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RUSVM Nutrition > Dairy Cattle 2 > Flashcards

Dairy Cattle 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the traditional method of dairy cattle feeding?

A

Roughages and concentrate are fed at choice but separately

OR

Concentrates may be fed to cows individually according to milk production

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2
Q

What are the advantages of the traditional feeding system for dairy cattle

A

Less specialized equipment

Cow feeds according to needs (in theory)

Allows adjusting concentrate feeding to stage of lactation

Allows individual feeding for each cow

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3
Q

What are disadvantages to the traditional feeding system in dairy cattle?

A

Low producing cows generally overfed on concentrate and high producing cows are usually underfed

Dust in milking parlor-> hygiene
Cleanup of uneaten grain

Milking may be delayed b/c animals are eating

Cows restless during milking

Less control over feeding program

Continuous adjustment of concentrate to match production is needed

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4
Q

What is challenge or lead feeding?

A

Feeding higher levels of concentrate to try and induce more milk production (often practiced in small Jersey)

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5
Q

What is TMR

A

Total mixed ration

All ingredients blended together then fed to the cows free choice

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6
Q

T/F: when feeding TMR, no concentrates are fed on the milking parlor

A

True

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7
Q

What are advantages to TMR?

A

Each cow receives a balanced diet
Each cow is challenged to produce maximum genetic potential

Feed used more efficiently

Fewer cows have digestive problems or go off feed

No addition of minerals separate from ration

Less labor during feeding

Problems with low milk fat reduced

Cost of cow housing and feeding facilities are decreased

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8
Q

What are disadvantages to TMR?

A

Special equipment required for weighing and mixing ration

Hay is hard to include (very light)

Low-producers tend to get too fat

Cows need to be divided into groups

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9
Q

What are 6 common mistakes in TMR?

A 
Errors in mixing and scales 
Top dress
 Free choice 
Wet ingredient testing 
Error in mixing time 
Changing batch size
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10
Q

Why are cows grouped with TMR feeds?

A

Divide cows into similar production and nutrition needs

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11
Q

What is an automatic concentrate feeder?

A

Device attached to cow -> transponder to control amount of feed to each animal
Idea is to allow high-producing cows have access to more concentrate

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12
Q

T/F: when using TMR it is not important to weight he amount of hay

A

False

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13
Q

T/F: When using TMR, it is important to know the protein and moisture content of roughage such as corn silage

A

True

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14
Q

Why do the baby moos need colostrum?

A

Have an epitheliochorial placental that does not allow the transfer of immunoglobulins

Proteins actively participate in the protection of the neonate against pathogens and other postpartum environmental challenges

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15
Q

T/F: colostrum = milk

A

False.

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16
Q

Which animal would have the colostrum have a higher variety of immunoglobulins?

A. Cow at first lactation
B. Cow at second lactation
C. Cow at third lactation

A

C. Cow at third lactation

-> most exposure to disease -> best immune system and passive transfer

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17
Q

How is colostrum absorbed in the GI?

A

Proteolytic activity in the GI tract

Trypsin inhibitors present in colostrum

** conditions disappear in 48h post -partum***

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18
Q

Colostrum composition is regulated by what hormones during colostrogenesis

A

Estradiol and progesterone

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19
Q

How much colostrum does a dairy calf need?

A

1gallon within 12hrs of birth

2quarts within 1hr of brith and 2quart by 12hrs later

essential to avoid Failure of passive transfer

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20
Q

Can artificial colostrum replace the real thing?

A

Nope

Is nutritionally correct but does not include IGs

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21
Q

What are clinical signs are associated with failure of passive transfer?

A

Discharge -eyes and nose
Polyarthritis- joint and stance
Depressed
Scours

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22
Q

After colostrum uptake and before weaning, how are calves fed?

A

Artificial milk

Fat 10-20%
Protein >20%
Fiber <0.15%
Important to have protein of milk origin

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23
Q

Is individual or collective feeding better for feeding calves?

A

Individual - can measure the intake

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24
Q

When does weaning from artificial rearing occur?

A

6-8weeks of age

Palatable pellets should be gradually introduced from week 1

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25
Q

T/F: calves weaned before 5 weeks of age tend to be less resistant to disese

A

True

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26
Q

How are dairy heifers fed?

A

Good quality forage

Some grain/concentrate is always need -> growth and development

Can also use silage or TMR

27
Q

What problems can be associated with corn silage and breeding age heifers

A

Result in poor growth and fat -> dystocia

Is added to meet protein needs

28
Q

What breed of moo has the highest percentage of milk fat?

A

Jersey at 4.9%

29
Q

What are non-nutritional factors that can change milk fat?

A 
Season 
Stage of lactation -> lowest milk fat at peak lactation 
Genetics, breed, and selection 
High somatic cell counts -> mastitis 
Milking equipment problems 
Improper handling of samples
30
Q

What nutritional factors can cause low milk fat?

A

Low fiber
Low forage

High non-fiber carb intake

Ration particle too fine / too coarse

Protein deficiency

Mineral deficiency (sulphur)

Energy deficiency

31
Q

Why do we used the pen state shaker box?

A

Control the nutrient content and particle size of TMR

32
Q

What is the % of total weight of TMR in the upper, middle, lower, and bottom pans of the shaker box?

A

Upper: 2-8%

Middle: 30-50%

Lower: 10-20%

Bottom: 30-40%

33
Q

Dairy cattle BCS is done on what scale?

A

1-5

34
Q

BCS?

Very think
Showing deep depression around tailhead
No fat covering rump and loin

A

BCS 1

35
Q

BSC?

Moderately think
Sallow cavity around tailhead
Small amount of fat covering rump and Lon

A

2

36
Q

BCS?

No cavity around tailhead
Fatty tissue over whole rump and loin

A

3

37
Q

BCS?

Moderately fat
Fold of fatty tissue over tailhead
Patches of fat over the rump
Fairly heavy fat covering the loin

A

4

38
Q

BCS?

Very fat
Railhead buried in fat
Heavy fat covering rump and loin

A

5

39
Q

Why do we care about BCS in milk production

A

Think -> health issues
Fat -> difficulty calving and higher risk of fatty liver syndrome

BCS to improve efficiency and herd health

40
Q

At calving, BCS should be?

A

3-3.5

41
Q

After the voluntary waiting period, 85days after calving, what is the usual BCS of the cow

A

2-2.5

42
Q

What should the BCS of a cow be in in phase one of lactation?

A

3.0-3.5

43
Q

If the dairy cow in early lactation has a BCS of 3-3.5, but is not producing enough milk, you should check the ration for?

A

Appropriate protein and mineral levels

BCS in early lactation usually drops to 2-2.5 (reach peak lactation at this stage)

44
Q

An adult cow passes feces how often?

A

Every 2 hrs

-amount and consistency of manure varies with feed and water intake

45
Q

What are the 3 C’s in manure observation?

A

Colour
Consistency
Content

46
Q

Colour of manure is influenced by feed type, bile concentration, and passage of feedstuffs. What feedstuff will result in a dark green, dark brown, and yellow olive manure?

A

Dark green - fresh forage/pasture

Dark brown - hay ration

Yellow olive - TMR (grain and forage)

47
Q

Loose feces can indicate ________ and solid feces can indicated ___________

A

Heat stress; dehydration

48
Q

T/F: it is normal to have large portions of undigested grain or forage in manure

A

False

  • poor rumen fermentation
  • poor hindgut or large intestine fermentation
49
Q

What is the milk fat in Holstein cows?

A

2.5%

50
Q

Which metabolic disorder is related to low fiber and high grain intake?

A

Acidosis

51
Q

Which metabolic disorder is caused by calcium deficiency?

A

Milk fever

52
Q

Which metabolic disorder is caused by magnesium deficiency

A

Grass tetany

53
Q

Laminitis is associated with what metabolic disorder

A

Acidosis - high grain intake

54
Q

What is the cause of bloat ? What type of forage is associated?

A

Accumulation of excess grass in rumin

-> alfalfa –» frothy bloat, traps tiny bubbles in fiber mat

55
Q

Cows have …

Accelerated respiration and pulse 
Diarrhea
Freq urination 
Depressed appetite 
General weakness
Trembling, staggering 
Frothing at mouth 
Dark blood

EDx?

A

Nitrate poisoning

Excess in feed/water -> bacteria convert to nitrite -> reduced O2 carrying capacity

56
Q 
Hind limb stiffness
Partial paralysis 
Unable to rise 
Poor appetite 
Dry muzzle 
Reduced rumen movement 
Slow respiration 
Low temperature and cold ears

These are all symptoms of?

A

Milk fever

57
Q

What animals are more susceptible to milk fever

A

Jerseys and old animals

58
Q 
Loss of appetite
High pulse rate 
Diarrhea
Low skin temp 
Dehydration 
Drop in urine pH 
Low rumen ph 
Laminitis

These are symptoms of??

A

Acidosis

59
Q

A cow that is standing with with front feet elevated, what disease is this sign associated with?

A

Hardware disease

-> elevate front so pressure falls back off the heart

60
Q

Stiff movement
Loss of appetite
Frequent urination
Convulsions

Theses symptoms are associated with?

A

Grass tetany

61
Q 
Reduced feed intake 
Low milk yield a
Appear starved, depressed and dull 
Inactive rumen 
Acetone odor of breath 
Weight loss 
Unexplained increase in milk fat

These symptoms are associated with what disease?

A

Ketosis

  • > due to impaired carbohydrate and VFA metabolism
  • > mobilization of fat (common in high producing cows)
62
Q

Discomfort and pain
Reduced intake of feed and water
Reduced milk yield
Reduced volume of feces/dark coloured feces

Ping sound heard with stethoscope over rib cage

These symptoms are associated with what disease?

A

Displaced abomasum

63
Q

Is a displaced abomasum for common on left or right? Which has the better prognosis

A

Normally to left -> better prognosis

64
Q

What disease is associated with cows out on spring pasture

A

Grass tetany

RUSVM Nutrition (16 decks)

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