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LAM II-RUSVM > Mastitis/Avian > Flashcards

Mastitis/Avian Flashcards

1
Q

What is the BTSCC of a healthy gland?

A

<100,000 cells/mL

mononuclear cells mostly present

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2
Q

What is the BTSCC of an infected gland?

A 
200,000+ cells/mL
mainly PMN (neutrophils)
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3
Q

What are the results that commonly come back from a subclinical mastitis test?

A

CMT neg
CMT trace
CMT 1

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4
Q

What is the predominant form of contagious mastitis?

A

Subclinical mastitis

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5
Q

What is the legal limit of BTSCC for grade A milk?

A

750,000 cells/mL

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6
Q

T/F: Mild clinical mastitis is not obvious unless the milk is stripped

A

True

Predominant form-mild clinical mastitis

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7
Q

What type of clinical mastitis is seen when there is change in the milk and inflamed gland?

A

Moderate clinical mastitis

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8
Q

What is the least common form of clinical mastitis that is characterized by changes in milk, inflamed gland and sick cow?

A

Severe clinical mastitis

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9
Q

What is the difference in number of mammary glands in cows vs. small ruminants?

A

Cows: 4 glands
SR: 2 glands

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10
Q

What are some methods the body will try and combat mastitis infections?

A 
Antibacterial enzymes
Lactoferrin
Cytotoxic lymphocytes
Low O2 tension
Complement
IgG
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11
Q

What is the reservoir for contagious mastitis?

A

Mammary gland- acquired from milk-contaminated fomites & spread from cow to cow at milking time

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12
Q

How can bacteria be introduced to the mammary gland during milking?

A

Teat liner slips –> reverse pressure gradient produced –> organisms can then enter the gland

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13
Q

What is the most accurate method of teat sanitization in contagious mastitis?

A

Post-dipping (germicidal solution)

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14
Q

What is the most important aspect of prevention for contagious mastitis?

A

Biosecurity and Management

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15
Q

What are the 3 major pathogens in contagious mastitis?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Mycoplasma bovis

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16
Q

What is the minor pathogen in contagious mastitis?

A

Corynebacterium bovis

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17
Q

What are the blood agar results with Strep, Staph and Corynebacterium?

A

Strep: cAMP positive
Staph: coagulase positive
Corynebacterium: rods

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18
Q

Which pathogen involved with contagious mastitis requires special media?

A

Mycoplasma bovis

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19
Q

What is the tx for contagious mastitis?

A

Intra-mammary Ab during lactation or start of dry period

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20
Q

Which pathogens of contagious mastitis are easiest –> most difficult to tx?

A

Corynebacterium > Strep > Staph > Mycoplasma

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21
Q

Herds that have Mycoplasma strain of mastitis may also have what three other problems associated with the bacterial infection?

A

Polyarhtritis
Respiratory disease
Otitis media

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22
Q

What is the reservoir for environmental mastitis?

A

Environment

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23
Q

When is environmental mastitis acquired?

A

Between milking or during dry period

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24
Q

When is the highest risk for contracting environmental mastitis?

A

At dry-off and right before parturition

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25
Q

WHat are the common major pathogens of environmental mastitis?

A

Coliform bacteria (E. coli & Klebsiella), Streptococci

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26
Q

What is the uncommon major pathogen of environmental mastitis?

A

Environmental bacteria
Fungi/yeast
Algae

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27
Q

How should environmental mastitis be controlled?

A

Reduce pathogen load in the environment through good management practices
Frequent pasture rotation
Avoid overcrowding
Good ventilation

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28
Q

What type of bedding supports bacterial growth?

A

Organic materials (sawdust, straw, recycled material)

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29
Q

What are some preventative actions that can be taken on the cow for environmental mastitis?

A

Pre-dipping (prevents liners from being contaminated)

Teat sealant during dry period

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30
Q

What type of mastitis is there a vaccine available for?

A 
Environmental mastitis (core antigen vaccine)
Stimulate immunity against Gram Neg LPS antigens
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31
Q

T/F: Core antigen vaccine for mastitis prevents mastitis formation from ever occurring?

A

FALSE
Will still get infection but it is less severe for coliform mastitis
NO VACCINE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STREP MASTITIS

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32
Q

What fraction of milk cultures from mastitis has no growth?

A

1/3

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33
Q

What is the recommended tx for environmental mastitis?

A

Support therapy and frequent stripping

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34
Q

What is the typical presenting complaint of contagious mastitis?

A

High/increasing bulk tank SCC

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35
Q

Which form of mastitis is mostly a persistent mastitis?

A

Contagious mastitis

36
Q

What type of mastitis has a greater decrease in milk yield?

A

Contagious

37
Q

Which form of mastitis has a greater amount of discarded milk?

A

Environmental mastitis

38
Q

What are the top 5 broiler producing states?

A 
Georgia
Arkansas
Alabama
Mississippi
NC
39
Q

When do chickens begin laying eggs?

A

20 weeks

40
Q

How long are chickens typically kept for?

A

2 laying cycles- 75 wks

41
Q

How many eggs are produced per cycle?

A

250-300

42
Q

When does natural molting in chickens occur?

A

Fall

43
Q

What avian viruses have vaccines available?

A 
Marek's
Newcastle
Infectious bronchitis
Infectious bursal disease
Laryngotracheitis
44
Q

What day of incubation is the in-ovo vaccine for Marek’s administered and what part of the egg is it injected into?

A

Day 18

Amniotic sac

45
Q

When are female vs. male turkey’s marketed?

A

Females: 14 wks
Males: 20 wks

46
Q

What is the most common skeletal abnormality in chicks?

A

Rickets (3-6 wks old)

47
Q

What is rickets?

A

Lack of Ca/Vitamin D- rubbery bones, bowing legs, enlarged joints

48
Q

What is cage layer fatigue?

A

Absorption of Ca from the bones leading to brittle bones and thinning of egg shells
Osteoporosis/osteomalacia

49
Q

What is commonly associated with cage layer fatigue?

A

Fatty liver syndrome

50
Q

What is manganese deficiency in chicks called and what does it cause?

A

Slipped tendon

Causes perosis in young- gastroc tendon displacement and swelling of hock joints

51
Q

What does vitamin E prevent?

A

Free radical formation

52
Q

What does Vit E deficiency cause?

A 
Muscular dystrophy (white streaks in muscle)
Crazy chick disease
53
Q

What does Vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

Squamous metaplasia of secretory epithelium

54
Q

What is another cause of slipped gastroc tendon besides Manganese deficiency?

A

Niacin deficiency

55
Q

What causes curled toe paralysis?

A

Riboflavin deficiency

56
Q

What are the surface antigens associated with avian influenza?

A

Hemagglutinins

Neuroaminidase

57
Q

Which strain of avian influenza is found in China only?

A

H7N9

58
Q

What are the reservoirs for avian influenza?

A

Waterfowl and shorebirds

59
Q

What does fowl plague cause and what is it associated with?

A

Causes necrosis of the skin, comb, wattles or liver
Hemorrhages in the gizzard, mesentery, trachea, and comb edema/cyanosis
Associated with avian influenza

60
Q

What are the four forms of Newcastle disease?

A

Lentogenic form
Mesogenic form
Velogenic form
Viscerotropic velogenic form

61
Q

Which form of Newcastle is reportable?

A

Viscerotropic velogenic

62
Q

Which form of Newcastle is paralysis associated with?

A

Velogenic form

63
Q

What disease in avian causes respiratory distress due to caseous material in the airways?

A

Infectious laryngotracheitis (Herpesvirus)

64
Q

What form of Fowl Pox is classified by white nodules on oropharynx, larynx and trachea (can coalesce to diphtheritic membrane –> asphyxiation)

A

Diphteritic form

65
Q

What is the most important disease of turkeys?

A

Fowl cholera

Pasteurella multocida

66
Q

What disease is associated with parboiled liver?

A

Acute Fowl Cholera

67
Q

What is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum?

A

Infectious coryza

68
Q

What causes air-sacculitis in turkeys only?

A

Mycoplasma meleagridis

69
Q

Where does Mycoplasma in turkeys localize?

A

Cloaca

Phallus

70
Q

T/F: Chlamydia is zoonotic from turkeys to humans?

A

TRUE

71
Q

What is the most common upper respiratory disease of chickens?

A

Avian infectious bronchitis

72
Q

What causes brooder pneumonia in chicks leading to green eggs when candled?

A

Aspergillosis

73
Q

Which Salmonella subtypes have transovarian transmission?

A

Salmonella enteritidis

Salmonella arizonae

74
Q

Which form of salmonella causes bacillary white diarrhea and grey nodules internally?

A

Salmonella pullorum

75
Q

What type of salmonella leads to Fowl Typhoid?

A

S. gallinarum

76
Q

What does E. coli cause in avian?

A

Enteritis, salpingitis, arhtritis, panopthalmitis

77
Q

What is the most important type of Clostridium?

A

Type C

78
Q

What is waterfowl disease in ducks caused by?

A

Clostridium botulinum

79
Q

What characteristic sign seen in ducks with waterfowl disease?

A

Flaccid paralysis (Limberneck)

80
Q

What disease are granulomatous lesions of the intestines, liver, spleen and bone marrow found?

A

Avian tuberculosis

81
Q

What disease in ducks are they found dead with twisted downward, sideways and backwards necks?

A

Duck viral enteritis (herpesvirus of waterfowl)

AKA- Duck Plague

82
Q

How long until death occurs after CS of duck viral hepatitis shows?

A

death in 1 hour

83
Q

What disease do you see atrophy of the bursa and immunosuppression?

A

Infectious bursal disease

84
Q

Which nerve is enlarged with Marek’s disease?

A

Sciatic nerve

85
Q

What is Big Liver Disease caused by?

A

Lymphoid leukosis- oncogenic retrovirus

LAM II-RUSVM (19 decks)

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