Canine And Feline Nutrition Flashcards
What about the dogs oral anatomy makes them suited to an omnivorous diet?
Dogs can move mouth side to side (grinding)
Teeth with flat surface
P.S cats do not have the same ability
What is the eating behavior of doggos ??
Large infrequent meals
Opportunistic predators and scavengers
Consume herbivore feces
Consume plant matter
Cats have very little ____________ enzyme which gives them very limited activity to use plant material as energy, therefore they use protein as a main energy source
Glucokinase
-> dogs have lots–> omnivorous
T/F: starches are highly digestible by dogs
True
What is the minimum protein requirement for dogs?
12% young
4% adult
You should feed puppies puppy/growth foods until they are _______% of adult size, then transition to adult food
80
What are the key nutritional factors for puppies??
Energy density Protein Fat Calcium and phosphorus Soluble carbohydrate Digestibility
Do different breeds of dogs require different levels of nutrients??
We dont know
Marketing
Toy-breeds are susceptible to hypoglycemia –> supply energy dense puppy foods
-> so small, very little body fat-> runs out of liver glycogen
Large breeds have some developmental bone disease
What feeding method is best for puppies?
Feeding often (3-4small meals a day) with a restricted amount
Free feed–> risk for obesity
Food-limited meal feeding can lead to what condition in puppies?
Hypoglycemia
Excessive food/nutrient intake is a risk factor for what in puppies?
Obesity
Developmental orthopedic disease
What developmental orthopedic disorders are common in large dog breeds and can result from excessive food intake as a puppy?
Inactivity Skeletal pain Splayed feet Angular deformity Physitis Wobblers syndrome Osterochondrosis Hip dysplasia
What disorder can result due to excess hypercalcemia in the diet of puppies, will this also affect adults?
Decrease osteoclast and increase osteoclast activity
Decreased bone remodeling
Decreased bone/cartilage maturation
T/F: In large dog breeds, we want to slow the growth rate down in puppies therefore we restrict their fat intake?
True
Restricted meal feeding leads to slower growth –> decreased incidence of developmental orthopedic disease
Animal will still reach full size as an adult
What is the key nutritional factors for feeding obese prone dogs?
Protein
Fiber
Antioxidants
Low fat
Ca and P
Na and Cl
Food texture
What are non-dietary risk factors that makes a dog obese prone??
Breed/genetics
Gender and reproductive status
Age
Sedentary life style
What are key nutritional factors for working/athletic dogs?
Energy density
Protein
Fat
Antioxidants
Fiber
Food texture
Ca and P
Na and Cl
What is the most practical way of increasing energy density of a food for working dogs?
Fat
Also increases palatability of the food
What should the dry matter intake be for a working dog?
3.5% of ideal body weight
What are the key nutritional factors in reproducing dogs?
Energy density Protein Fat Soluble carbohydrate Ca and P Digestibility
Fiber
Na and Cl
Puppies should gain ___________ g/kg of adult weight/day
2-4
Puppies should be weaned at ______weeks
6-7
Is free choice feeding recommended for puppies?
No not until puppies have reached 80-90% of their adult size
Obesity, musculoskeletal, chronic kidney disease, and decrease cognitive function are common health problems seen in what dogs?
Older dogs
What is the most common form of malnutrition?
Obesity
easier to prevent than to treat!
T/F: older dogs do not tolerate nutrient excesses
True
What is the feeding behaviour of a cat?
10-20small meals/day
Food consumption based on energy density, not bulk
Taste preferences, odor, and temp
T/F: in cats, taste preference increases with increase in food temperature
True
The minimum protein requirement of a cat is about ???
7-8% dry matter
For a dog its only 4% dry matter
T/F: cats do not have an indictable enzyme system of hepatic deaminase and transaminase
True
What amino acid is required in higher amounts in the cat because the cat is unable to synthesize enough ornithine or citrulline in its enterocytes?
Arginine
What can occur in a cat after a single meal devoid of arginine? How can the cat aquire arginine?
Hyperamonemia
Animal protein sources
What amino acid in cats is conjugated bile acids
Taurine
What is responsible for the odor of cat urine
Cystine ==> feminine and isovalthine
Cystine is a precursor of ________________ which the cat needs in higher amounts to prevent oxidative damage
Glutathione
How can the cat get its cystine and methionine requirements?
Animal tissues
Cats can consume ____% of their calories from lipid without any negative effects
65
What are the essential fatty acids in cats?
Linoleic
Arachidonic
Eicosapentanoic acid
Docosahexaenoic acid
Can cats have carbohydrates in their diet?
Yes.
Slows digestion because they have less amylase –> makes a slower and gradual rise in blood sugar
T/F: cats should have high sucrose foods
False
Leads to fructosemia and fructosuria
Cats are deficient in adolase–> cannot convert fructose to energy
Also deficient in glucoskinase and cannot process high sugar diets
Carbohydrates that are slowly absorbed can be processed by what enzyme and pathway
Hexokinase
Gluconeogenesis
Cats required 4-5fold of what vitamins?
Thiamine (B1), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), and folate (B9)
Can cats synthesize their own niacin?
No have poor conversion of tryptophan to niacin
Require niacin in their diet
What are the most commonly reported mineral abnormalities in cats?
Ca and P
Kittens should gain ________g/week
50-100
Growth/lactation cat food should be fed at ____weeks and kittens should be weaned at _____Weeks
3; 8-10
What changes occur after neutering a cat that makes them obese prone?
Decreased resting energy expenditure
Increased food intake due to loss of appetite control (eg lower estrogen levels)
Decreased activity
What are the key nutritional factors for obese prone adult cats?
Energy density
Fat
Fiber
Protein Ca and P K Na and Cl Mg
What are the key nutritional factors for reproducing cats
Energy density Protein Fat Ca and P Soluble carbohydrate Taurine Copper
Fiber
K
Na and Cl
Mg
T/F: obesity is common in geriatric cats and dogs
False
Yes in dogs
No in cats (tend to lose weight)
What are potential etiologies for weight loss in older cats?
Reduced nutrient intake
Reduced digestive function–> less energy out of fat
Concurrent illnesses
___________ vitamin is often deficient in older cats
B12 (cobalmin)
What are the clinical signs of cobalmin deficiency in cats?
Anorexia, weight loss, pica
Wet appearing hair coat
Enteropathy with villous atrophy and fat malabsorption
Before the age of 7 cats usually get _________ crystals, but after 7 _________ crystals are usually seen
Struvite; Ca oxalate
Do you recommend feeding vegetarian or vegan diets for cats.
Hell no!
If you feed a cat that has soybean meal as a source of arachidonic acid, is this nutritionally sufficient for the cat?
Nope.
Cats do not have the enzymes to convert the fatty acids and make them available
