Susie Chapter 13

Question 1

how is the brain protected from immune responses or inflammation?

Answer 1

blood brain barrier- a specialised endothelial cells in the brain blood vessels, resistant to the passage of large molecules from the blood into the brain

Question 2

activation of the immune system triggers cells called __ and __ and __ __ __ that travel to the site of inflammation, and remove the pathogens

Answer 2

leucocytes, macrophages, acute phase proteins

Question 3

what response generates symptoms like fever, aches, sleepiness, and loss of appetite?

Answer 3

acute phase response

Question 4

true or false

the brain is an immunologically privileged organ

Answer 4

false

the brain can respond to signals from the immune system and from damaged tissues

Question 5

what produces acute phase proteins?

Answer 5

liver

Question 6

neural signals of injured or infected tissues can be pass via__ fibres and __nerve from the __

Answer 6

C, vagus, liver

Question 7

circulating signals of infected tissues include __ (inhibited by aspirin) and __ __ (proteins important for killing invader cells)

Answer 7

prostaglandins, complement proteins

Question 8

the most important circulating immune signal molecules (protein) are called…

Answer 8

cytokines

Question 9

what protein molecules stimulate immune system and inflammation such as swelling, local changes in blood flow, and the release of a second wave of inflammatory molecules?

Answer 9

cytokines

Question 10

what kind of stress can affect or inhibit our immune system?

Answer 10

stress that we cannot cope with (excessive work, major tragedies)

Question 11

what hormones are the most potent suppressors of immune function?

Answer 11

cortisol (steroid hormones)

Question 12

over production of immune molecules such as cytokines can contribute to what type of disease?

Answer 12

brain diseases (multiple sclerosis, stroke, and Alzheimer’s)

Question 13

this type of leukocytes sends macrophage and dendritic cells into the blood, they destroy any foreign cells they encounter by consuming them. this allow this type of leukocytes to identify the kind of pathogen and send signals to lymphocytes

Answer 13

phagocytes

Question 14

this type of leukocytes has a group of T-cells kill the pathogens. B-cell and T-cell creates antibodies, which is bound by antigens to kill the pathogens

Answer 14

lymphocytes

Question 15

this disease trick the immune cells to attack healthy cells

Answer 15

autoimmune disease

Question 16

what system regulates cytokine release?

Answer 16

sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Question 17

what kills the pathogens inside the brain (CNS)?

Answer 17

microglial cells (type of macrophages)

Question 18

why is brain immune privilged?

Answer 18

circulating immune cells cannot enter the brain