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RUSVM Nutrition > Feedsuffs > Flashcards

Feedsuffs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A 
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine 
Leucine 
Lysine 
Methionine 
Phenylalanine 
Threonine 
Tryptophan 
Valine 
Taurine (cat)
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2
Q

What are the three likely deficient amino acids?

A

Lysine, methionine, and tryptophan

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3
Q

________ contains lipids and proteins

A

Lipoproteins

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4
Q

_________ contains fatty acids and phosphorus

A

Phospholipids

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5
Q

Vitamin D and cholesterol are examples of _______

A

Sterols

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6
Q

Lipids and fats are a source of ______

A

Energy

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7
Q

What is an essential fatty acid?

A

Animals requires this fatty acid but is not able to synthesize it.

Must get this from the diet

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8
Q

In a monogastric animal, essential fatty acids make up ___% of the diet

A

1

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9
Q

Scaly skin, necrosis of the tail, and poor feathering are common signs of ________ deficiency

A

Lipid

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10
Q

___________ are inorganic components of the diet

A

Minerals

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11
Q

What is the difference between a macro- and a micro- mineral?

A

Macro-mineral = found in concentrations above 100ppm

Micro-mineral = found in concentration less than 100ppm

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12
Q

What is the ash content?

A

Mineral content ->Mostly made of Ca2+

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13
Q

Common mineral deficiency in sheep?

A

Cobalt

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14
Q

Common mineral deficiency in piglets

A

Iron

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15
Q

Common mineral deficiency in pig

A

Selenium

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16
Q

Common mineral deficiency in goat and chicken

A

Zinc

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17
Q

Most water soluble vitamins function as ?

A

Cofactors of enzymes

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18
Q

Most fat soluble vitamins have what functions

A

Non-cofactor roles

Eg.
Vision - vitA
Ca absorption - VitD
Anti-oxidant- VitE

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19
Q

Where are most vitamins stored?

A

Liver

Lesser amounts in
Kidney
Spleen

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20
Q

A deficiency in vitA can lead to ???

A

Blindness

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21
Q

A vitD defectively can lead to ______

A

Rickets

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22
Q

A vitK deficiency can lead to _________

A

Tissue hemorrhage

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23
Q

What is the most important source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

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24
Q

What is a calorie (cal)

A

Amount of energy required to raise the temp of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

1cal = 4.184J

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25
Q

What is a Calorie (Cal)

A

Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree Celsius

1Cal = 1kcal

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26
Q

What is the digestible energy?

A

DE= GE feed - GE feces

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27
Q

What is the metabolisable energy?

A

ME = DE (digestible energy) - GE (urine and gases)

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28
Q

What is the essential amino acids for cats?

A

Taurine

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29
Q

What are the unsaturated FA?

A 
Palmitoleic 
Oleic 
Linoleic
Linolenic 
Arachidonic
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30
Q

What is the mineral that is highest in beef cattle ash?

A

Calcium

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31
Q

What are the three sources of water?

A

Drinking
Free (in food stuff)
Metabolic ( when nutrient/tissues are broken down)

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32
Q

In what ways are animals that live in arid environments able to conserve water?

A

Obtain water from sources other than drinking
Concentrate urine
Storage of wate

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33
Q

Water loss will (increase/decrease) with high protein/mineral salt/fiber intakes

A

Increase

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34
Q

What is found in water and can lead to toxicity before it is palatable

A

Nitrates, fluorine, and heavy metals

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35
Q

What are the nutrient characteristics measured in proximate analysis?

A 
Dry matter
Crude protein 
Ether extract 
Crude fiber 
Ash 
Nitrogen free extract
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36
Q

What is dry matter?

A

Dry weight/fresh weight x100

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37
Q

What is crude protein

A

Measurement of N (irrespective of source)

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38
Q

How is crude protein measured?

A

Using Kjeldahl method

Sulphuric acid converts all C to CO2 and N is trapped and measured in %

Can give erronious results for foods high in N (eg feed grade urea)

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39
Q

What si the ether extract?

A

AKA crude fat

Determine fatty acid composition by extracting the fats with ethyl ether

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40
Q

How is crude fiber determined?

A

Known amount of feed -> boiled in weak acid -> filtration -> boiled in weak alkali -> filtration -> dry to constant weight

Remaining residue is crude fiber

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41
Q

What molecules are found in crude fiber?

A 
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Xylans
Lignin
Fibrous carbohydrates
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42
Q

What is the ash of a feedstuff?

A

Feed is burned -> ash determines inorganic mineral concentration (use atomic absorption or spectrophotometer to determine specific minerals)

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43
Q

What does the nitrogen-free extract estimate? How is it calculated?

A

Available carbohydrates

NFE= 100- (crude protein + crude fiber + crude fat + ash)

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44
Q

The energy of a feed is measuring using a __________________

A

Oxygen bomb calorimeter

Filled with oxygen under pressure 
Bomb placed in water of known volume 
Ignite sample
Change in water temp measured 
Energy can be calculated
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45
Q

What are new methods that can replace crude fiber ?

A

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
Acid detergent fiber (ADF)

More accurate in defining carbohydrate content

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46
Q

What is the neutral-detergent fiber?

A

Measure structural component of plant (specifically cell wall)

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47
Q

What is acid detergent fiber?

A

Least digestible plant components, incl cellulose and lignin

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48
Q

Foods that are (high/low) in NDF and ADF are more nutritious

A

Low

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49
Q

The Kjehldahl method is used to determine?

A

Crude protein

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50
Q

Ash determines ??

A

Inorganic minerals

But is not specific

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51
Q

What is a forage?

A

The total plant material to be consumed by the animal

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52
Q

What is a roughage?

A

Dietary components that are high in fiber (cellulose)

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53
Q

What is herbage?

A

Plant material not including seeds or roots

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54
Q

What are the 4 catagories of herbage?

A

Grass
Legume
Forbes
Browse

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55
Q

Normally, ______ type of grass are found in temperate climate and _________ type if found in tropical and sub-tropical climate

A

C3

C4

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56
Q

Do C3 grasses or C4 grasses have a higher protein content?

A

C3

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57
Q

What grass is found in the southern US and spreads through rhizomes?

A

Bermuda grass

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58
Q

What grass has high quality during the cool season and 12-16% protein

A

Ryegrass

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59
Q

What are the winter hardy grasses? Which one is drought tolerant?

A 
Ryegrass
Brome 
Fescue - drought tolerant 
Timothy 
Orchard grass - not as drought tolerant as fescue
60
Q

What grass can have a relatively high CP and is a favorite for horses?

A

Timothy

61
Q

Grasses CP from highest to lowest

A

Orchard grass (25%early)>brome(15)Ryegrass (12-16)>fescue (12)>brome (12)

Timothy(relatively high)

62
Q

What can be a problem associated with fescue?

A

Contamination with Neotyphodium coenophialum

Produce ergot alkaloids

  • -> gangrene (fescue foot) in winter
  • -> increased body temp, rapid breathing, decreased production
63
Q

What are the native grasses?

A

Little bluestem
Big bluestem
Indian grass
Switch grass

64
Q

What are legumes?

A

Have nodules with rhizobia in the roots that transform atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by the plant

Eg. Alfalfa, clover, soybean, green beans, peas, and lentils

65
Q

What is a legume that is an excellent source of protein, Ca, carotene, tocopherol, and water soluble vitamins

A

Alfalfa AKA Lucerne

66
Q

Horse
Oral ulcers and colic.
You see they are grazing on a field of Timothy and alfalfa.
What may be causing the problem?

A

Blister beetle toxicity

Caused by Epicauta spp beetle which is associated with alfalfa-> contains cantharidin which is a GI irritant in horses

67
Q

What problem can occur in cattle if they are grazing out on an alfalfa field

A

Bloat

68
Q

You are about to do a castration on a sheep, but you notice they have sweet clover in their fields, what might you be concerned about?

A

Sweet clover is high in coumarin -> molds covert this to dicoumarol -> anti- vitK -> bleeding problems

69
Q

What is usually the most significant problem associated with sweet clover?

A

Carcass damage from bruising

70
Q

What legume is associated wit slaframine toxicosis? What are the symptoms?

A

Red clover
Infected with Rhizoctonica leguminocola which leads to accumulate of Slaframine (mycotoxin)

Salivary syndrome in horse
Bloat, diarrhea, frequent urination

71
Q

T/F: seed mixes intended for horse pastures and hay should contain alsike clover

A

False

Alike clover can cause photosenitization in horses

72
Q

What is a forb?

A

Any low growing broadleaf plant

Commonly grows with grass plants

73
Q

What is browse?

A

Woody plants
Only few animals able to digest these

Some goat breeds
Farmed wild animals (bison, deer, and antelope)

74
Q

What is the quality of forage/pasture dependent on?

A

Degree of leafiness - stems more fiber and lower protein

Stage of maturity- less nutrition once flowering

75
Q

What are good principles in pasture use?

A 
Monitor quality/growth 
Rotational grazing 
Manage 
-mowing
-fertilize
-herbicides

Proper stocking rate

76
Q

What grass species is tropical?

A

Bermuda grass

77
Q

What grass is associated with ergot type alkaloid contamination

A

Fescue

78
Q

Which legume is associated with photosenitization in horses?

A

Alsike clover

79
Q

What are advantages to green chop?

A

Less nutrient loss

May reduce bloat

80
Q

How are long fiber forages preserved?

A

Hay- dried and bailed

Haulage- semi-wilted, fermented grasses/legumes in bags

81
Q

How are short fiber forage preserved?

A

Silage- higher moisture content, fermented

82
Q

When is the ideal time to produce hay and what should its moisture content be when bailed?

A

Mid spring

20% or less

83
Q

What is silage?

A

Higher moisture content than dry roughages

Anaerobic preservation maintained in silos

84
Q

What are the different types of silage?

A

Corn

Other cereals and by-product silage

85
Q

What are the carbonaceous forages and what re the proteinaceous forages?

A

Corn and grass - carbonaceous

Alfalfa and clover- proteinaceos

86
Q

How is silage produced?

A

Stored in anaerobic conditions

Fermentation exhausts O2 - sugars to acetic or lactic acid -> reduce pH

87
Q

When should corn silage be made??

A

When kernels have reached the “dent stage”

88
Q

Corn silage contains ______% grain, _____% protein, and is (high/low) on minerals

A

50, 8, low

89
Q

What is straw?

A

Non-grain part of crops sucks as wheat or oats

Low in energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins
Little nutritional value
Mainly add fiber to diet

90
Q

What roughage has the highest CPcontent?

Tree branches
Corn Silage 
Wheat Straw 
Grass hay 
Alfalfa silage
A

Alfalfa silage

91
Q

What are the most important species of cereal grain?

A 
Corn
Rice
Wheat
Barely 
Oat 
Sorghum
92
Q

Corn is highly palatable and high in energy but is low in ??

A

Fiber content

Protein and several aa (tryptophan and lysine)

93
Q

How does cob meal compare to corn meal?

A

Cob meal has:
More crude fiber
25% less digestible
Lower CP

94
Q

What is a disadvantage of wheat?

A

May become pasty in the GI tract

Should be limited to 50% of the cereal intake

95
Q

Does corn or wheat have a higher crude protein ?

A

Wheat

96
Q

What cereal is cold tolerant and grown in northern areas?

A

Barely

97
Q

What is more drought tolerant, wheat or barely?

A

Barley

98
Q

What cereal is low in fiber and has less energy than the other grains?

A

Oats

99
Q

What has a similar composition to corn but is more drought resistant?

A

Sorghum

100
Q

What is bran?

A

The outer covering of the grains seed

More fiber and less energy than whole grain

101
Q

What cereal has the highest energy content?

A

Corn

102
Q

A byproduct of sugar that is high in eagerly and low in protein

A

Molasses

103
Q

Molasses is used to?

A

Increase the palatability of the rations

104
Q

T/F: animal fat is fed to ruminants

A

Only if no proteins are included

=> prion disease, not wanted here

105
Q

What is the purpose of adding fats/oils to the diet?

A

Energy source -> increase energy density
Digestible
Reduce rustiness and increase palatability

106
Q

Protein supplements for monogastric animals must fulfill what?

A

Essential amino acids

107
Q

Oil seed meals can come from???

A 
Peanut 
Soybean 
Sunflowers
Cottonseed 
Flax
108
Q

What is the percent of crude protein found in oilseed meals?

A

Around 40%

109
Q

What is the most important protein supplement??

A

Soybean!

110
Q

Why must soybeans be heat treated before adding to feed?

A

Contain trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutinins, urease, and saponins –> denature

111
Q

T/F: Cottonseed meal is safer to feed to monogastric rather than ruminants

A

False

Safer in ruminants

112
Q

What are disadvantages to cottonseed meal?

A

Contains gossypol

Toxic to heart, lung, and repro organs

113
Q

Sunflower meal is high in protein but deficient in __________

A

Lysine

114
Q

Where are peanuts grown?

A

Tropical crops

Southeastern states

115
Q

Peanuts are low on __________ and __________

A

Lysine; digestibility

116
Q

Flax is AKA ____________

A

Linseed

117
Q

Linseed has a poor AA content and should not be fed to

A

Poultry

Is OK in ruminants

118
Q

Linseed can contain what toxic compound?

A

Cyanogenic glycoside -> toxic H cyanide

119
Q

Canola is AKA _________ and is grown in what climates?

A

Rapeseed

Cool climate
Canada/northern states

120
Q

Canola has less ___________ but higher _________ than soybean meal

A

Lysine; methionine

121
Q

Selected cultivars of canola are used to reduce incidence of what toxic compounds?

A

Goitrogenic compounds -> disrupt thyroid metabolism

122
Q

What is the by-product of the wet milling of corn for starch and syrup?

A

Corn gluten meal

123
Q

What is the CP content of corn gluten meal?

A

40-60%

124
Q

Is the energy content higher in corn grain or in corn gluten meal?

A

Grain

125
Q

Distillery and brewery products are used for what benefits

A

High tryptophan content

126
Q

Brewers yeast has a high ___________ aa content

A

Lysine

127
Q

If you are feeding your ruminants sunflower meal to supplement protein, what may you want to add to this?

A

Brewers yeast

Sunflower meal is deficient in lysine but brewers yeast is high in lysine

128
Q

What is the most important protein source in turkey feeding?

A

Soybean meal

> most important protein supplement in ALL animals

129
Q

Which protein supplement is associated with gossypol

A

Cottonseed meal

130
Q

T/F: peanut meal has a relative high content of lysine

A

False

131
Q

What are cautions to using animal by-product meals as protein supplements

A

May cause strange flavors

Health hazard -> mad cow disease

132
Q

What non protein nitrogen can be fed to ruminants

A

Feed-grade urea

Too much urea is toxic

133
Q

What is the most common mineral supplement added to diets?

A

Salt

134
Q

Most commercial formulas for ruminants have ___________ % salt, and for poultry and pigs have ___________ % salt

A

0.5-1; 0.25-0.5

135
Q

Supplementation of calcium and phosphorus is important for???

A

Skeletal growth
Lactation
Egg production

136
Q

What feedstuffs are especially deficient in Ca and P

A

Cereals

137
Q

What are sources of Ca and P?

A

Dicalcium phosphate -> prepared from bones

Rock phosphates

Ca carbonate

Limestone

Oyster shell

138
Q

Vitamin _______ is not found in most plants used in animal nutrition, only in animal tissue or synthesized

A

A

139
Q

Vitamin ______ is found in sun-cured forages, fish liver oil and synthetic

A

D

140
Q

Vitamin __ is found in germ or germ oil of plants, greeen plants , or hays

A

E

141
Q

Vitamin __ is only found in green plant material

A

K

142
Q

Vitamin _______ is an animal and fish by-product, or dairy product

A

B

143
Q

Most ruminants will lack what vitamin

A

B

144
Q

What are the types of feed additives

A 
Antibiotics -> inhibit microorganisms 
Arsenicals -> control parasites 
Coccidostats  -> control coccidiosis 
Nitrofurans -> inhibit bacteria 
Hormone like production improves 
Enzymes 
Prigmenters
145
Q

Animal feed additives are regulated by?

A

FDA

Enforced by specific legislation
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RUSVM Nutrition (16 decks)

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