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RUSVM Nutrition > Clinical Equine Nutrition > Flashcards

Clinical Equine Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

If you have your horses in a herd, that are fed together and some are really fat and others are skinny, what is occurring?

A

Competition

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2
Q

How can you reduce competition?

A

Feed in compatible groups

In group feeding, spread out or feed in piles or feeders for each

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3
Q

What are the adverse effects of feed competition?

A

Horses are over or under conditioned

Trauma from fighting

Esophageal obstruction “choke” - bolting feed

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4
Q

Dysphasia
Watery feed tinged nasal discharge
Gagging
Stretching of the neck

What is this

A

Esophageal obstruction

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5
Q

How do you treat and manage esophageal obstruction

A

Sedation
Naso-gastic tube

Management

  • often repeat offenders
  • slow down eating
  • separate “bully”
  • soaked feed
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6
Q

What are vices associated with feed management ?

A

Crib-biting
Wind-sucking
Wood chewing

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7
Q

What are vices that are NOT associated with feed management

A

Weaving
Stall walking
Headshaking

Usually a result of confined spaces
–> weight loss

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8
Q

What are concerns for a cribbing horse?

A 
Poor performance 
Weight loss
 Incisor wear 
Flatulent colic 
Epiploic foramen entrapment 
Destruction of property 
Annoying to owner
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9
Q

What are treatments for cribbing? What would be the best method?

A

Surgery-> cut the strap muscles–> take away the ability to crib but not the desire

Drug -> tricyclics antidepressant-> more preventative (but expensive)

Address by diet-> addition of fiber

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10
Q

T/F: wind sucking horses often become crabbers

A

True

74% of wind suckers become cribbers

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11
Q

What is the difference between cribbing and wood chewing

A

Cribbing - grasp onto object with mouth and suck in air

Wood chewing- just chewing, no air sucking

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12
Q

What are signs that your horse may have dental issues

A

Weight loss
Dropping feed
Difficulty eating
Quidding

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13
Q

What are some dental abnormalities seen in horses

A

Enamel points
Molar hooks

-> ulceration

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14
Q

What is the treatment for dental abnormalities

A

Float - smooth the surface

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15
Q

What problems can alfalfa cause in foals?

A

Ca/P ratio is very high

Increase Ca may interfere with other e-lyte absorption

Increase P may promote osteochrondrosis

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16
Q

What problems are associated with alfalfa

A

Blister beetle

Cantharidin toxicosis -> to GIT and kidney

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17
Q

Horse with

Colic 
Anorexia 
Depression 
GIT erosions 
Frequent urination 
Colitis
A

Blister beetle -cantharidin toxicosis

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18
Q

How can blister beetle toxicosis be prevented?

A

No crimping
Inspect the feed

No specific treatment
Supportive care with fluids and NSAIDS

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19
Q

What are problems associated with fescue?

A

Contamination with endophyte fungus - ergot alkaloid

Dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin form AP

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20
Q

Horse with..

Prolonged gestation 
Premature separation of the placenta
Dystocia 
Retained placenta
 Agalactia
A

Fescue toxicosis

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21
Q

How can fescue toxicosis be prevented?

A

Most late gestating mares off pasture

Cut grass (fungus lives in seed)

Fungus free variety

Re seeding

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22
Q

What is associated with increased salivation in horses?

A

Red clover infected with Rhizoctonia leguminicola

Usually not a significant issue
-some dehydration in very severe cases

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23
Q

What are the 3 main issues with concentrate feed

A

Grain overload
Ionophore toxicity
Moldy corn poisoning

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24
Q

Clinical signs of grain overload?

A

Colic - looking at flank, pawing, and rolling

Colitis

Gastric rupture

Laminitis

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25
Q

How do non-structural carbohydrates lead to colic?

A

Rapid fermentation in the hind gut => gas distention

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26
Q

What is the treatment for colic?

A

NSAIDS - flunixin

Rectal examination

NG incubation -reflux and mineral oil

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27
Q

What condition is associated with grain overload and NSAIDS

A

Laminitis

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28
Q

What is the pathogenesis of grain overload leading to laminitis?

A

NSC (non-structural carbohydrate)

  • > rapid fermention increases the gram (+) and decreases the gram (-)
  • > increased lactate, acidosis
  • > destruction of basement membrane, digital ischemia, and leukocyte infiltration
29
Q

What is the treatment of laminitis ?

A 
NSAIDS 
DMSO iv (scavenge free radicals) 
Vasodilator 
Shoeing 
Sole support 
SX
Diet - no carbs (sad day )
30
Q

Horse with..

Trembling, sweating, and cardiac arrhythmia s

A

Ionophore toxicity (cardio toxic)

31
Q

What is the treatment of ionophore toxicity?

A

Supportive

Lavage GI - mineral oil or activated charcoal

32
Q

Moldy corn poisoning is associated with what disease

A

Leukoencephalomalacia

-myotoxic equine encecphlomalacia

33
Q

What is the fungus responsible for moldy corn poisoning ?

A

Fusarium moniliforme

34
Q

Clinical signs on moldy corn poisoning?

A

Liquefaction of cerebral white matter

Incoordination 
Depression 
Blindness
Sweating 
Head pressing 
Seizures 
Coma 
Death
35
Q

Will a performance horse consume enough dry feed to meet its energy needs?

A

No - only consume 2-2.5% of BW in dry feeds

Use grain (33-40% of feed)

36
Q

T/F: performance horse are fed high roughage and low grains diets?

A

False!

High grain, low roughage

37
Q

Why use vegetable, corn or flaxseed oils in performance horse feeds?

A

Energy density

1cup of oil replaces 3-4cups of concentrate

38
Q

What minerals should be supplemented to performance horses?

A

Na
Cl
K
Mg

All lost in sweat

Also water

39
Q

In aged horses a BCS of ______ should be maintained prior to winter

A

4-6

40
Q

Will digestion and absorption of protein, fiber, and phosphorus increase or decrease with age

A

Decrease

41
Q

What are common health problems in aging horses?

A

Dental issues
Parasitism
Arthritic conditions

42
Q

What are general recommendations for feeding aging horses?

A

Give them what they will eat!

Very palatable
Easily digested and masticated
Fat up to 1-2cups/horse/day

43
Q

What should you avoid when feeding a starved horse?

A

AVOID- immediately starting of high quality diet

->Refeeding syndrome = fatal increase in blood insulin

Lead to cardiac and respiratory failure

44
Q

How should you feed a starved horse?

A

Start on feed with low glycemic index
Roughage only - alfalfa

Introduced 50-70% of maintenance based on BW

Gradually build up to maintenance over 10days

Increase to 125% maintenance then gradually introduce grain after 10 days

45
Q

What additional things should you consider besides feed when dealing with a starved horse?

A

Reduce nutrient drains

  • deworm
  • balanced for warmth
  • reduced exercise
  • no food competition

Dental issues
Hoof care
Underlying dz?

46
Q

Equine metabolic syndrome affects what horses?

A

Adults <15yrs (middle aged)

47
Q

Obesity
Intermittent laminitis (founder rings)
PPID negative
Persistent hyperinsuliemia

Signs of?

A

Equine metabolic syndrome

48
Q

How do you treat equine metabolic syndrome?

A

Low glycemic index diet

  • late cut hay
  • no grass pasture (grazing muzzle)

Exercise

Levothyroxine sodium (increase metabolic rate)

49
Q

In ponies, donkey, and miniature horses, a sudden and severe breakdown of body fat stores leads to?

A

Hyperlipemia

  • life threatening *
50
Q

What are predisposing factors of hyperlipidemia?

A

Obesity
Insulin resistance
Female- pregnant or lactating

51
Q

What factors can cause a hyperlipidemia?

A

Inadequate feed intake
Stress
Pain
Disease

-> neuroendocrine response -> lipolysis

52
Q 
Anorexia 
Dysphagia 
Colic 
Pyrexia 
Encephalopathy 
Depression 
Weakness
Abortion 
Rapid weight loss
A

Hyperlipidemia

53
Q

What is the treatment for hyperlipidemia?

A

Treat precipitating factors (Eg decrease stress)

Treat secondary problems
-dehydration and hypoglycemia

Reduced LDLs feeds

54
Q

What are key factors thought to be involved in developmental orthopedic disease?

A 
Rapid growth 
Diet imbalance (hypernutrition or poor Ca/P ratio)

Biomechanical stress or trauma

Hormonal factors

Genetic predisposition

55
Q

What is the most common developmental orthopedic disease in horses?

A

Physistis/epiphysitis

Can lead to angular deformities in severe cases

56
Q

Physitis/epiphysitis is most common in what joints?

A

Distal radius and distal MCIII or MTIII

57
Q

What is the treatment of physitis?

A

Decrease the nutritional plane -roughage only

Rest

+/- NSIADs and Mineral supplement

58
Q

What do you call and DOD where there is deviation of the limb in the sagittal plane?

A

Angular limb deformities

59
Q

What are the most common angular limb deformities?

A 
Carpal valgus (lateral) 
Fetlock varus (medial)
60
Q

Treatment of angular limb deformities?

A

Trimming/shoeing
Stall confinement

Surgical

  • hemi-circumferential periosteal transection and elevation
  • transphyseal bridging
61
Q

What is a flexural limb deformity?

A

Either flexion or extension of the joint

Congenital -> infection

Acquired -> rapidly growing foal, excessive energy intake after previous inadequate energy may trigger

62
Q

What are treatments for federal limb deformities ?

A

Exercise
Shoeing
Oxytetracyline

Surgery

  • desmotomy (cut lig)
  • tenotomy
63
Q

What do you call a disease where there is disturbance in endochondrial differentiation, proliferation, maturation, and ossification of fast growing animals

A

Osteochondrosis

High incidence in Standardbred and Warmblood breeds -> nutritional and genetic factors

64
Q

What are clinical signs associated with osteochrondrosis and OCD?

A

Joint effusion and lameness

65
Q

Are cervical vertebral malformations more common in males or females

A

Male

66
Q

When do we see cervical vertebral malformations in horses?/

A

Rapid growing due to hypernutrition -> compression of SC

67
Q

Normal newborn foals have a high metabolic rate and low haptic glycogen reserves which requires them to frequently ingest colostrum then milk

A

This is just a fun fact

68
Q

Can goats milk or cows milk be used to feed an orphan foal?

A

Yes

Goat - close to mare but can cause some constipation

Cow- has less fat more surgar so add 2% dextrose

69
Q

What are problems that can arise from hand rearing a foal

A

Behaviour issues -> avoid humanization

Labor intensive

RUSVM Nutrition (16 decks)

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