Mastitis/Avian Flashcards by Caitlyn Crawford

What is the BTSCC of a healthy gland?

<100,000 cells/mL

mononuclear cells mostly present

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What is the BTSCC of an infected gland?

200,000+ cells/mL
mainly PMN (neutrophils)

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What are the results that commonly come back from a subclinical mastitis test?

CMT neg
CMT trace
CMT 1

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What is the predominant form of contagious mastitis?

Subclinical mastitis

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What is the legal limit of BTSCC for grade A milk?

750,000 cells/mL

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T/F: Mild clinical mastitis is not obvious unless the milk is stripped

True

Predominant form-mild clinical mastitis

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What type of clinical mastitis is seen when there is change in the milk and inflamed gland?

Moderate clinical mastitis

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What is the least common form of clinical mastitis that is characterized by changes in milk, inflamed gland and sick cow?

Severe clinical mastitis

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What is the difference in number of mammary glands in cows vs. small ruminants?

Cows: 4 glands
SR: 2 glands

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What are some methods the body will try and combat mastitis infections?

Antibacterial enzymes
Lactoferrin
Cytotoxic lymphocytes
Low O2 tension
Complement
IgG

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What is the reservoir for contagious mastitis?

Mammary gland- acquired from milk-contaminated fomites & spread from cow to cow at milking time

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How can bacteria be introduced to the mammary gland during milking?

Teat liner slips –> reverse pressure gradient produced –> organisms can then enter the gland

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What is the most accurate method of teat sanitization in contagious mastitis?

Post-dipping (germicidal solution)

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What is the most important aspect of prevention for contagious mastitis?

Biosecurity and Management

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What are the 3 major pathogens in contagious mastitis?

Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Mycoplasma bovis

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What is the minor pathogen in contagious mastitis?

Corynebacterium bovis

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What are the blood agar results with Strep, Staph and Corynebacterium?

Strep: cAMP positive
Staph: coagulase positive
Corynebacterium: rods

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Which pathogen involved with contagious mastitis requires special media?

Mycoplasma bovis

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What is the tx for contagious mastitis?

Intra-mammary Ab during lactation or start of dry period

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Which pathogens of contagious mastitis are easiest –> most difficult to tx?

Corynebacterium > Strep > Staph > Mycoplasma

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Herds that have Mycoplasma strain of mastitis may also have what three other problems associated with the bacterial infection?

Polyarhtritis
Respiratory disease
Otitis media

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What is the reservoir for environmental mastitis?

Environment

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When is environmental mastitis acquired?

Between milking or during dry period

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When is the highest risk for contracting environmental mastitis?

At dry-off and right before parturition

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WHat are the common major pathogens of environmental mastitis?

Coliform bacteria (E. coli & Klebsiella), Streptococci

What is the uncommon major pathogen of environmental mastitis?

Environmental bacteria Fungi/yeast Algae

How should environmental mastitis be controlled?

Reduce pathogen load in the environment through good management practices Frequent pasture rotation Avoid overcrowding Good ventilation

What type of bedding supports bacterial growth?

Organic materials (sawdust, straw, recycled material)

What are some preventative actions that can be taken on the cow for environmental mastitis?

Pre-dipping (prevents liners from being contaminated) | Teat sealant during dry period

What type of mastitis is there a vaccine available for?

``` Environmental mastitis (core antigen vaccine) Stimulate immunity against Gram Neg LPS antigens ```

T/F: Core antigen vaccine for mastitis prevents mastitis formation from ever occurring?

FALSE Will still get infection but it is less severe for coliform mastitis NO VACCINE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STREP MASTITIS

What fraction of milk cultures from mastitis has no growth?

1/3

What is the recommended tx for environmental mastitis?

Support therapy and frequent stripping

What is the typical presenting complaint of contagious mastitis?

High/increasing bulk tank SCC

Which form of mastitis is mostly a persistent mastitis?

Contagious mastitis

What type of mastitis has a greater decrease in milk yield?

Contagious

Which form of mastitis has a greater amount of discarded milk?

Environmental mastitis

What are the top 5 broiler producing states?

``` Georgia Arkansas Alabama Mississippi NC ```

When do chickens begin laying eggs?

20 weeks

How long are chickens typically kept for?

2 laying cycles- 75 wks

How many eggs are produced per cycle?

250-300

When does natural molting in chickens occur?

Fall

What avian viruses have vaccines available?

``` Marek's Newcastle Infectious bronchitis Infectious bursal disease Laryngotracheitis ```

What day of incubation is the in-ovo vaccine for Marek's administered and what part of the egg is it injected into?

Day 18 | Amniotic sac

When are female vs. male turkey's marketed?

Females: 14 wks Males: 20 wks

What is the most common skeletal abnormality in chicks?

Rickets (3-6 wks old)

What is rickets?

Lack of Ca/Vitamin D- rubbery bones, bowing legs, enlarged joints

What is cage layer fatigue?

Absorption of Ca from the bones leading to brittle bones and thinning of egg shells Osteoporosis/osteomalacia

What is commonly associated with cage layer fatigue?

Fatty liver syndrome

What is manganese deficiency in chicks called and what does it cause?

Slipped tendon | Causes perosis in young- gastroc tendon displacement and swelling of hock joints

What does vitamin E prevent?

Free radical formation

What does Vit E deficiency cause?

``` Muscular dystrophy (white streaks in muscle) Crazy chick disease ```

What does Vitamin A deficiency cause?

Squamous metaplasia of secretory epithelium

What is another cause of slipped gastroc tendon besides Manganese deficiency?

Niacin deficiency

What causes curled toe paralysis?

Riboflavin deficiency

What are the surface antigens associated with avian influenza?

Hemagglutinins | Neuroaminidase

Which strain of avian influenza is found in China only?

H7N9

What are the reservoirs for avian influenza?

Waterfowl and shorebirds

What does fowl plague cause and what is it associated with?

Causes necrosis of the skin, comb, wattles or liver Hemorrhages in the gizzard, mesentery, trachea, and comb edema/cyanosis Associated with avian influenza

What are the four forms of Newcastle disease?

Lentogenic form Mesogenic form Velogenic form Viscerotropic velogenic form

Which form of Newcastle is reportable?

Viscerotropic velogenic

Which form of Newcastle is paralysis associated with?

Velogenic form

What disease in avian causes respiratory distress due to caseous material in the airways?

Infectious laryngotracheitis (Herpesvirus)

What form of Fowl Pox is classified by white nodules on oropharynx, larynx and trachea (can coalesce to diphtheritic membrane --> asphyxiation)

Diphteritic form

What is the most important disease of turkeys?

Fowl cholera | Pasteurella multocida

What disease is associated with parboiled liver?

Acute Fowl Cholera

What is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum?

Infectious coryza

What causes air-sacculitis in turkeys only?

Mycoplasma meleagridis

Where does Mycoplasma in turkeys localize?

Cloaca | Phallus

T/F: Chlamydia is zoonotic from turkeys to humans?

TRUE

What is the most common upper respiratory disease of chickens?

Avian infectious bronchitis

What causes brooder pneumonia in chicks leading to green eggs when candled?

Aspergillosis

Which Salmonella subtypes have transovarian transmission?

Salmonella enteritidis | Salmonella arizonae

Which form of salmonella causes bacillary white diarrhea and grey nodules internally?

Salmonella pullorum

What type of salmonella leads to Fowl Typhoid?

S. gallinarum

What does E. coli cause in avian?

Enteritis, salpingitis, arhtritis, panopthalmitis

What is the most important type of Clostridium?

Type C

What is waterfowl disease in ducks caused by?

Clostridium botulinum

What characteristic sign seen in ducks with waterfowl disease?

Flaccid paralysis (Limberneck)

What disease are granulomatous lesions of the intestines, liver, spleen and bone marrow found?

Avian tuberculosis

What disease in ducks are they found dead with twisted downward, sideways and backwards necks?

Duck viral enteritis (herpesvirus of waterfowl) | AKA- Duck Plague

How long until death occurs after CS of duck viral hepatitis shows?

death in 1 hour

What disease do you see atrophy of the bursa and immunosuppression?

Infectious bursal disease

Which nerve is enlarged with Marek's disease?

Sciatic nerve

What is Big Liver Disease caused by?

Lymphoid leukosis- oncogenic retrovirus