Phonetics Theory- Semester Wk3 Allophonic Variation of Manner

Question 1

What is Nasalisation?

Answer 1

The addition of opening the velopharyngeal port/ lowering the velum.

Question 2

What cavity/cavities doe air go through during nasalisation?

Answer 2

Both Nasal Cavity and Oral Cavity.

Question 3

In nasalisation the _____ is lowered.

Answer 3

Velum.

Question 4

Nasalisation is _____ in both normal and disordered speech.

Answer 4

Common.

Question 5

What does nasalisation mostly affect?

Answer 5

Vowels (and approximants)

Question 6

[ɑ̃] - what does this mean?

Answer 6

That the a has been nasalised.

Question 7

If a vowel occurs between 2 nasal sounds, the vowel will be ________.

Answer 7

Nasalised.

Question 8

Why is a vowel nasalised when it’s between 2 nasal sounds?

Answer 8

As a shortcut as the velum can just stay lowered through the whole production :)

Question 9

Nasalisation occurs in English due to _______.

Answer 9

Context.

Question 10

In ______ for a nasal, nasalisation can occur before the nasal.

Answer 10

Preparation.

Question 11

In English, what contexts does nasalisation occur?

Answer 11

• 1-2 segments before a nasal consonant

- 1 segment following a nasal consonant.

Question 12

Nasalisation is not ______ in English.

Answer 12

Contrastive.

Question 13

NOTE- This nasalisation doesn’t refer to _____ _______.

Answer 13

Voice Quality.

Question 14

Name the 3 stages of Plosive Production.

Answer 14

Approach
Hold
Release

Question 15

Describe what a Nasal Approach to a plosive is.

Answer 15

• the articulators don’t move they are already together
• Only the Velum moves
• The velum moves from being down to being up
• Moving from a nasal to an oral airstream.

Question 16

What can Nasal/Lateral Approach/Release only occur in?

Answer 16

In homorganic pairs of sounds.

Question 17

What are homorganic sounds?

Answer 17

They have the same place of articulation.

Question 18

If it is a nasal approach, where does the superscript n appear?

Answer 18

Just before the sound :)

[n_]

Question 19

What approach would occur in the word-

“hand”?

Answer 19

Nasal approach.

Question 20

In nasal approach the velum shifts _____.

Answer 20

Up.

Question 21

Describe a lateral approach.

Answer 21

• Articulators don’t move, the tongue stays against alveolar ridge
• The sides of the tongue move from being lowered to being raised
• Aka. the sides of the tongue are raised.

Question 22

In lateral approach the ___________ are raised.

Answer 22

Sides of the tongue.

Question 23

What approach does
“cold”
demonstrate?

Answer 23

Lateral Approach.

Question 24

Lateral Approach only occurs in ______ pairs of sounds.

Answer 24

Homorganic.

Question 25

In lateral approach the shape of tongue changes from, _____ to ______

Answer 25

Lateral, Flat.

Question 26

What is the diacritic for a lateral approach?

Answer 26

A superscript [l_] before the sound.

Question 27

As well as having nasal and lateral approaches, what else can occur?

Answer 27

Nasal and Lateral release.

Question 28

In Nasal release the _____ stay together, only the _____ moves.

Answer 28

Articulators, Velum.

Question 29

In nasal release, does the velum move fro up to down or down to up?

Answer 29

Velum moves from up to down.

Question 30

How does Nasal Release shift the airstream?

Answer 30

It moves from an oral airstream to a nasal airstream.

Question 31

In “Submarine” what release would occur?

Answer 31

[bm] - a Nasal release.

Question 32

If you have a superscript [n] after a sound, what can we say this sound has?

Answer 32

A nasal release.

Question 33

A lateral release can only occur in _____ sounds, (so can only be _____ for lateral).

Answer 33

Homorganic, alveolar.

Question 34

In _____ release the articulators stay ______, only the sides of the tongue move.

Answer 34

Lateral, together.

Question 35

In lateral release the tongue sides move ______.

Answer 35

Down.

Question 36

What is the change in shape of the tongue for a lateral release?

Answer 36

Tongue shape changes from flat to lateral.

Question 37

[dˡ] what does this mean?

Answer 37

The [d] has a lateral release.

Question 38

What is an inaudible release/no release?

Answer 38

When the release phase cannot be heard.

Question 39

What 3 environments can an inaudible release occur?

Answer 39

1. When a plosive is produced before another plosive at a different place of articulation.
2. When a plosive is produced before a fricative at a different place of articulation.
3. In WF position, before a pause eg. at the end of a word like “stop”.

Question 40

What does this mean? - p̚

Answer 40

The [p] has an inaudible release.

Question 41

What is [d] in “bad dog” an example of?

Answer 41

An Unreleased Plosive.

Question 42

In an unreleased plosive, the two sounds merge, what is this called?

Answer 42

Gemination.

Question 43

In an unreleased plosive the _____ phase is just ______.

Answer 43

Hold, lengthened.

Question 44

If the same plosive occurs twice together in a word, we delay the ______, this is called an ______ ______.

Answer 44

Release, Unreleased Plosive.

Question 45

When a plosive sounds a bit like a fricative, what is this called?

Answer 45

The narrow release of a plosive.

Question 46

The narrow release of a plosive can also be referred to as an _____ ______.

Answer 46

Affricated stop.

Question 47

Describe the narrow release of plosives.

Answer 47

• Release Phase is narrow.

- This creates a slight friction noise on release.

Question 48

What does a superscript [x] or [z] mean?

Answer 48

It means Narrow Release.