Phonology Week 7.

Question 1

Phonetics is focused on the ____ _____ of all languages. What are we to think of phonetics of?

Answer 1

Speech Sounds

think of it as- The anatomy of Speech Production :)

Question 2

Phonology uses our knowledge of _____.

Answer 2

Phonetics.

Question 3

Phonology is more to do with an _____ speaker.

Answer 3

Individual.

Question 4

Phonetics or Phonology?:

-The ability to appropriately plan and execute articulators.

Answer 4

Phonetics.

Question 5

Providing a transcription of speech production, or the visual analysis of articulation using ultrasound come under ________ , more specifically ______ knowledge.

Answer 5

Phonetics.

Articulatory.

Question 6

What is meant by Phonological knowledge?

Answer 6

The awareness of how speech sounds are contrasted and combined to create meaningful words.

Question 7

Define Phonology.

Answer 7

The study of how sounds are used and organised in natural language.

Question 8

Phonology often refers to all the sounds and _____ of a particular ______.

Answer 8

Rules, Language.

Question 9

In phonology what are the two aspects we focus on?

Answer 9

• System

- Structure.

Question 10

Phonological System refers to the use of _____ and ________.

Answer 10

Phonemes, allophones.

Question 11

Phonological _____ refers more to the rules of the speaker uses.

Answer 11

Rules.

Question 12

We must identify the Phonological _____ of an individual. What does this require?

Answer 12

System.

• What vowels do they produce?
• What consonants do they produce?
  ie. what are the phonemes?

Question 13

What does the phonological system of a speaker give us?

Answer 13

It gives us a picture of the speech production of that specific speaker (or language).

Question 14

What does the phonology of English refer to?

Answer 14

• The vowels used
• The consonants used
• The rules used

Question 15

Having a silent h at the end of a word is a ____ for English.

Answer 15

Rule.

Question 16

In Scottish English we have ______ that are not used in English English. Give an example.

Answer 16

Consonants.

[x] in loch :)

Question 17

We look at how the individual produces a series of words in order to get their _______ _________.

Answer 17

Phonological System.

Question 18

From a phonological system, we can see what types of ______ the speaker can produce.

Answer 18

Phonemes.

Question 19

In the phonological system, what must we determine?

Answer 19

• What are the phonemes?

- What are the allophones?

Question 20

A group/family of sounds is known as what?

Answer 20

A phoneme.

Question 21

What is an Allophone?

Answer 21

A small variation of the phoneme/ member (or variant)of the phoneme group.

Question 22

Phonemes are distinct from all other ______.

Answer 22

Phonemes.

Question 23

Do our ears hear phonemes or allophones?

Answer 23

Phonemes.

Question 24

A phoneme is a ____ of sounds which are ______ similar.

Answer 24

Family (or group), Articulatorily.

Question 25

If one member of the family (_____) is used in place of the other, the meaning ______ ____ change, but will sound odd.

Answer 25

Allophone, will not.

Question 26

If one phoneme is used in place of another phoneme what happens normally? Give an example.

Answer 26

The meaning will change. | Shoe becomes sue.

Question 27

The phoneme has _______.

Answer 27

Allophones.

Question 28

The allophone is the ______ of a phoneme.

Answer 28

Variant.

Question 29

Do allophones change the meaning of a word?

Answer 29

No.

Question 30

Allophones are all ____ similar to one another.

Answer 30

Articulatory.

Question 31

When do allophones occur?

Answer 31

Allophones occur in phonetic contexts different to each other.

Question 32

There are _____ in terms of when to use an allophone.

Answer 32

Rules.

Question 33

What do allophones occur as a result of?

Answer 33

Context.

Question 34

In phonology, what are the rules we use known as?

Answer 34

Phonological Structure.

Question 35

Define what is meant by Phonological Structure.

Answer 35

The rules that govern what segments can be used where. | Eg. the rules for allophones and rules for phonemes.

Question 36

When examining Phonological structure, what are we looking for?

Answer 36

Does the speaker use any rules, are there any patterns here? etc.

Question 37

How do we test for a phoneme or allophone?

Answer 37

Minimal Pair Test.

Question 38

Explain the Minimal Pair Test.

Answer 38

-Pick a word -Substitute one sound for another -If there is a meaning difference then the sounds are contrastive so are phonemes (seem and teem) -If there is no meaning difference then the sounds are allophones. ( Seem and sʷeem)

Question 39

When we take a word and replace one sound in it in order to see whether it's a phoneme or allophone, what s this called?

Answer 39

A minimal Pair test.

Question 40

[s] and [t] are ______.

Answer 40

Phonemes.

Question 41

[s] and [sʷ] are ________.

Answer 41

Allophones

Question 42

Consider "Loch" and "Lock", are [k] and [x] contrastive aka. phonemes in Scottish English?

Answer 42

Yes, as there is a meaning deifference.

Question 43

Aspiration isn't contrastive in _______. But in Thai [p] and [pʰ] are contrastive so instead of being ________ like they are in English they are ______ in Thai.

Answer 43

English. Allophones, Phonemes.

Question 44

In Korean /l/ and /r/ are ______.

Answer 44

Allophones

Question 45

If Bob says "tat" instead of "cat" when shown a picture of a cat, to him what are [t] and [k]?

Answer 45

Allophones.

Question 46

We need to identify the ___ the speaker themselves are using. We need to identify their _____ and ______.

Answer 46

Rules. Allophones and Phonemes.

Question 47

How can we describe the distribution of allophones (rules and patterns)?

Answer 47

- Complimentary Distribution | - Free Variation.

Question 48

When one allophone cannot be in the same place as the other, what is this known as?

Answer 48

Complimentary Distribution.

Question 49

Define Complimentary Distribution.

Answer 49

When two allophones are mutually exclusive; they appear in different environments.

Question 50

Complimentary distribution means we can _____ allophones around because it would sound odd. Give an example.

Answer 50

Sound. pʰin spin -Can't swap aspirated p and unaspirated p around without sounding funny.

Question 51

In Korean allophones /r/ and /l/ can only appear in specific contexts, /r/ before vowel, /l/ after vowel, therefore what does this mean?

Answer 51

They are in complimentary distribution.

Question 52

Apart from complimentary distribution, what is the other rule for allophones?

Answer 52

Free Variation.

Question 53

Define Free Variation.

Answer 53

When allophones are unconditioned by the environment.

Question 54

In free variation allophones the speaker can _____ between what allophone they want to use.

Answer 54

Choose.

Question 55

Give an example of free variation.

Answer 55

[pIʔ] or [pit], it means the same so it's down to personal choice.

Question 56

Free Variation isn't about ____ it is more about ______ information, for example region and style.

Answer 56

Context, Social.