Susie Chapter 7 Flashcards
the neural activity that form a chain of command -from the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia to the cerebellum and spinal cord is called…
motor hierarchy
this part of the brain is responsible for the initiation and end of the movement. it is also important in learning, allowing the selection of actions that lead to rewards.
basal ganglia
the terminal branches of the axons of each motor neuron form specialised__ __ on to a limited number of muscle fibres within one muscle.
neuromuscular junctions
each action potential in a motor neuron causes the release of NT from __ __ and generates a corresponding action potential in the __ __. This causes __ ions to be released from intracellular stores inside each muscle fibre. This in turn triggers contraction of the muscle fibres, producing force and movement.
nerve endings, muscle fibres, Ca+
this area plans and provides sensory feedback for complex movements. integrates info from primary cortical areas.
cortical association area
these two areas contain a mental representation of where the body is in relation to the world
primary somatosensory cortex, posterior parietal cortex
this area processes sensory info from the parietal cortex
medial premotor area
this area plans complex movements including movements of the hands
lateral premotor area
this area contains mirror neurons important for imitating and learning actions
premotor cortex
this area coordinates complex movements and allows us to learn movement patterns, helps provide smooth body movements. also important in motor learning and adaptation.
cerebellum
a group of neurons in the __ __ fire together to specify an action
motor cortex
this tract carries info from the motor cortex to the muscle
corticospinal tract
which reflex doesn’t require instructions from the brian?
spinal reflex
if you damaged the left part of you spinal cord, where would motor function be affect?
left
if you damaged the left part of you spinal cord, where would deep touch sensation be affected?
left
if you damaged the left part of you spinal cord, where would pain and temperature sensation be affected?
right
the final successful nerve left releases its NT __ on to specialised molecular detectors at the __ __
ACh, motor endplate
this reflex protect you from sharp or hot objects
withdrawal reflex
this reflex has a role in posture
stretch reflex
motor neurons are the __ __ __ to the muscles that move your bones.
final common path
this cortex is a thin strip of tissue running across the surface of the brain, directly in front of the somatosensory cortex
motor cortex
this is used in which actions are specified by the firing of an ensemble of neurons
population code
this area is involved in planning actions, in preparing spinal circuits for movement, and in processes that establish links between seeing movements and understanding gestures.
pre-motor areas
this type of neuron is likely to be important in imitating and understanding actions
mirror neurons
this is a disease which causes people failing to notice objects (often on their left side) and some even ignore the left side of their own body.
parietal neglect
this lobe contains cortical areas that are responsible for spatial representation of the body and of visual and auditory targets around us
parietal lobe
the acquisition of skilled movements depends on a cellular learning mechanism called __ __, which reduces the strength of some synaptic connections.
long-term depression (LTD)
this amplifier can be used to measure the level of activity in each muscle
electro-myographic recordings (EMGs)
the release of dopamine is highest when the reward is expected/unexpected?
unexpected
which three parts make up basal ganglia?
globus pallidus, putamen + caudate nucleus(striatum)
what is the flat effect that happens on patients with Parkinson’s disease?
their expressions don’t change much even under stress condition
during the action potential, when membrane is depolarized, which channels open?
calcium
which ions diffuse and bind with the receptor on the muscle cell (motor end plate)?
ACh
after ACh bind with receptor, which ion enter the muscle cell causing small local depolarization and therefore triggers a bigger action potential within the cell?
sodium
which ion is released inside the cell for the bigger action potential which causes the muscle to contract, produces tension, and allows movements?
calcium
what part of the brain contains extensively branched Purkinje cell? (for precise timing of skilled movements)
cerebellum
true or false
the basal ganglia orchestrates most reflexes, including the knee-jerk reflex
false.
spinal cord does this
