Swine Nutrition Flashcards
What do you call an intact male pig
Boar
What do you call and intact female pig
Sow
What do you call the act of a pig giving birth
Farrowing
What do you call a young intact female that has not had a litter
Gilt
What do you call a castrated male pig?
Barrow
Baby pigs are called?
Piglets
Who will require the most amount of water? Sow who has recently farrowed Grower-finisher pig Or Nursery pigs
Sow who has farrowed -8gal/hd/day
-> more water needed for lactation
Neonates are ______% water and finishing pigs are ___%
80; 55
Water with a high total dissolved solids can cause what in pigs?
Diarrhea
What is the second most limiting nutrient in swine nutrition?
Lipids (energy)
What is the most expensive ingredient in any animal diet?
Protein
______________ of the diet determines the level of intake
Energy density
High energy diet = reduced intake
High fiber diet = increased intake
Where do nursery pigs get most of their energy?
From fat and sugars in milk
Where do grower pigs get most of their energy
Cereal grains
What are the two basic ingredients of swine food
Corn (energy) Soybean meal (protein)
What feedstuffs can be used as an energy source for swine
Cereal grains Damaged grains Grain by-product Purified sugars (sucrose, lactose) Fat Processed food waste
Pig carcasses contains _____% muscle but only ________% is edible protein
50, 8
How many essential amino acids are required to maintain tissues
10
What is the first limiting amino acid in swine?
Lysine
Corn is low in lysine but soybean is high
What protein sources can be used in swine nutrition
Plant proteins - soybean
Animal proteins
Bacteria
Synthetic amino acids
Baby pigs are often deficient in what mineral?
Iron
Esp indooor pigs are not exposed to dirt and do not get iron from milk
Injections can be given IM in the neck
What mineral deficiency would you suspect if you started seeing parakeratosis and lesions of the food leading to lameness?
Zinc
Required for skin and hoof structure
What are the highest mineral needs of swine?
Ca and P NaCl Iodine Iron Manganese Zinc
How do we meet the Ca and P requirements of swine
Fed as limestone and oyster shells
Can the soybean and grain diet meet the iodine requirements of swine?
No requires supplementation
What type of vitamins have a short shelf-life and are negatively affected by heat, light, and moisture
Fat soluble vitamins
Vit A
Vit D3
Vit E
Vit K
What are the water soluble vitamins required by sswine?
Niacin Pantothenic acid Vit B12 Riboflavin Choline Biotin Folic Acid
Vitamin A is required to supplement because corn has low amounts of Vit A and is broken down with processing. What would be a good source of Vit A?
Dehydrated alfalfa
Vitamin E is required in all lifestages of a pig. What are good sources of this vitamin?
Legumes
Hay
Green forage
Cereal grains
What supplement is added to newborn diet to prevent hemorrhaging
Vitamin K
An pot belly pig owner comes to your clinic and is wondering what diet would be best for his pig, he wants to feed the pig solely on table scraps. What would your advice be?
Table scraps don’t contain all the necessary nutrients for the pigs - also must be cooked to prevent transfer of disease
Buy commercial formulated pig food-> has all the requirements
Why does it cost less to have outdoor pigs?
Cost of building
Ventilation
Heating
Why do pigs raised outdoors have a higher feed intake?
More exercise for outdoor pigs
Some food lost to waste in the ground
How should nursery pigs be fed? How is the sow fed
Milk diet for 3-4weeks after farrowing
Sow fed ad libitum -> requires good body condition for lactation and a repeat estrus
How are pigs weaned?
From coming off a milk diet pigs must learn to eat other food products –> milk products can be added to feed
Fed ad libitum
Need high protein
The earlier a pig is weaned, the greater the need for ______________________ to minimize post weaning lag
Complex diet
What is phase feeding?
Adjusting the ration several times over the grower-finisher period and the nutritional needs of the hog changes
Piglets when born have __________ enzyme that allows them to digest milk, but lack the __________ enzyme and are not able to digest starch
Lactase; amylase
Grower and finisher rations for pigs are adjusted to?
Sex, age, and genetic potential
The more dietary phase changes, the (slower/faster) the pig will reach market weight
Faster
Environmental temperature is important for pig feed intake. At high temp, pigs have a (increased/decreased) feed intake and in cold temp they are (increased/decreased)
High temp => decreased feed intake
Low temp=> increased feed intake (metabolism and digestion generate heat)
What will cause more heat generation, dietary fiber or fats and oils?
Dietary fiber -> more digestion needed to break down
T/F: Overfeeding guilts can lead to significantly more leg disorders
True
-> 12% of females are culled for this reason
It is important to maintain adequate nutrition without over feeding swine. What are some consequences of too much and too little weight gain?
Too much
- dystocia (fat in birth canal)
- poor feed intake and milk production
Too little
- instability to sustain lactation
- delayed return to estrus and rebreeding
When does milk production peak
Between 15-18days of lactation
Piglets with anemia, what may the problem be?
Iron deficiency
Sow milk doesn’t contain iron
Indoor pigs are not picking up form first
Cannot make enough hemoglobin
Pigs that have a “goose stepping gait” are typical of pigs with what deficiency
Vit B
Pig with parakeratoisis, abnormal keratinization and formation of horny scales can result from what nutritional imbalances?
Low zinc High calcium (ties up the availability of zinc)
The ratio of Ca to P in the diet should be ________
2:1 or 3:1
If Ca is too high -> lower P absorption –> reduced growth and structural soundness (pathological fractures and poor bone calcification)
What is the limiting aa in swine?
Lysine
Supplementation of what has been associated with faster and leaner growth of pigs?
Linoleic fatty acid
–> improved gains, reduced back fat, and improved immune system
Supplementation of what has show to prolong shelf life of pork meat and improve colour to appeal to consumers
Vit E –> antioxidant
What enzyme can be supplemented to break down undigestible phytic acid found in grains and oils and helps to release phosphorus and calcium
Phytase
Why is dietary fiber beneficial to the pig?
Selectively stimulates the growth of health-promoting bacteria in GI tract –> improved GI health
What are methods of increaseing carcass lean content?
Restricted feeding
Porcine somatotropin
Beta agonist (ractopamine)
Transgenic pigs
How does porcine somatotropin contribute to lean carcass
Growth hormone
What B agonist is added to feed and can cause dramatic muscle growth
Ractopamine
