Reticuloruminal Disorders-French Flashcards
What is the cause of free gas bloat?
Underlying primary disorder (commonly related to nerve damage)
What is frothy bloat typically caused from?
Ingestion of feed that cannot be digested
Longest you can keep a cow in lateral recumbency to avoid bloat is 45 minutes
What are the CS of bloat?
Asymmetric abdominal distention pronounced in L paralumbar fossa
Restlessness, kicking at abdomen, rolling, increased HR/RR
What are DDx of bloat?
Ruptured bladder Hydroallantois LDA Abomasal volvulus Mesenteric volvulus
What is the tx of bloat in acute vs. less severe forms?
Acute (emergency): tracarization or rumenotomy
Less severe: stomach tube relief (free gas); polaxelene, veggie oil, dactyl sodium sulfosuccinate (frothy bloat)
What are high risk forage factors for bloat?
Alfalfa, sweet clover, red clover, winter wheat
What are moderate risk forage factors for bloat?
Arrowleaf clover
Spring wheat
Oats
Perennial ryegrass
What are low risk forage factors for bloat?
Lespedeza
Birdsfoot trefoil
Sainfoin
What are the control/prevention measures for free gas bloat?
Chronic: temporary rumenotomy
Find underlying problem (esophageal obstruction)
What are the control/prevention measures for frothy bloat?
Grazing management/adaption diets
Poloxalene
Ionophores (monensin and lasalocid)
This disorder has an acute onset due to abrupt dietary changes that result in self-limiting but rapid decline in rumen fermentation.
Simple rumen indigestion
What are the CS of simple rumen indigestion?
Acute anorexia, diarrhea observed in 24 hours, rumen motility reduced to absent
What is secondary rumen indigestion?
Chronic disease caused by result of other diseases (endotoxemic infection, abomasal dz, metabolic dz)
What are CS of secondary rumen indigestion?
Rumination absent, rumen underfilled, fecal production is depressed
What is the tx of rumen indigestion?
Mild cases: self correction
Rumen transfaunation
Increase rumen fill (20-30 L fluid)
What is the pH of a patient with chronic latent rumen acidosis?
< 5.6
Can be caused by not enough effective fiber, component/slug feeding, selection
What causes acute death syndrome associated with rumen acidosis?
Clostridium perfringens enterocolitis
What causes hemorrhagic bowel syndrome associated with rumen acidosis?
Clostridium perfringens enterocolitis
What causes cerebro-cortical necrosis?
Thiaminase producing bacteria C. sporogenes and B. thiaminolyticus
What is another name for grain overload?
Lactic acidosis
caused by single episode of grain engorgement (rumen acidosis and acid indigestion)
What are the clinical findings for acute severe lactic acidosis in cattle?
CS develop 12-36 hours post metabolic crisis
Severe depression, muscle tremors, ataxia, dehydration, cold extremities, grey diarrhea, comatose (slow corneal reflex)
Why is hypovolemic shock seen with lactic acidosis?
There is an increase in rumen osmolality causing extracellular fluid to flow into the rumen resulting in hypovolemia and circulatory collapse
What factors associated with lactic acidosis leads to severe rumenitis?
Chemical (sloughing of rumen mucosa, bacterial invasion of rumen) and osmotic effect
What is a very important finding of lactic acidosis?
Large fluid filled rumen
What does the rumen fluid analysis look like with a lactic acidodic cow?
pH 5 or less, acidic and milky gray, no protozoa
What are some treatment options for a cow with lactic acidosis?
Mild cases: prevent further access to grain and supply them with hay/water only (chew more, produce more saliva, increase the pH); antacid orally MgOxide and exercise
Mod-severe cases: euth/slaughter or intensive supportive tx and sx
What are some supportive tx methods for lactic acidosis?
IV fluids (polyionic isotonic fluids) Sodium bicarb NSAIDs Ab Vit B1/B12 Ca Rumenotomy/rumen lavage (kingman tube)
What are some preventative measures for lactic acidosis?
avoid sudden ration changes
avoid finely ground and very soluble starches
supply enough effective fiber
What dz is classified as inflammatory changes that develop in the rumen mucosa and underlying tissues in cattle fed high energy rations w/ inadequate roughage?
Rumenitis
What are two associated lesions commonly seen with rumenitis?
liver abscess and laminitis
How is rumenitis dx?
Rumen fluid pH
What is the tx/prevention of rumenitis?
modify roughage portion of feed, adjust feeding intervals, antibiotics to reduce liver abscesses
What are the classical clinical signs of traumatic reticulopericarditis?
Brisket edema
Jugular pulse
Abduction
Washing machine murmur
What are some dx tests that can be performed on patients with traumatic reticulopericarditis?
Withers test: pinch withers and if they don’t move down and away from your hand it is a sign of pain (could indicate Hardware Dz)
Abdominocentesis (increased WBC, increased concentrations, dry/normal tap is inconclusive)
What are some findings on the bloodwork of a cow with hardware dz?
increased fibrinogen increased globulin neutrophilic mild metabolic alkalosis Cl in rumen
What are the differences in Type I-IV vagal indigestion?
Type I: failure of eructation resulting in free gas bloat and ruminal distention (usually due to vagus n. damaged due to TRP)
Type II: failure of omasal transport preventing aboral movement of ingesta from reticulum to abomasum
Type III: primary impaction due to dry feed w/ limited water (most common type diagnosed)
Type IV: during advanced pregnancy the enlarged uterus displaces abomasum interfering w/ normal motility
What are CS of vagus indigestion?
Chronic progressive weight loss w/ abdominal distention (PAPPLE)
What dz can occur from feeding rough fibrous feed during droughts or feeding machine-made wheat?
Omasal impaction
What are CS of omasal impaction?
anorexia, dehydration, abdominal distention, ruminal hypomotility, no palpable abnormalities of intestines, empty rectum (no feces)
What are the tx options for omasal impaction?
Fluid therapy
Support
Change diet
What are the two bacterial agents that can usually be attributed to abomasal ulcers?
H. pylori or C. perfringens type A
When are non-bleeding Type I abomasal ulcers seen and what are the CS?
Periparturient period (associated w/ LD, coliform mastitis and metritis) CS: not severely affected, darkened soft feces and minimal anemia
What are the main CS associated with major bleeding/Type II abomasal ulcers?
Black tarry feces and anemia
Depressed rumen motility, decreased milk production
What is type II abomasal ulcers commonly associated with?
Lymphosarcoma (> 5 yr. old cows)
Which type of abomasal ulcers is surgery NOT recommended?
Type I/II
Give ranitidine for acidity modifiers
What type of peritonitis is associated w/ post-partum cows vs. emergent situation in cows with perorating ulcers?
Post-partum cows: local peritonitits (Type III)
Emergent situation: diffuse peritonitis (Type IV)
What are the CS of Type III perforating ulcers?
Moderately febrile, anorectic, acute decrease in milk
What are the CS of Type IV perforating ulcers?
MEDICAL ER
Tachycardia, complete rumen stasis, severe dehydration, recumbency w/ cold extremities
What are the dx methods for abomasal ulcers?
Abdominocentesis (toxic cellular changes and intracellular bacteria)
Type III: neutrophilic leukocytosis and hyperprotenemia (hyper glob and hyperfibrinogenemia)
Type IV: severe neutropenia, severe hemoconcentration and hypoproteinemia
What is the most common presentation for displaced abomasum?
LDA- 180 degree torsion w/out volvulus
Rotation along long axis ventral and to the L of the rumen
Commonly seen post-partum from all the extra space
What are some predisposing factors for a displaced abomasum?
Genetics
4-7 year old dairy cows
Periparturient dz
What are some dx tests for DA?
Auscultation and percussion
Left: ping (rumen gas)
Right: ping (gas in spiral colon or cecum) –> EMERGENCY
pH analysis (Liptack test) --> centesis of area below ping - fluid pH <4.5=abomasum w/ burnt almond odor
