Brain Bee Chapter 3 - Jacey Flashcards

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1
Q

Action Potentials are transmitted along axons to specialized regions called ______.

A

synapses

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2
Q

In a special region called synapses, the axons contact the _______ of other neurons.

A

dendrites

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3
Q

What do the dendrites of other neurons consist of?

A

presynaptic nerve ending

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4
Q

The presynaptic nerve ending is separated by a small ___ from the ____-________ _________.

A

gap, post-synaptic component

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5
Q

State the location of a presynaptic nerve ending

A

dendritic spine

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6
Q

true or false? the electrical currents are responsible for slowing down the action potential along axons that can bridge the synaptic gap.

A

false

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7
Q

Transmission across this gap is accomplished by chemical messengers are called
____________.

A

neurotransmitters.

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8
Q

what are neurotransmitters stored in?

A

synaptic vessels

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9
Q

true or false?
there are vesicles for storage and vesicles closer to nerve endings that are
ready to be released.

A

true

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10
Q

The arrival of an action potential leads to the opening of _______ that lets in _______.

A

ion channel, calcium

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11
Q

what activates enzymes that act on a range of presynaptic proteins?

A

The arrival of an action potential

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12
Q

state an example of exotic protein names xD

A

tagmin, snare, brevin

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13
Q

True or false: Neuroscientists have discovered (a long time ago) that these presynaptic proteins race around tagging and trapping others, causing the releasable synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane, burst open, and release the chemical messenger out of the nerve ending.

A

false, neuroscientists recently discovered this.

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14
Q

how wide is the synaptic cleft?

A

20 nm (nanometres)

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15
Q

when do synaptic vesicles reform?

A

when the membranes are swallowed back into the nerve ending

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16
Q

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

glutamate

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17
Q

define inhibition:

A

need to ask Sophia

18
Q

True or False? At inhibitory synapses, activation of receptors leads to the opening of ion channels that allow the
inflow of negatively charged ions giving rise to a change in membrane potential called an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (ipsp)

A

true

19
Q

does IPSP oppose membrane depolarisation and therefore the initiation of an action potential at the cell body of the receiving neuron?

A

yes it does

20
Q

is synaptic transmission a fast process or slow process?

A

very fast process

21
Q

the time taken from the arrival of an action potential at a synapse to the generation of an EPSP in the next neuron is very rapid - ____ of a second.

A

1/1000 of a second

22
Q

must different neurons time their glutamate to others within a short window of time/opportunity?

A

yes

23
Q

if the epsps in the receiving neuron are going to
add up to trigger a new impulse - _______ also has to operate within the same interval to be effective in shutting things down

A

inhibition

24
Q

Name two inhibitory neurotransmitters:

A

GABA and glycine

25
Q

true or false? the existence of a large number of other chemical agents released from neurons and many of these affect neuronal mechanisms by interacting with a very different set of proteins in the membranes of neurons called metabotropic receptors.

A

true

26
Q

do metabotropic receptors contain ion channels?

Are they localized in the synapse region?

A

no, no

27
Q

define neuromodulation:

A

the action of metatropic receptors

28
Q

where are metabotropic receptors usually found?

A

complex particles linking the outside of cell.

29
Q

when a neurotransmitter is recognized and bound by metabotropic receptor, bridging molecules called
_- _______ membrane bound enzymes are collectively triggered.

A

G-Proteins

30
Q

what does ionotropic receptors do?

A

opens a door for ions in the membrane

31
Q

what does a transmitter do?

A

kick-starts intracellular second messengers into

action

32
Q

Name the effects of neuromodulation:

A

ion channel changes, receptors, transporters and even the expression of genes.

33
Q

do the effects of neuromodulation have profound effects on impulse through neural networks?

A

yes!!

34
Q

name some messengers acting on G-Protein.

A

acetylcholine, dopamine and noradrenaline

35
Q

how many noradrenaline neurons are there in the human brain?

A

1600

36
Q

do noradrenaline neurons only send axons to the brain?

A

no!! they send axons to all parts of the brain and spinal chord.

37
Q

do neuromodulatory transmitters send out precise sensory info?

A

nope.

38
Q

why is noradrenaline released?

A

in response to various forms of novelty and stress and helps organize complex responses.

39
Q

what does dopamine do?

A

makes certain situations rewarding by acting on brain centres associated with positive emotional features

40
Q

what does acetylcholine do?

A

acts on ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

41
Q

true or false? The first
neurotransmitter uses ionic mechanisms to signal across the neuromuscular junction from motor neurons to striated muscle fibres

A

true!