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Brain Bee > Susie Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Susie Chapter 8 Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

this is a set of instructions for making an organ of the body

A

genome

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2
Q

the first step in brain development is …

A

cell division

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3
Q

when individual cells stop dividing and take on specific characteristics (signals from different areas of neural tube turn on/off genes in different cells) -such as those of neurons or glial cells, this orders things spatially. this process is called…

A

cell differentiation

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4
Q

different kinds of neurons migrate to various locations is called…

A

pattern formation

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5
Q

this is formed by small patch of cells, the front is destined to form the brain, the rear to be the spinal cord. occurs during the 3rd week of human gestation.

A

neural plate

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6
Q

failure closure at the head end can result in the complete absence of an organised brain, a condition known as …

A

anencephaly

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7
Q

failure of neural tube closing at the lower spinal cord results in…

A

spina bifida

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8
Q

embryo sets up a number of localised __ regions in the neural tube that secrete signal molecules

A

polarizing

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9
Q

the molecule diffuses away from its source to form a __ of concentration with distance.

A

gradient

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10
Q

higher concentration of sonic hedgehog induces the expression of a gene that makes what type of neuron?

A

interneurons

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11
Q

lower concentration of sonic hedgehog induces expression of a gene that makes what type of neurons?

A

motor neurons

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12
Q

once a neuron stops dividing, it extends its axon with an enlarged tip (specialized for moving through tissue, suing its skills to select a favourable path) known as…

A

growth cone

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13
Q

this the cell of the body with the potential to change into all sorts of different kinds of other cells

A

stem cells

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14
Q

guidance cues from distance: chemorepulsion is called…

A

semaphorins

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15
Q

guidance cues from distance: chemoattraction is called…

A

netrins

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16
Q

guidance cue for contact attraction is called…

A

cadherins

17
Q

guidance cue for contact repulsion is called…

A

ephrins

18
Q

endoderm is the first layer of embryo, it is responsible for which area （1）of the body?

A

organs

19
Q

mesoderm is the second layer of embryo, it is responsible for which areas （3）of the body?

A

muscles, bones, connected tissue

20
Q

ectoderm is the third layer of embryo, it is responsible for which areas (2) of the body?

A

nervous system, skin

21
Q

oocyte+sperm cell=zygote (name this process)

A

fertilization

22
Q

zygote → blastula (name this process)

A

cleavage

23
Q

blastula → three-layered embryo (name this process)

A

gastrulation

24
Q

three-layered embryo → three-layered embryo with neural tube (name this process)

A

neurulation

25
Q

what releases sonic hedgehog and directs process to happen?

A

notochord

26
Q

neurulation occurs on the __ week after fertilization.

A

3rd

27
Q

gastrulation occurs on the __ week after fertilization.

A

2nd

28
Q

true or false

neural development occurs from fertilization to neurulation

A

false.

it occurs throughout lifetime.

29
Q

during which stage does cells of the blastyla rearrange themselves into three layers?

A

gastrulation

30
Q

on which stage does the process of differentiation happen?

A

gastrulation

31
Q

what is formed when the neural plate invaginates (fold in)?

A

neural tube

32
Q

how many genes are there in the human genome?

A

40,000

33
Q

true or false

fruit flies can be used to study human neuro-development because we share many of the same genes.

A

true

34
Q

what do we call the window of time when sensory stimulation is required for neurons to develop properly? (initial exuberant set of connections is sculpted during this period.)

A

critical period

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