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RUSVM Nutrition > Intro/Dairy Cattle > Flashcards

Intro/Dairy Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the breed groups of domestic cattle?

A

Bos taurus
Bos indicus
Crosses

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2
Q

How can you tell a diary cattle from a beef cattle?

A

Dairy- triangular in shape

Beef-rectangular

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3
Q

What are the beef breeds?

A 
Bos taurus 
Angus 
Hereford 
Charolais
Blonde d-Aquitaine

Bos indicus
Brahman
Nellore

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4
Q

What are the dairy breeds?

A

Bos Taurus

  • Holstein-Friesland
  • jersey

Bos indicus
-guernesy

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5
Q

90% of diary cows are of what breed

A

Holstein-Friesland

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6
Q

What is the smallest diary breed?

A

Jersey

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7
Q

What breed of cattle is heat tolerant, docile and has a 4% milk fat?

A

Brown Swiss

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8
Q

Breed of dairy cow originally from Scotland. Has a good grazing ability and a 4% milk fat

A

Ayrshire

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9
Q

A beef cattle that is all black, smooth haired, and polled. Will have high-quality carcass and marbled meat

A

Angus

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10
Q

Beef cow with white faces and red bodies. They are docile and easily handled

A

Hereford

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11
Q

Beef cow originating from Northern England with short horns

A

Shorthorn/ polled shorthorn

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12
Q

Beef cow that is white haired, large, and heavily muscled. Will have high lean carcass yield

A

Charolais

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13
Q

A bos indicus breed of beef cow that is grey or red, heat tolerant, and has the ability to forage on poor pastures

A

Branman

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14
Q

Breed of cattle that is adapted to harsh environments, can survive of sparse rangelands, tolerant to disease and parasites, and has very long horns

A

Texas longhorn

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15
Q

What are composite breeds?

A

Intentional crosses of pure breed

-> combine hardiness with productive performance

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16
Q

90-95% of the dairy cattle are what breed?

A

Holstein-Friesland

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17
Q

How many months of the year are cows milked?

A

10months

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18
Q

What are the types of nutrition used on diary farms?

A

Gazing -> pasture and are supplemented with grain/hay

Minimal grazing -> pasture and are “hand fed” on total mixed ration

No grazing -> animals exclusively “hand fed” and have no access to pasture

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19
Q

In dairy cow production, what should occur between the dry period and the breeding period?

A

Voluntary waiting period

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20
Q

How long is the gestation period of a diary cow?

A

220 days

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21
Q

How long is the dry period in dairy cow production?

A

60days

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22
Q

How many times a day are diary cows milked

A

2x

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23
Q

T/F: milk production is increase but the number of dairy cows is decreasing

A

True

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24
Q

How are female calves raised on a dairy farm?

A

Female calves are on artificial milk, weaned at 35-45days

Reared for 420days

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25
Q

How long is the voluntary waiting period?

A

85days

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26
Q

What is the life span of a dairy cow, how long are they profitable?

A

20yr lifespan

Only profitable for 3-5yrs for lactation (lameness, mastitis, and infertility)

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27
Q

A heifer inseminated on 15th November 2016 will calve in ________ and will start the dry period in ___________

A

August 2017 (gestation is 20days); june 2018 (lactation takes 305days after calving, followed by the 60day dry period)

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28
Q

When does peak lactation occur?

A

Weeks 4-10

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29
Q

Milk production is limited by what two factors?

A

Genetic (25%)

Environmental (75%)

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30
Q

What are nutrients used for in dairy cattle?

A 
Growth of immature animal 
Pregnancy 
Fattening/regaining normal weight lost
Maintenance 
Lactation
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31
Q

T/F: a cow in lactation and fed correctly will used 1/3 of feed for maintenance and 2/3 of feed for milk production

A

False

1/2 -maintenance
1/2- lactation

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32
Q

In a dairy cow and on the firs 5 weeks of lactation the fat content will ________ and the volume of milk produced will _________

A

Decrease; increase

33
Q

What are the types of feed used in dairy cattle?

A

Roughages - pasture, hay, silage

Concentrate and grains

34
Q

How is dry matter calculated

A

Dry weight/ fresh weight * 100

35
Q

In cattle, _______% of the dry matter should come from roughages, and the rest from concentrates and/or grain

A

60-80

36
Q

The feeding value of a hay is dependent on what factors?

A

Kind of hay / botanical composition

Stage of maturity when cut

Harvesting method

37
Q

What is green chop? What is the moisture content?

A

Forage is harvested and chopped daily

Moisture content and nutritional value changes considerably throughout the year

38
Q

What is silage

A

Anaerobic preservation

Preserved in silos

39
Q

What is the most popular roughages for dairy cattle

A

Corn silage

40
Q

Corn silage is made when the kernels have reached _______ stage

A

Dent

41
Q

Is supplementation needed if you are feeding corn silage?

A

Yes

Only 8%DM is protein
Low on minerals

42
Q

Straw is added to diet for?

A

Fiber

Low energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins (little nutritional value)

43
Q

Pasture is fed to lactating cows, what may this cause?

A 
Drop in milk production 
Drop in milk fat 
Bloat 
Flavors in milk 
Reduced grain intake 
Watery feces 
Difficult to get cows into milking parlour

lactating cows rarely get enough dry matter if pasture is the major source of roughage

44
Q

What pasture management practices should be used to reduce problems in lactating cattle?

A

Limit grazing time
Feed dry forage before allowing cows on pasture
Bring cows into barn several hours before feeding
Feed silage/hay at this time

45
Q

Grains contain ________% total digestible nutrients

A

70-80

46
Q

T/F: processed grains are more digestible

A

True
EXCPET grains that are ground too fine–> lower digestibility and lower %milkfat

-grinding, rolling, pelleting

47
Q

What cereals are commonly used in dairy cow feed?

A

Corn
Oat
Barley

48
Q

Which has the best protein content? Corn, oat, barley?

A

Barley > oat > corn

49
Q

Barely or oats should not make up more than _____ of the grain ration

A

Half

50
Q

T/F: quality of the protein is more important than quantity for dairy cows

A

False

Quantity is more important than quality

51
Q

What protein supplements can be used in dairy cattle

A 
Corn gluten meal 
Distillers dried grains 
Soybean meal 
Sunflower meal 
Linseed meal 
Cottonseed meal
52
Q

Corn gluten meal is added as a protein supplement for dairy catte, but should be limited to ___lbs per head/day

A

5

53
Q

Does corn gluten meal or distilled dried grain have more protein ?

A

Corn gluten meal 40-60%

Distillers dried grain 20-30%

54
Q

What is a good source of protein and phosphorus for dairy cattle but is less palatable

A

Sunflower meal

55
Q

What protein supplement will also add shine to the hair coat, is palatable, but can act as a laxative?

A

Linseed meal

56
Q

What protein supplement would we be concerned about gossypol poisoning with?

A

Cottonseed meal

57
Q

What non-protein nitrogen source is useful in boosting protein levels in ruminants?

A

Feed grade urea

58
Q

Beet, citrus, or tomato pulps can be added to a ration to increase?

A

Energy

-highly palatable but slight laxatives

59
Q

Why is molasses used in cattle feed?

A

Increase palatability of the ration

60
Q

Whole cottonseed can be used to increase _______ and ___________ in the diet

A

Fiber; energy

61
Q

What are good calcium sources for dairy cows?

A

Limestone

Dicalcium phosphate

62
Q

What type of cow needs the most water of any farm animal

A

Lactating cows -> milk is 85% water

63
Q

What do microorganisms secrete that allows them to digest fibrous plant compounds like cellulose and hemicellulose?

A

Cellulase

Hemicellulase

64
Q

Fibrous plant compounds are fermented to _____________ by microorganisms in the rumen

A

Volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) which can be absorbed by he animal and used for energy

65
Q

T/F: cattle can make their own vitB

A

True
Vit B produced by microorganisms

(Eg microorganisms can produce thiamine, if rumen is poorly functioning you can develop thiamine deficiency leading to brain swelling)

66
Q

What is the normal pH of the rumen of a dairy cow?

A

6.5

67
Q

In early lactation, nor more than_______ % DM should be CP. this should be gradually reduced to ____% in middle to late lactation

A

18-19; 13

68
Q

What type of forage should be provided in early lactation

A

High quality!

1.5-2.8 pounds of forage per 100pounds of cow

69
Q

__________ in the ration is needed to maintain milkfat

A

Fiber

Minimum 15% crude fiber in the diet
Early lactation -18% min
Late lactation- 21% min

70
Q

What would be the most adequate forage for high-yield lactating dairy cows?

A. Straw
B. Prairie grass hay 
C. Prairie grass silage 
D. Corn silage 
E. Pasture
A

Corn silage

71
Q

A high level of soluble carbohydrates can cause?

A

Acidosis

Low milk fat

72
Q

Soluble carbohydrates are recommended at a level of _________% in dairy cows

A

30-35

73
Q

Concentrate mix should contain _______% salt and ___% calcium-phosphorus

A

0.5-1; 1

74
Q

What is the most critical feeding period in dairy cows? What are the feeding requirements?

A

Phase 1

  • first 70days of lactation
  • highest milk production

Grains should be increased by 1-1.5lbs per day for the first 10weeks of lactation and fiber kept above 15%

Grain will be 50-55% of ration
19% CP
1-1.5lb of fat to avoid weight loss

75
Q

What feeding phase of dairy cows has the thighs DM intake?

What are the feeding requirements?

A

Phase 2

  • 70-140 days after lactation
  • decreasing milk production

Grain 2.3% of BW
Forage 1.5% of BW
50-60% of ration should be digestible fiber

76
Q

What are likely problems associated with cows in phase 2

A

Low milk production
Low fat test
Ketosis

77
Q

What feeding phase is characterized by a continual decrease in milk production and grain should be fed according to this production

A

Phase 3

78
Q

Diary cow feeding can be divided into 4 different phases, according to production status. Peak production occurs in phase _____, while highest DM intake occurs in phase ___.

A

Phase 1; phase 2

79
Q

What should be limited when feeding dry cows?

A

Amount of corn silage

If you overfeed-> increase BW and fat cows

RUSVM Nutrition (16 decks)

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