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LAM II-RUSVM > Small Ruminant-French > Flashcards

Small Ruminant-French Flashcards

1
Q

At what age are castrations performed and what are the four methods?

A

1-4 wks

Elastrator band, knife, emasculatome, callicrate

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2
Q

What are the normal vial parameters?

A

T: 102-104
P: 70-90
R: 12-20
RC: 1-2/min

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3
Q

How are incisors used to age SR?

A

1st: 1 year
2nd: 2 years
3rd: 3 years
4th: 4 years

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4
Q

T/F: dehorning is not regulated in the US

A

True

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5
Q

T/F: the use of NSAIDs with local block at time of dehorning has showed to decrease cortisol at 3 hours compared to local block alone

A

True

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6
Q

What nerve is blocked for dehorning?

A

Infratrochlear nerve

Cornual branch just below lateral ridge of frontal bone

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7
Q

What is the preferred way to dehorn?

A

Hot iron (3-5 s)

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8
Q

What is the goal when using hot iron method?

A

Circular ring around bud until center falls out and becomes copper like a penny

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9
Q

What is thermal injury due to hot iron dehorning treated with?

A

Oxytetracycline

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10
Q

What can tail docking too short predispose a patient to?

A

Rectal prolapse (sacro-coccygeal area)

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11
Q

Where should you amputate the tail?

A

Between C1-C2

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12
Q

Where does cranial vs. caudal epidural block?

A

Caudal: sacro-coccigeal, blocks perineum
Cranial: lumbosacral, blocks the perineum and legs

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13
Q

What is the rule for trimming hooves?

A

Sole is parallel to coronary band

Pink tissue=STOP

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14
Q

What are two types of foot baths used?

A

CuSO4

ZnSO4

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15
Q

When should Clostridium D + T vaccines be administered?

A

1&2 months of age, 6 months, annually and 1 month prior to parturition
IM in NECK

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16
Q

How much colostrum should be ingested in the first 24 hours (preferably first 4 hours)?

A

10% BW

2-4 oz Q3-4 hrs

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17
Q

What keeps neonates alive for first 6 hours by reducing risk to hypothermia?

A

Brown fat

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18
Q

What is the main portal of disease in neonates for the first 24 hours?

A

Navel

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19
Q

What type of immunity does colostrum provide?

A

Specific and non-specific immunity

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20
Q

T/F: Normal neonates are agammaglobinemic

A

True- get these Ab from colostrum

IgG=MOST IMPORTANT

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21
Q

When are Ab seen in calves, lamb and piglets?

A

Calf: viral Ab: 90-120 days (>180 for bacteria)
Lamb: Ab at 41-120 days
Piglets: Ab at 55 days

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22
Q

How much does IgG decrease at 12 hrs, 24 hrs and 36 hrs?

A

12: 50% decrease
24: 5x decrease
36: 10x decrease

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23
Q

___ correlates to protein content which correlates to IgG content of colostrum

A

Specific gravity

To know if you have good colostrum- can check IgG based on SG

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24
Q

What level of TP typically considers successful passive transfer?

A

5.5

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25
Q

How many grams of immunoglobulins do neonates need?

A

200-300 g

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26
Q

What can you use to test for failure of passive transfer?

A 
Refractometer
Zn sulfate
Na sulfite
Glutaradehyde
Radial immunodiffusion
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27
Q

How much blood and plasma can be transfused to a patient who had failure of passive transfer?

A

Blood: 20 mL/kg
Plasma: 10 mL/kg

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28
Q

What is the transmission route for Bluetongue?

A

Culcoides

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29
Q

What is the reservoir for bluetongue?

A

Cattle/wild ruminants

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30
Q

What region of the US is bluetongue and endemic?

A

Southern regions

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31
Q

What are CS of blue tongue?

A

Generalized vasculature, fever, EDEMA (face, muzzle, ears)

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32
Q

What type of virus is contagious ecthyma?

A

Parapox virus

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33
Q

What are the CS of Orf?

A

Pustular encrustations on lip/nostril

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34
Q

T/F: contagious ecthyma is typically self-limiting

A

True

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35
Q

T/F: ORF is zoonotic

A

True

36
Q

What is bloat often caused by in small ruminants?

A

Lush legume pasture

37
Q

What can be caused by engorgement of grain or rapid change to high concentrate diet?

A

Rumen acidosis

38
Q

What age is Giardia typically seen?

A

16-30 days

39
Q

What age is Salmonella typically seen?

A

7-30 days

40
Q

What age is Cryptosporidium seen?

A

9-16 days

41
Q

What age is Rotavirus seen?

A

7-16 days

42
Q

What age is E. coli seen?

A

7-10 days

43
Q

What does C. perfringens type D cause and what are the CS caused by the toxin?

A

Enterotoxemia (pulpy kidney disease)

Epsilon toxin- increased vascular permeability, edema in kidneys/lungs

44
Q

What is a common cause of rectal prolapse?

A

Short tail docking

45
Q

What is the tx for pregnancy toxemia?

A

Glucose 50-100 mL IV

Propylene glycol 2 oz BID PO

46
Q

Where are oestrus ovis larvae deposited and where do they migrate to?

A

Near nostrils- migrate to dorsal turbinates & sinuses

47
Q

What are the CS of oestrus ovis?

A

Rhinitis, sneezing, discharge, shaking head

48
Q

What is the tx for oestrus ovis?

A

Ivermectin

49
Q

What are the two main respiratory pathogens that we vaccinate for?

A

M. hemolytica

P. multocida

50
Q

What are the two sinuses involved in sinusitis post-dehorning?

A

Frontal

Maxillary

51
Q

What are CS of a patient with sinusitis?

A

Drainage
Unequal air flow
Foul odor
Head pressing

52
Q

What is the tx for sinusitis?

A

Lavage everyday w/ 0.1% chlorhex solution

53
Q

What is pharyngitis commonly a result from?

A

Dosing- bacterial invasion from trauma to pharynx
T. pyogens
F. necrophorum
C. pseudotuberculosis

54
Q

What are the supportive tx options for pharyngitis?

A

NSAIDs and rumen fistula

55
Q

What are retropharyngeal abscesses caused by?

A

C. pseudotuberculosis

56
Q

What is the tx of retropharyngeal abscesses?

A

Sx removal

57
Q

What are the 6 common causes fo pneumonia?

A 
Pasteurellosis
PI3
BRSV
Ovine/Caprine Herpes
Mycoplasma
Ovine Progressive pneumonia
58
Q

What is pasteurellosis caused by?

A

Mycoplasma hemolytica biotype A&T

A=most common biotype

59
Q

What lesions are seen from pasteurellosis?

A

Secondary fibrinopurulent pleuropneumonia + fluid in pleural/peritoneal cavities
Lung lesions=foci of necrosis surrounded by hemorrhage

60
Q

What pneumonia causative agent causes diffuse interstitial pneumonia with firm edematous lungs?

A

BRSV

61
Q

What is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae

62
Q

Where are lesions found in patients with enzootic pneumonia?

A

Cranial lobes w/ pleuritis

63
Q

What is the causative agent of chronic pneumonia in older animals?

A

Ovine progressive pneumonia

64
Q

T/F: Ovine progressive pneumonia has long incubation period?

A

True (2-4 years)

Persists in monocytes/macrophages

65
Q

What two causative agents must be present to cause foot rot in small ruminants?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus

66
Q

What are the 4 forms of caprine arthritis encephalitis?

A

Arthritic (adults-Most common type)
Leukoencephalomyelitis (Kids)
Interstitial pneumonia
Mastitis

67
Q

What is the most common joint affected by the arthritic type of caprine arthritis encephalitis?

A

Carpus

*hock also infected

68
Q

Where are kids affected with the Leukoencephalomyelitis?

A

Weak in the rear end

69
Q

What is the most sensitive test for caprine arhtritis encephalitis?

A

AGID

70
Q

What are the early and advanced CS of scrapie?

A

Early: tremors of head/neck, isolation from flocks, uncoordinated hind limbs
Advanced: ITCHING, DEATH

71
Q

How long is the incubation period for scrapie?

A

2-5 years

72
Q

What is scrapie dx on?

A

Ante-mortem evaluation of 3rd eyelid

73
Q

What is the scrapie resistant codon?

A

171R

74
Q

What is polioencephalomalacia caused by?

A 
Thiamine deficiency
(increased sulfur levels)
75
Q

What are cs of tetanus?

A

Sawhorse stance
3rd eyelid protrusion
Hyperesthetic

76
Q

What is the cause of caseous lymphadenitis?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

77
Q

What are the clinical characteristics of caseous lymphadenitis?

A

Cheesy, greenish, odorless puss in a thick capsule

78
Q

What is club lamb fungus caused by?

A

Trichophyton spp.

79
Q

Where is club lamb fungus usually seen?

A

Livestock shows

80
Q

How long after exposure of Trichophyton spp. will you notice signs of ringworm?

A

2-4 weeks

81
Q

What is Bluebag caused by?

A

S. aureus and pasteurella hemolytica

82
Q

What is the initial presentation of bluebag and what does it progress to?

A

Hot/erythematous udder –> cyanotic/cold udder

83
Q

What is bighead caused by?

A

Clostridium novyi Type A
Headbutting rams
Alpha toxin

84
Q

Black leg disease is caused by what?

A

Clostridium novyi Type B

85
Q

What infection does black leg disease typically follow?

A

Fasciola hepatica

86
Q

What does clostridium septicum cause?

A

Braxy in sheep

Malignant edema

87
Q

What is the main CS of clostridial infections?

A

Death

LAM II-RUSVM (19 decks)

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