy chick disease
What does Vitamin A deficiency cause?
Squamous metaplasia of secretory epithelium
What is another cause of slipped gastroc tendon besides Manganese deficiency?
Niacin deficiency
What causes curled toe paralysis?
Riboflavin deficiency
What are the surface antigens associated with avian influenza?
Hemagglutinins
Neuroaminidase
Which strain of avian influenza is found in China only?
H7N9
What are the reservoirs for avian influenza?
Waterfowl and shorebirds
What does fowl plague cause and what is it associated with?
Causes necrosis of the skin, comb, wattles or liver
Hemorrhages in the gizzard, mesentery, trachea, and comb edema/cyanosis
Associated with avian influenza
What are the four forms of Newcastle disease?
Lentogenic form
Mesogenic form
Velogenic form
Viscerotropic velogenic form
Which form of Newcastle is reportable?
Viscerotropic velogenic
Which form of Newcastle is paralysis associated with?
Velogenic form
What disease in avian causes respiratory distress due to caseous material in the airways?
Infectious laryngotracheitis (Herpesvirus)
What form of Fowl Pox is classified by white nodules on oropharynx, larynx and trachea (can coalesce to diphtheritic membrane –> asphyxiation)
Diphteritic form
What is the most important disease of turkeys?
Fowl cholera
Pasteurella multocida
What disease is associated with parboiled liver?
Acute Fowl Cholera
What is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum?
Infectious coryza
What causes air-sacculitis in turkeys only?
Mycoplasma meleagridis
Where does Mycoplasma in turkeys localize?
Cloaca
Phallus
T/F: Chlamydia is zoonotic from turkeys to humans?
TRUE
What is the most common upper respiratory disease of chickens?
Avian infectious bronchitis
What causes brooder pneumonia in chicks leading to green eggs when candled?
Aspergillosis
Which Salmonella subtypes have transovarian transmission?
Salmonella enteritidis
Salmonella arizonae
Which form of salmonella causes bacillary white diarrhea and grey nodules internally?
Salmonella pullorum
What type of salmonella leads to Fowl Typhoid?
S. gallinarum
What does E. coli cause in avian?
Enteritis, salpingitis, arhtritis, panopthalmitis
What is the most important type of Clostridium?
Type C
What is waterfowl disease in ducks caused by?
Clostridium botulinum
What characteristic sign seen in ducks with waterfowl disease?
Flaccid paralysis (Limberneck)
What disease are granulomatous lesions of the intestines, liver, spleen and bone marrow found?
Avian tuberculosis
What disease in ducks are they found dead with twisted downward, sideways and backwards necks?
Duck viral enteritis (herpesvirus of waterfowl)
AKA- Duck Plague
How long until death occurs after CS of duck viral hepatitis shows?
death in 1 hour
What disease do you see atrophy of the bursa and immunosuppression?
Infectious bursal disease
Which nerve is enlarged with Marek’s disease?
Sciatic nerve
What is Big Liver Disease caused by?
Lymphoid leukosis- oncogenic retrovirus
