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phonetics > Phonology Week 7. > Flashcards

Phonology Week 7. Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics is focused on the ____ _____ of all languages. What are we to think of phonetics of?

A

Speech Sounds

think of it as- The anatomy of Speech Production :)

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2
Q

Phonology uses our knowledge of _____.

A

Phonetics.

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3
Q

Phonology is more to do with an _____ speaker.

A

Individual.

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4
Q

Phonetics or Phonology?:

-The ability to appropriately plan and execute articulators.

A

Phonetics.

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5
Q

Providing a transcription of speech production, or the visual analysis of articulation using ultrasound come under ________ , more specifically ______ knowledge.

A

Phonetics.

Articulatory.

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6
Q

What is meant by Phonological knowledge?

A

The awareness of how speech sounds are contrasted and combined to create meaningful words.

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7
Q

Define Phonology.

A

The study of how sounds are used and organised in natural language.

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8
Q

Phonology often refers to all the sounds and _____ of a particular ______.

A

Rules, Language.

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9
Q

In phonology what are the two aspects we focus on?

A
  • System

- Structure.

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10
Q

Phonological System refers to the use of _____ and ________.

A

Phonemes, allophones.

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11
Q

Phonological _____ refers more to the rules of the speaker uses.

A

Rules.

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12
Q

We must identify the Phonological _____ of an individual. What does this require?

A

System.

  • What vowels do they produce?
  • What consonants do they produce?
    ie. what are the phonemes?
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13
Q

What does the phonological system of a speaker give us?

A

It gives us a picture of the speech production of that specific speaker (or language).

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14
Q

What does the phonology of English refer to?

A
  • The vowels used
  • The consonants used
  • The rules used
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15
Q

Having a silent h at the end of a word is a ____ for English.

A

Rule.

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16
Q

In Scottish English we have ______ that are not used in English English. Give an example.

A

Consonants.

[x] in loch :)

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17
Q

We look at how the individual produces a series of words in order to get their _______ _________.

A

Phonological System.

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18
Q

From a phonological system, we can see what types of ______ the speaker can produce.

A

Phonemes.

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19
Q

In the phonological system, what must we determine?

A
  • What are the phonemes?

- What are the allophones?

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20
Q

A group/family of sounds is known as what?

A

A phoneme.

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21
Q

What is an Allophone?

A

A small variation of the phoneme/ member (or variant)of the phoneme group.

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22
Q

Phonemes are distinct from all other ______.

A

Phonemes.

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23
Q

Do our ears hear phonemes or allophones?

A

Phonemes.

24
Q

A phoneme is a ____ of sounds which are ______ similar.

A

Family (or group), Articulatorily.

25
Q

If one member of the family (_____) is used in place of the other, the meaning ______ ____ change, but will sound odd.

A

Allophone, will not.

26
Q

If one phoneme is used in place of another phoneme what happens normally? Give an example.

A

The meaning will change.

Shoe becomes sue.

27
Q

The phoneme has _______.

A

Allophones.

28
Q

The allophone is the ______ of a phoneme.

A

Variant.

29
Q

Do allophones change the meaning of a word?

A

No.

30
Q

Allophones are all ____ similar to one another.

A

Articulatory.

31
Q

When do allophones occur?

A

Allophones occur in phonetic contexts different to each other.

32
Q

There are _____ in terms of when to use an allophone.

A

Rules.

33
Q

What do allophones occur as a result of?

A

Context.

34
Q

In phonology, what are the rules we use known as?

A

Phonological Structure.

35
Q

Define what is meant by Phonological Structure.

A

The rules that govern what segments can be used where.

Eg. the rules for allophones and rules for phonemes.

36
Q

When examining Phonological structure, what are we looking for?

A

Does the speaker use any rules, are there any patterns here? etc.

37
Q

How do we test for a phoneme or allophone?

A

Minimal Pair Test.

38
Q

Explain the Minimal Pair Test.

A

-Pick a word
-Substitute one sound for another
-If there is a meaning difference then the sounds are contrastive so are phonemes (seem and teem)
-If there is no meaning difference then the sounds are allophones.
( Seem and sʷeem)

39
Q

When we take a word and replace one sound in it in order to see whether it’s a phoneme or allophone, what s this called?

A

A minimal Pair test.

40
Q

[s] and [t] are ______.

A

Phonemes.

41
Q

[s] and [sʷ] are ________.

A

Allophones

42
Q

Consider “Loch” and “Lock”, are [k] and [x] contrastive aka. phonemes in Scottish English?

A

Yes, as there is a meaning deifference.

43
Q

Aspiration isn’t contrastive in _______. But in Thai [p] and [pʰ] are contrastive so instead of being ________ like they are in English they are ______ in Thai.

A

English. Allophones, Phonemes.

44
Q

In Korean /l/ and /r/ are ______.

A

Allophones

45
Q

If Bob says “tat” instead of “cat” when shown a picture of a cat, to him what are [t] and [k]?

A

Allophones.

46
Q

We need to identify the ___ the speaker themselves are using. We need to identify their _____ and ______.

A

Rules. Allophones and Phonemes.

47
Q

How can we describe the distribution of allophones (rules and patterns)?

A
  • Complimentary Distribution

- Free Variation.

48
Q

When one allophone cannot be in the same place as the other, what is this known as?

A

Complimentary Distribution.

49
Q

Define Complimentary Distribution.

A

When two allophones are mutually exclusive; they appear in different environments.

50
Q

Complimentary distribution means we can _____ allophones around because it would sound odd. Give an example.

A

Sound.
pʰin
spin
-Can’t swap aspirated p and unaspirated p around without sounding funny.

51
Q

In Korean allophones /r/ and /l/ can only appear in specific contexts, /r/ before vowel, /l/ after vowel, therefore what does this mean?

A

They are in complimentary distribution.

52
Q

Apart from complimentary distribution, what is the other rule for allophones?

A

Free Variation.

53
Q

Define Free Variation.

A

When allophones are unconditioned by the environment.

54
Q

In free variation allophones the speaker can _____ between what allophone they want to use.

A

Choose.

55
Q

Give an example of free variation.

A

[pIʔ] or [pit], it means the same so it’s down to personal choice.

56
Q

Free Variation isn’t about ____ it is more about ______ information, for example region and style.

A

Context, Social.

phonetics (26 decks)

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