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RUSVM Nutrition > Beef Cattle > Flashcards

Beef Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of beef production?

A

Cow-calf
Cattle feeder/feedlot
Purebred breeders

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2
Q

What is a cow-craft production

A

Cows bred each year to produce calves and sold to cattle feeders

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3
Q

What is a cattle feeder/ feedlot operation

A

Grow calves till market

Buy yearlings to finish them in a feedlot

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4
Q

What type of beef production provides replacement bulls ad heifers for cow-calf operations

A

Purebred breeders

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5
Q

If you are finishing cattle immediately, they are fed mostly _______. A deferred finishing system will have ___________ feed

A

Grain; roughage and grain

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6
Q

T/F In a immediate finishing production, heifers and fed longer than steers

A

False

Steer- 275days
Heifer- 230days

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7
Q

What is the MOA of a deferred finishing system?

A

Caves bought in autum
Wintered on forage
Calves pastured during summer
Fully on grain for 120-150days

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8
Q

If you are using bulls for your cow-calf production, how many bulls should there be for 100 cows

A

4

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9
Q

T/F: the objective of a cow-calf herd is to produce 1 calf per cow and year

A

True

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10
Q

When is calving, breeding and weaning occurring in a fall calving calendar

A

Breeding - dec/jan

Calving- sept/oct

Weaning- june /July

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11
Q

When is calving, breeding and weaning occurring in a spring calving calendar

A

Breeding - may

Calving - feb

Weaning - sept

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12
Q

A what is the calving interval in a beef herd production

A

365days

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13
Q

What should the calf weaning weight be?

A

40-50% of cows weight

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14
Q

What is the average age at weaning ?

A

150-180 days

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15
Q

What is the gestation period of a cow?

A

9 months (280days)

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16
Q

What is the BCS of a cow that is physically weak, has muscle atrophy, spine, ribs, and hips are all are visible, and no fat in brisket or flanks

A

BCS 1

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17
Q

What is the BCS of a cow with and online of 1-2ribs and and outline of the hip and pin bones with some fat in the brisket and flanks?

A

BCS 5

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18
Q

What is the BCS of a cow that has no outline of the ribs/hip/pin bones, and has a full fat brisket and flanks

A

BCS 8

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19
Q

What is the ideas BCS of a beefy cow.

A

5-7

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20
Q

Thin/ low BCS in beef cows are associated with what problems?

A 
Failure to cycle 
Failure to conceive 
Increasing calving interval 
Increased days on estrus 
Decreased calf vigor
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21
Q

What problems are associated with high BCS in beef cattle?

A

Costly to maintain
Dystocia
Impaired mobility
Failure to cycle and failure to conceive

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22
Q

What is the ideal BCS of a dairy cow??

A

3

Dairy cattle are measured on a 5pt scale

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23
Q

Most to least, what beef cows need the most nutrients?

A

Dry, pregnant, heifers
Lactating cows
Calves
Bulls

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24
Q

Feed costs are _______% of beef production costs/

A

50-70

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25
Q

How would you increase the efficiency of a pasture?

A. Rotational grazing
B. Use more productive varieties
C. Use the adequate proportion of legumes and grasses
D. Fertilize pasture

A

All of the above

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26
Q

In a spring calving system, heifers should spend the winter without losing more than ___% of their BW

A

10

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27
Q

How should you feed your dry, pregnant cows and heifers in the fall?

A

Fall pasture
Crop residues

Pasture in winter only if possible

28
Q

During the last 2 months of pregnancy, the needs of the heifer increases. How should these cattle be fed?

A

Increase protein in diet
-high quality hay

Usually a legume hay, corn silage, and other high proteins hays

Free choice minerals

29
Q

How do the nutrient requirements differ from a lactating cow to a day cow?

A

Lactating:
-higher protein (160-270% higher than dry)

  • higher energy (36-70%)
  • Ca and Phos (100-250%)
30
Q

Can lactating cows get sufficient nutrients on pasture alone

A

No
Should be supplemented

High quality pasture
Salt and mineral - free choice
Protein (if legumes are low)

31
Q

What is creep feeding? What is the benefit?

A

Providing calves with extra feed besides milk, like grains and commercial feed mix

Prepares rumen for weaning
Improves weight gain
Improve calf uniformity
Aid in parasite control

32
Q

What are disadvantages of creep feeding?

A

Economical ?

Impair future milk production of replacement heifers

Interferes with selection of cows for milk production

May lower feedlot grain efficiency

33
Q

In calves fed by creep feeding, they will begin to eat grain at ____weeks

A

3

34
Q

T/F: calve creep feeding is advantageous for the adaption of steers to feedlot finishing

A

True

35
Q

Are steers or heifers more efficient and weight gain? Which is finished at lighter weights?

A

Steers; heifers

36
Q

Does a calf, yearling, or older feeder cow, have more nutritional needs?

A

Older feeders > yearling > calves

37
Q

Given that most cattle arriving on a feedlot have had little grain, how should you adjust their diet to grain?

A

Start on 60% concentrate and 40% roughage

OR

Start on 80% concerted and 20% roughage

Reduce slowly to 90% grain and 10% roughage

38
Q

What breed of beef cattle is double muscled?

A

Belgian blue

39
Q

What would be your choice for feedlot finishing of a group of steers exclusively fed on natural pasture for the last 6 months?

A

Start on diet of 60% cereal den 40% roughage and gradually increase the cereal %

40
Q

What type of beef animals would be more prone to rumentitis and acidosis?

A

Feedlot steers that are not subjected to creep feeding

41
Q

Which pasture species is associated t the endophyte fungus that produces ergovaline?

A

Fescue

42
Q

What conditions are associated with acidosis in beef cattle ?

A

Founder (laminitis)

Rumentitis

43
Q

What is a major cause of bloat in beef cattle?

A

Green legumes in large amounts, very fast

Rumen swells and animal cannot get rid of gas

44
Q

Stomach wall protrudes between the ribs and hip bone, swollen like a balloon if pressed

What dis?

A

Bloat

45
Q

How can bovine pulmonary emphysema be prevented?

A

Reduce dust from fee/environment
Reduced concentrate/grain in diet
Put cattle on pasture

46
Q

What is brisket disease?

A

Pulmonary emphysema and right sided heart failure

Associated with high altitudes in non-adapted cattle –> enlargement of the neck and swelling of the brisket

47
Q

Enterotoxemia is associated with cattle on __________ diet and _______ toxins

A

Concentrate

Clostridium perfringen toxin

48
Q

What are the symptoms associated with enterotoxemia ?

A

Lameness
Bloody diarrhea
Bloating
Death in 24hrs

49
Q

What are symptoms of fescue toxicity?

A 
Cattle do not shed winter coat 
Cows thin and feverish 
Reduced calving % 
Reduced calf weight 
Conception rate radically decreased 
Fescue foot
50
Q

How can fescue toxicity be managed?

A

Dilute fescue amounts y planting clover or Bermuda grass

Remove toxic fescues and replace with non-toxic fungus

51
Q 
Abnormal teeth and bones
Stiff joints
Diarrheal 
Organ damage 
Appetite loss and emaciaction

All are symptoms of??

A

Fluorosis

52
Q

_________ is caused by inadequate blood magnesium levels and is most common in lactating animals grazing on rapidly growing lush (wheat or rye) pastures

A

Grass tetany

Symptoms

  • stiff movement
  • loss of appetite
  • frequent urination
  • convulsions
53
Q

Treatment of grass tetany?

A

Magnesium sulphate under the skin

54
Q

Pasture with high potassium can lead to ?

A

Grass tetany

Provide mineral block
Use legumes in diet

55
Q

A build up of ______ in the rumen can lead to methemoglobinemia

A

Nitrates

Nitrate -> nitrite -> hemoglobin -> methemoglobin

56
Q

Nitrate poisoning an be associated with what kind of pastures?

A

Drought

Common in green cut forages

57
Q

Herd

Dyspnea
Cyanotic membrane
Muscle tumors and weakness

Dark to chocolate coloured blood

A

Nitrate poisoning

58
Q

How can nitrate poisoning be prevented

A

Use silage

High energy feeds (grain)

59
Q

What clover species is associated with photosensitization ?

A

Alsike clover

60
Q

Lameness and shifting
Difficulty standing

Dx, treatment?

A

Founder AKA laminitis

Reduced concentrate and grain
Increase fiber

61
Q

Cause of rumentitis that is associated with animals fed on grain and low roughage. Can lead to liver abscess

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

(Fermentation –> lactic acid and acidosis –> abnormal rumenal microflora

62
Q

Deficiency in selenium causes what disease?

A

White muscle

-> trouble walking, breathing, and heart failure

63
Q

Which is poisonous to cattle?

Wild black cherry
Pokeweed
Yew
Red oak

A

All of them you dump ass…

64
Q

Which metabolic disease is associated to high-altitude?

A

Brisket disease

65
Q

Where is Se deficiency more likely to be a problem in a beef cattle herd?

North and South Dakota
Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado
Iowa and Eastern Nebraska
Pacific NW

A

Pacific NW (Washington state)

RUSVM Nutrition (16 decks)

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