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phonetics > Suprasegmentals. > Flashcards

Suprasegmentals. Flashcards

1
Q

Suprasegmentals are beyond the segments, what is meant by this?

A

It is beyond the consonants and vowels.

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2
Q

The way we produce the same utterance can ______ different _______.

A

Convey, Meaning.

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3
Q

Suprasegmentals are features that belong to all _____ ______.

A

Speech Units.

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4
Q

Name the Suprasegmentals.

A

Stress, Pitch/intonation, loudness, rhythm (all make up prosody).

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5
Q

What does stress, pitch, loudness and rhythm all make up?

A

Prosody.

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6
Q

What can pitch convey?

A

Meaning, emphasis, intention or emotion.

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7
Q

What is the normal pitch of someone called?

A

Their Fundamental Frequency.

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8
Q

What does pitch refer to?

A

Vibration of vocal folds.

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9
Q

What is pitch fluctuation?

A

The alteration of pitch over time or speech (sentences, phrases, words).

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10
Q

Pitch will change across an ______.

A

Utterance.

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11
Q

What is referred to as the music of speech?

A

Pitch.

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12
Q

____ is good at conveying emotion.

A

Pitch.

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13
Q

Pitch fluctuation is also reffered to as what?

A

Intonation.

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14
Q

What is intonation?

A

Tiny change in vocal cord movement.

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15
Q

What can pitch change also be called?

A

Tone.

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16
Q

There are 7 nuclear ______.

A

Tones.

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17
Q

Name some tones.

A 
Rise
Fall
Level
Rise-Fall
Fall-Rise
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18
Q

What does intonation give us an idea of?

A

The intention behind an utterance.

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19
Q

When learning a foreign language, what is the best way to blend in with the locals?

A

To know their intonation.

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20
Q

Where does tone normally occur?

A

At the nucleus.

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21
Q

Tone can also be known as _____ tone.

A

Nucleus.

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22
Q

Tone is the change in _____.

A

Pitch.

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23
Q

Where is the nucleus in English?

A

The nucleus tends to be at the end of a sentence.

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24
Q

When does tone(intonation)not appear at the end of an utterance (nucleus)?

A

When you want to emphasis something else within the utterance.

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25
Q

What are the functions of intonation?

A
  • Pragmatic= changes meaning of sentence
  • Grammatical= indicates clauses
  • Sociolinguistic= accent differences.
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26
Q

Intonation has a pragmatic function, more specifically an _______ role.

A

Illocutionary.

27
Q

Meanings of utterances are based around ______.

A

Intonation.

28
Q

Intonation can _____ an utterance which allows us to figure out what is going on. What function would this be?

A

Divide up, Grammatical Function.

29
Q

What is another function of intonation apart from pragmatic, grammatical and sociolinguistic?

A

Emotional :)

30
Q

Why does intonation have an emotional function?

A

As we can convey an intention through intonation for example anger, sarcasm, disappointment etc.

31
Q

The _____ or length of segments/units plays a small part in emphasis.

A

Duration.

32
Q

What is syllable length part of?

A

Stress (prominence) and affects rhythm.

33
Q

A sound or syllable that is held for a longer _____ is more ______.

A

Duration, Prominent.

34
Q

What is Loudness?

A

Physically the amount of airflow from the lungs that we build up and then release.

35
Q

The _____ of a syllable can affect stress.

A

Loudness.

36
Q

What are the 3 factors that play a part in stress?

A
  • Intonation
  • Loudness
  • Duration.
37
Q

What does stress refer to?

A

The overall prominence of a sound.

38
Q

How do we make a syllable more stressed?

A
  • Make it extra loud
  • Change the pitch/ Extra pitch
  • Give syllable extra length
39
Q

Is the stressed or unstressed syllable more prominent?

A

The stressed syllable is more prominent.

40
Q

Pitch Fluctuation
Loudness
Duration
All play a part in what?

A

Stress.

41
Q

The overall prominence of a syllable is known as ______.

A

Stress.

42
Q

Name the 2 types of stress.

A

Word Stress

Sentence Stress.

43
Q

What is word stress?

A

The stress of a syllable in individual words.

44
Q

When 2 or more syllables are stressed in a word, what is this known as?

A

Secondary Stress.

45
Q

Secondary Stress occurs in ____ words.

A

Longer.

46
Q

What is the stress of one syllable in a word called?

A

primary stress.

47
Q

In English what syllable is usually stressed? (Word Stress)

A

The 1st Syllable.

48
Q

When put into sentences, what happens to word stress?

A

Individual words don’t keep the same stress pattern, only certain syllables of the most important parts of words are stressed.

49
Q

Sentences stress makes sentences have a ______.

A

Rhythm.

50
Q

Stress in sentence stress are not ______ _____.

A

Whole words.

51
Q

Stressed syllables in sentence stress tend to be______ ______.

A

Spread out.

52
Q

Are functional words (of, to, on) stressed or unstressed in a sentence?

A

Unstressed.

53
Q

In sentences- We tend to stress one syllable in _______ words.

A

Content

54
Q

Name the two types of Rhythm in language.

A

Syllable-Timed

Stress-Timed

55
Q

Give an example of a syllable timed language.

A

Italian.

56
Q

What is a syllable-timed rhythm?

A

Syllables are produced at equal intervals.

57
Q

Given an example of a stress timed language.

A

English.

58
Q

What is a stress-timed rhythm?

A

Stressed syllables produced at equal intervals.

59
Q

Anything affecting the shape and size of the vocal folds can affect ______________.

A

Prosody. (eg. pitch)

60
Q

What is foreign accent syndrome?

A
  • Rare condition
  • After stroke
  • Affects rhythm and pitch
  • Prosody affected so sounds like different accent eg. Scottish to Italian.
61
Q

If you have a lung problem this can affect ______.

A

Loudness.

62
Q

Brain or Laryngeal Injury can cause problems with _____.

A

Prosody.

63
Q

In autism problems with prosody can often make them sound _____ or _______.

A

Monotonous, Exaggerated

64
Q

_____ issues can cause problems for the pitch of voice.

A

Physiological.

phonetics (26 decks)

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