Brain Bee Chapter 3 - Jacey

Question 1

Action Potentials are transmitted along axons to specialized regions called ______.

Answer 1

synapses

Question 2

In a special region called synapses, the axons contact the _______ of other neurons.

Answer 2

dendrites

Question 3

What do the dendrites of other neurons consist of?

Answer 3

presynaptic nerve ending

Question 4

The presynaptic nerve ending is separated by a small ___ from the ____-________ _________.

Answer 4

gap, post-synaptic component

Question 5

State the location of a presynaptic nerve ending

Answer 5

dendritic spine

Question 6

true or false? the electrical currents are responsible for slowing down the action potential along axons that can bridge the synaptic gap.

Answer 6

false

Question 7

Transmission across this gap is accomplished by chemical messengers are called
____________.

Answer 7

neurotransmitters.

Question 8

what are neurotransmitters stored in?

Answer 8

synaptic vessels

Question 9

true or false?
there are vesicles for storage and vesicles closer to nerve endings that are
ready to be released.

Answer 9

true

Question 10

The arrival of an action potential leads to the opening of _______ that lets in _______.

Answer 10

ion channel, calcium

Question 11

what activates enzymes that act on a range of presynaptic proteins?

Answer 11

The arrival of an action potential

Question 12

state an example of exotic protein names xD

Answer 12

tagmin, snare, brevin

Question 13

True or false: Neuroscientists have discovered (a long time ago) that these presynaptic proteins race around tagging and trapping others, causing the releasable synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane, burst open, and release the chemical messenger out of the nerve ending.

Answer 13

false, neuroscientists recently discovered this.

Question 14

how wide is the synaptic cleft?

Answer 14

20 nm (nanometres)

Question 15

when do synaptic vesicles reform?

Answer 15

when the membranes are swallowed back into the nerve ending

Question 16

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter?

Answer 16

glutamate

Question 17

define inhibition:

Answer 17

need to ask Sophia

Question 18

True or False? At inhibitory synapses, activation of receptors leads to the opening of ion channels that allow the
inflow of negatively charged ions giving rise to a change in membrane potential called an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (ipsp)

Answer 18

true

Question 19

does IPSP oppose membrane depolarisation and therefore the initiation of an action potential at the cell body of the receiving neuron?

Answer 19

yes it does

Question 20

is synaptic transmission a fast process or slow process?

Answer 20

very fast process

Question 21

the time taken from the arrival of an action potential at a synapse to the generation of an EPSP in the next neuron is very rapid - ____ of a second.

Answer 21

1/1000 of a second

Question 22

must different neurons time their glutamate to others within a short window of time/opportunity?

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

if the epsps in the receiving neuron are going to
add up to trigger a new impulse - _______ also has to operate within the same interval to be effective in shutting things down

Answer 23

inhibition

Question 24

Name two inhibitory neurotransmitters:

Answer 24

GABA and glycine

Question 25

true or false? the existence of a large number of other chemical agents released from neurons and many of these affect neuronal mechanisms by interacting with a very different set of proteins in the membranes of neurons called metabotropic receptors.

Answer 25

true

Question 26

do metabotropic receptors contain ion channels? Are they localized in the synapse region?

Answer 26

no, no

Question 27

define neuromodulation:

Answer 27

the action of metatropic receptors

Question 28

where are metabotropic receptors usually found?

Answer 28

complex particles linking the outside of cell.

Question 29

when a neurotransmitter is recognized and bound by metabotropic receptor, bridging molecules called _- _______ membrane bound enzymes are collectively triggered.

Answer 29

G-Proteins

Question 30

what does ionotropic receptors do?

Answer 30

opens a door for ions in the membrane

Question 31

what does a transmitter do?

Answer 31

kick-starts intracellular second messengers into | action

Question 32

Name the effects of neuromodulation:

Answer 32

ion channel changes, receptors, transporters and even the expression of genes.

Question 33

do the effects of neuromodulation have profound effects on impulse through neural networks?

Answer 33

yes!!

Question 34

name some messengers acting on G-Protein.

Answer 34

acetylcholine, dopamine and noradrenaline

Question 35

how many noradrenaline neurons are there in the human brain?

Answer 35

1600

Question 36

do noradrenaline neurons only send axons to the brain?

Answer 36

no!! they send axons to all parts of the brain and spinal chord.

Question 37

do neuromodulatory transmitters send out precise sensory info?

Answer 37

nope.

Question 38

why is noradrenaline released?

Answer 38

in response to various forms of novelty and stress and helps organize complex responses.

Question 39

what does dopamine do?

Answer 39

makes certain situations rewarding by acting on brain centres associated with positive emotional features

Question 40

what does acetylcholine do?

Answer 40

acts on ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

Question 41

true or false? The first neurotransmitter uses ionic mechanisms to signal across the neuromuscular junction from motor neurons to striated muscle fibres

Answer 41

true!