Suprasegmentals. Flashcards
Suprasegmentals are beyond the segments, what is meant by this?
It is beyond the consonants and vowels.
The way we produce the same utterance can ______ different _______.
Convey, Meaning.
Suprasegmentals are features that belong to all _____ ______.
Speech Units.
Name the Suprasegmentals.
Stress, Pitch/intonation, loudness, rhythm (all make up prosody).
What does stress, pitch, loudness and rhythm all make up?
Prosody.
What can pitch convey?
Meaning, emphasis, intention or emotion.
What is the normal pitch of someone called?
Their Fundamental Frequency.
What does pitch refer to?
Vibration of vocal folds.
What is pitch fluctuation?
The alteration of pitch over time or speech (sentences, phrases, words).
Pitch will change across an ______.
Utterance.
What is referred to as the music of speech?
Pitch.
____ is good at conveying emotion.
Pitch.
Pitch fluctuation is also reffered to as what?
Intonation.
What is intonation?
Tiny change in vocal cord movement.
What can pitch change also be called?
Tone.
There are 7 nuclear ______.
Tones.
Name some tones.
Rise Fall Level Rise-Fall Fall-Rise
What does intonation give us an idea of?
The intention behind an utterance.
When learning a foreign language, what is the best way to blend in with the locals?
To know their intonation.
Where does tone normally occur?
At the nucleus.
Tone can also be known as _____ tone.
Nucleus.
Tone is the change in _____.
Pitch.
Where is the nucleus in English?
The nucleus tends to be at the end of a sentence.
When does tone(intonation)not appear at the end of an utterance (nucleus)?
When you want to emphasis something else within the utterance.
What are the functions of intonation?
- Pragmatic= changes meaning of sentence
- Grammatical= indicates clauses
- Sociolinguistic= accent differences.
Intonation has a pragmatic function, more specifically an _______ role.
Illocutionary.
Meanings of utterances are based around ______.
Intonation.
Intonation can _____ an utterance which allows us to figure out what is going on. What function would this be?
Divide up, Grammatical Function.
What is another function of intonation apart from pragmatic, grammatical and sociolinguistic?
Emotional :)
Why does intonation have an emotional function?
As we can convey an intention through intonation for example anger, sarcasm, disappointment etc.
The _____ or length of segments/units plays a small part in emphasis.
Duration.
What is syllable length part of?
Stress (prominence) and affects rhythm.
A sound or syllable that is held for a longer _____ is more ______.
Duration, Prominent.
What is Loudness?
Physically the amount of airflow from the lungs that we build up and then release.
The _____ of a syllable can affect stress.
Loudness.
What are the 3 factors that play a part in stress?
- Intonation
- Loudness
- Duration.
What does stress refer to?
The overall prominence of a sound.
How do we make a syllable more stressed?
- Make it extra loud
- Change the pitch/ Extra pitch
- Give syllable extra length
Is the stressed or unstressed syllable more prominent?
The stressed syllable is more prominent.
Pitch Fluctuation
Loudness
Duration
All play a part in what?
Stress.
The overall prominence of a syllable is known as ______.
Stress.
Name the 2 types of stress.
Word Stress
Sentence Stress.
What is word stress?
The stress of a syllable in individual words.
When 2 or more syllables are stressed in a word, what is this known as?
Secondary Stress.
Secondary Stress occurs in ____ words.
Longer.
What is the stress of one syllable in a word called?
primary stress.
In English what syllable is usually stressed? (Word Stress)
The 1st Syllable.
When put into sentences, what happens to word stress?
Individual words don’t keep the same stress pattern, only certain syllables of the most important parts of words are stressed.
Sentences stress makes sentences have a ______.
Rhythm.
Stress in sentence stress are not ______ _____.
Whole words.
Stressed syllables in sentence stress tend to be______ ______.
Spread out.
Are functional words (of, to, on) stressed or unstressed in a sentence?
Unstressed.
In sentences- We tend to stress one syllable in _______ words.
Content
Name the two types of Rhythm in language.
Syllable-Timed
Stress-Timed
Give an example of a syllable timed language.
Italian.
What is a syllable-timed rhythm?
Syllables are produced at equal intervals.
Given an example of a stress timed language.
English.
What is a stress-timed rhythm?
Stressed syllables produced at equal intervals.
Anything affecting the shape and size of the vocal folds can affect ______________.
Prosody. (eg. pitch)
What is foreign accent syndrome?
- Rare condition
- After stroke
- Affects rhythm and pitch
- Prosody affected so sounds like different accent eg. Scottish to Italian.
If you have a lung problem this can affect ______.
Loudness.
Brain or Laryngeal Injury can cause problems with _____.
Prosody.
In autism problems with prosody can often make them sound _____ or _______.
Monotonous, Exaggerated
_____ issues can cause problems for the pitch of voice.
Physiological.
