Small Ruminant-French Flashcards
At what age are castrations performed and what are the four methods?
1-4 wks
Elastrator band, knife, emasculatome, callicrate
What are the normal vial parameters?
T: 102-104
P: 70-90
R: 12-20
RC: 1-2/min
How are incisors used to age SR?
1st: 1 year
2nd: 2 years
3rd: 3 years
4th: 4 years
T/F: dehorning is not regulated in the US
True
T/F: the use of NSAIDs with local block at time of dehorning has showed to decrease cortisol at 3 hours compared to local block alone
True
What nerve is blocked for dehorning?
Infratrochlear nerve
Cornual branch just below lateral ridge of frontal bone
What is the preferred way to dehorn?
Hot iron (3-5 s)
What is the goal when using hot iron method?
Circular ring around bud until center falls out and becomes copper like a penny
What is thermal injury due to hot iron dehorning treated with?
Oxytetracycline
What can tail docking too short predispose a patient to?
Rectal prolapse (sacro-coccygeal area)
Where should you amputate the tail?
Between C1-C2
Where does cranial vs. caudal epidural block?
Caudal: sacro-coccigeal, blocks perineum
Cranial: lumbosacral, blocks the perineum and legs
What is the rule for trimming hooves?
Sole is parallel to coronary band
Pink tissue=STOP
What are two types of foot baths used?
CuSO4
ZnSO4
When should Clostridium D + T vaccines be administered?
1&2 months of age, 6 months, annually and 1 month prior to parturition
IM in NECK
How much colostrum should be ingested in the first 24 hours (preferably first 4 hours)?
10% BW
2-4 oz Q3-4 hrs
What keeps neonates alive for first 6 hours by reducing risk to hypothermia?
Brown fat
What is the main portal of disease in neonates for the first 24 hours?
Navel
What type of immunity does colostrum provide?
Specific and non-specific immunity
T/F: Normal neonates are agammaglobinemic
True- get these Ab from colostrum
IgG=MOST IMPORTANT
When are Ab seen in calves, lamb and piglets?
Calf: viral Ab: 90-120 days (>180 for bacteria)
Lamb: Ab at 41-120 days
Piglets: Ab at 55 days
How much does IgG decrease at 12 hrs, 24 hrs and 36 hrs?
12: 50% decrease
24: 5x decrease
36: 10x decrease
___ correlates to protein content which correlates to IgG content of colostrum
Specific gravity
To know if you have good colostrum- can check IgG based on SG
What level of TP typically considers successful passive transfer?
5.5
How many grams of immunoglobulins do neonates need?
200-300 g
What can you use to test for failure of passive transfer?
Refractometer Zn sulfate Na sulfite Glutaradehyde Radial immunodiffusion
How much blood and plasma can be transfused to a patient who had failure of passive transfer?
Blood: 20 mL/kg
Plasma: 10 mL/kg
What is the transmission route for Bluetongue?
Culcoides
What is the reservoir for bluetongue?
Cattle/wild ruminants
What region of the US is bluetongue and endemic?
Southern regions
What are CS of blue tongue?
Generalized vasculature, fever, EDEMA (face, muzzle, ears)
What type of virus is contagious ecthyma?
Parapox virus
What are the CS of Orf?
Pustular encrustations on lip/nostril
T/F: contagious ecthyma is typically self-limiting
True
T/F: ORF is zoonotic
True
What is bloat often caused by in small ruminants?
Lush legume pasture
What can be caused by engorgement of grain or rapid change to high concentrate diet?
Rumen acidosis
What age is Giardia typically seen?
16-30 days
What age is Salmonella typically seen?
7-30 days
What age is Cryptosporidium seen?
9-16 days
What age is Rotavirus seen?
7-16 days
What age is E. coli seen?
7-10 days
What does C. perfringens type D cause and what are the CS caused by the toxin?
Enterotoxemia (pulpy kidney disease)
Epsilon toxin- increased vascular permeability, edema in kidneys/lungs
What is a common cause of rectal prolapse?
Short tail docking
What is the tx for pregnancy toxemia?
Glucose 50-100 mL IV
Propylene glycol 2 oz BID PO
Where are oestrus ovis larvae deposited and where do they migrate to?
Near nostrils- migrate to dorsal turbinates & sinuses
What are the CS of oestrus ovis?
Rhinitis, sneezing, discharge, shaking head
What is the tx for oestrus ovis?
Ivermectin
What are the two main respiratory pathogens that we vaccinate for?
M. hemolytica
P. multocida
What are the two sinuses involved in sinusitis post-dehorning?
Frontal
Maxillary
What are CS of a patient with sinusitis?
Drainage
Unequal air flow
Foul odor
Head pressing
What is the tx for sinusitis?
Lavage everyday w/ 0.1% chlorhex solution
What is pharyngitis commonly a result from?
Dosing- bacterial invasion from trauma to pharynx
T. pyogens
F. necrophorum
C. pseudotuberculosis
What are the supportive tx options for pharyngitis?
NSAIDs and rumen fistula
What are retropharyngeal abscesses caused by?
C. pseudotuberculosis
What is the tx of retropharyngeal abscesses?
Sx removal
What are the 6 common causes fo pneumonia?
Pasteurellosis PI3 BRSV Ovine/Caprine Herpes Mycoplasma Ovine Progressive pneumonia
What is pasteurellosis caused by?
Mycoplasma hemolytica biotype A&T
A=most common biotype
What lesions are seen from pasteurellosis?
Secondary fibrinopurulent pleuropneumonia + fluid in pleural/peritoneal cavities
Lung lesions=foci of necrosis surrounded by hemorrhage
What pneumonia causative agent causes diffuse interstitial pneumonia with firm edematous lungs?
BRSV
What is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia?
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
Where are lesions found in patients with enzootic pneumonia?
Cranial lobes w/ pleuritis
What is the causative agent of chronic pneumonia in older animals?
Ovine progressive pneumonia
T/F: Ovine progressive pneumonia has long incubation period?
True (2-4 years)
Persists in monocytes/macrophages
What two causative agents must be present to cause foot rot in small ruminants?
Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus
What are the 4 forms of caprine arthritis encephalitis?
Arthritic (adults-Most common type)
Leukoencephalomyelitis (Kids)
Interstitial pneumonia
Mastitis
What is the most common joint affected by the arthritic type of caprine arthritis encephalitis?
Carpus
*hock also infected
Where are kids affected with the Leukoencephalomyelitis?
Weak in the rear end
What is the most sensitive test for caprine arhtritis encephalitis?
AGID
What are the early and advanced CS of scrapie?
Early: tremors of head/neck, isolation from flocks, uncoordinated hind limbs
Advanced: ITCHING, DEATH
How long is the incubation period for scrapie?
2-5 years
What is scrapie dx on?
Ante-mortem evaluation of 3rd eyelid
What is the scrapie resistant codon?
171R
What is polioencephalomalacia caused by?
Thiamine deficiency (increased sulfur levels)
What are cs of tetanus?
Sawhorse stance
3rd eyelid protrusion
Hyperesthetic
What is the cause of caseous lymphadenitis?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
What are the clinical characteristics of caseous lymphadenitis?
Cheesy, greenish, odorless puss in a thick capsule
What is club lamb fungus caused by?
Trichophyton spp.
Where is club lamb fungus usually seen?
Livestock shows
How long after exposure of Trichophyton spp. will you notice signs of ringworm?
2-4 weeks
What is Bluebag caused by?
S. aureus and pasteurella hemolytica
What is the initial presentation of bluebag and what does it progress to?
Hot/erythematous udder –> cyanotic/cold udder
What is bighead caused by?
Clostridium novyi Type A
Headbutting rams
Alpha toxin
Black leg disease is caused by what?
Clostridium novyi Type B
What infection does black leg disease typically follow?
Fasciola hepatica
What does clostridium septicum cause?
Braxy in sheep
Malignant edema
What is the main CS of clostridial infections?
Death
