Phonological Analysis Review and Speech Acquisition Week 9

Question 1

What is a way of describing patterns of errors in speech production?

Answer 1

Phonological Processes.

Question 2

What do we use to asses problems in children with speech difficulties?

Answer 2

We use normal guidelines, and compare the child against the norm.

Question 3

Name the 4 most common processes affecting syllable structure.

Answer 3

• Weak Syllable Deletion
• Reduplication
• Final Consonant Deletion
• Cluster Reduction.

Question 4

Name the 2 less common processes affecting syllable structure.

Answer 4

Epenthesis

Metathesis

Question 5

What is assimilation processes?

Answer 5

One sound becomes more like another within a word.

Question 6

Give an example of assimilation process.

Answer 6

Saying “peep” instead of “seep”.

Question 7

Name the 6 Most common processes affecting syllable system.

Answer 7

• Fronting
• Stopping
• Deaffrication
• Gliding
• Context Sensitive Voicing (pre-vocalic/post-vocalic voicing)
• Consonant Cluster Simplification.

Question 8

Alveolarisation, vocalisation, labialisation and stopping of liquids at=re all less common processes affecting _____ _______.

Answer 8

Syllable System.

Question 9

There may be more to phonological errors than just ______ _____________.

Answer 9

Phonological processes.

Question 10

What does a child’s speech acquisition refer to?

Answer 10

The development of the individual sounds (not in words).

Question 11

In terms of the origin of speech, what happens in the womb?

Answer 11

• Children learn to differentiate their mother’s voice from other voices
• Learn to differentiate their mother’s language from other languages.

Question 12

How do children acclimatise to a language?

Answer 12

They listen to commonly occurring phonemes and allophones, so they have an idea of what noises are important.

Question 13

At birth, what does a children’s cry tell us?

Answer 13

It tells us that they can identify prosodic intention. (cry is similar to the prosody of their native language).

Question 14

From birth onwards, name the development the child goes through.

Answer 14

There is Oromusculature and cognitive development.

Question 15

During Oromusculature/cognitive development, coos turn to ______. What are these?

Answer 15

Babbles = Repetition a syllable.

Question 16

Babbles eventually turn into what?

Answer 16

Spoken words.

Question 17

By age 5, what can most children do?

Answer 17

They can produce most consonants and vowels.

Question 18

What sound a 5 year old still have particular difficulty with?

Answer 18

Dental Fricatives.

Question 19

Why doe we need to know about speech acquisition?

Answer 19

In order to understand what is going on with that child so we are able to plan intervention.

Question 20

If the phonological processes are not age appropriate/ atypical, what may be needed?

Answer 20

May need to target specific areas for intervention.

Question 21

Name the “Between Child” Factors that affect typical speech acquisition.

Answer 21

• Age
• Sex
• Socioeconomic Status
• Language Ability.

Question 22

How can sex affect speech acquisition?

Answer 22

Some argue that girls acquire speech earlier than boys.

Question 23

How does socioeconomic status affect speech acquisition?

Answer 23

Some evidence shows that children from a higher socioeconomic background (richer) acquire speech earlier.

Question 24

Speech and Language (ability/skills) are ________.

Answer 24

Interlinked.

Question 25

Generally children with typical language skills will have typical ___________ _______.

Answer 25

Speech skills.

Question 26

Name “within child” factors that affect speech acquisition.

Answer 26

• Pragmatic Factors

- Personal Factors.

Question 27

Explain how pragmatic factors can affect speech production.

Answer 27

A child may avoid words or sounds as they have been told they are hard to understand.

Question 28

Explain how personal factors can impact speech acquisition.

Answer 28

A child’s performance may be affected by time of day, huger, tiredness, boredom and anxiety.

Question 29

Speech production can vary ____ a child (pragmatic/personal factors), so what is done to ensure we are using the correct intervention?

Answer 29

Within. We don’t see a child just once- see them on more than one occasion and the environment has to be suitable.

Question 30

Apart form between and within child factors, what other factors affect typical speech acquisition?

Answer 30

Phonetic, phonological and lexical factors.

Question 31

Name the 3 phonetic, phonological and lexical factors affecting speech acquisition.

Answer 31

• Vocabulary Size
• Word Frequency
• Phonotactics
• Phonetic Complexity
• Functional Load

Question 32

How does Word Frequency affect speech production?

Answer 32

-High frequency (more common) words are much more accurate during speech acquisition.

Question 33

What frequency of words are better to target during intervention?

Answer 33

High Frequency Words.

Question 34

What did some studies show regarding word vocabulary and babbling?

Answer 34

Children with delayed babbling had smaller vocabularies.

Question 35

Early speech production may trigger _______ learning. (expand _______)

Answer 35

Word, Vocabulary.

Question 36

How does Phonotactics affect speech production?

Answer 36

The longer the word, the more likely the child will have production errors.

Question 37

Complex syllables eg. ______ clusters are also more likely to have errors.

Answer 37

Consonant.

Question 38

When assessing a child, what do phonetic, phonological and lexical factors of speech acquisition prove?

Answer 38

We must have a basic assessment.

Question 39

What is phonetic complexity?

Answer 39

How difficult a sound is to articulate.

Question 40

Initially in clinic, we should work with _____ ______ consonants. Why?

Answer 40

Early Emerging.

They are less phonetically complex.

Question 41

Give a few example’s of early emerging consonants.

Answer 41

p
m
n
w
h

Question 42

If we say a sound has a high functional load, what is meant by this?

Answer 42

That the sound appears/is used in many words.

Question 43

Sounds emerging first tend to have a high _________ _________.

Answer 43

Functional Load.

Question 44

Typical Speech Acquisition:

• 0 to 6wks = ____ and fuss.
• ___ to __ weeks = coo, laugh, produce vowel sounds.
• 16 to 30 weeks = _____-like vocalisations.
• 31 to 59 weeks = reduplicated ______.

Answer 44

Cry
6 to 16
Syllable
Babbling.

Question 45

From ages 1;10 to 2;6, what is acquired?

Answer 45

All the vowels.

Question 46

What are the initial vowels produced?

Answer 46

i = ee 
a = aa

Question 47

The age of acquisition for _____ varies depending on each study.

Answer 47

Consonants.

Question 48

Name the 8 early consonants.

Answer 48

m
b
j
n
w
d
p
h

Question 49

The early 8 consonants have a low what?

Answer 49

They have a low phonetic complexity aka. are easy to produce.

Question 50

t
k
g
f
v
j
are some examples of the \_\_\_\_\_\_ 8 consonants.

Answer 50

Middle.

Question 51

The Late 8 sounds are the most _____ to produce.

Answer 51

Complex.

Question 52

What sounds are generally the most complex to produce?

Answer 52

• Liquids
• Dental Fricatives
• Grooved fricatives (s,z)