Phonological Analysis Review and Speech Acquisition Week 9 Flashcards
What is a way of describing patterns of errors in speech production?
Phonological Processes.
What do we use to asses problems in children with speech difficulties?
We use normal guidelines, and compare the child against the norm.
Name the 4 most common processes affecting syllable structure.
- Weak Syllable Deletion
- Reduplication
- Final Consonant Deletion
- Cluster Reduction.
Name the 2 less common processes affecting syllable structure.
Epenthesis
Metathesis
What is assimilation processes?
One sound becomes more like another within a word.
Give an example of assimilation process.
Saying “peep” instead of “seep”.
Name the 6 Most common processes affecting syllable system.
- Fronting
- Stopping
- Deaffrication
- Gliding
- Context Sensitive Voicing (pre-vocalic/post-vocalic voicing)
- Consonant Cluster Simplification.
Alveolarisation, vocalisation, labialisation and stopping of liquids at=re all less common processes affecting _____ _______.
Syllable System.
There may be more to phonological errors than just ______ _____________.
Phonological processes.
What does a child’s speech acquisition refer to?
The development of the individual sounds (not in words).
In terms of the origin of speech, what happens in the womb?
- Children learn to differentiate their mother’s voice from other voices
- Learn to differentiate their mother’s language from other languages.
How do children acclimatise to a language?
They listen to commonly occurring phonemes and allophones, so they have an idea of what noises are important.
At birth, what does a children’s cry tell us?
It tells us that they can identify prosodic intention. (cry is similar to the prosody of their native language).
From birth onwards, name the development the child goes through.
There is Oromusculature and cognitive development.
During Oromusculature/cognitive development, coos turn to ______. What are these?
Babbles = Repetition a syllable.
Babbles eventually turn into what?
Spoken words.
By age 5, what can most children do?
They can produce most consonants and vowels.
What sound a 5 year old still have particular difficulty with?
Dental Fricatives.
Why doe we need to know about speech acquisition?
In order to understand what is going on with that child so we are able to plan intervention.
If the phonological processes are not age appropriate/ atypical, what may be needed?
May need to target specific areas for intervention.
Name the “Between Child” Factors that affect typical speech acquisition.
- Age
- Sex
- Socioeconomic Status
- Language Ability.
How can sex affect speech acquisition?
Some argue that girls acquire speech earlier than boys.
How does socioeconomic status affect speech acquisition?
Some evidence shows that children from a higher socioeconomic background (richer) acquire speech earlier.
Speech and Language (ability/skills) are ________.
Interlinked.
Generally children with typical language skills will have typical ___________ _______.
Speech skills.
Name “within child” factors that affect speech acquisition.
- Pragmatic Factors
- Personal Factors.
Explain how pragmatic factors can affect speech production.
A child may avoid words or sounds as they have been told they are hard to understand.
Explain how personal factors can impact speech acquisition.
A child’s performance may be affected by time of day, huger, tiredness, boredom and anxiety.
Speech production can vary ____ a child (pragmatic/personal factors), so what is done to ensure we are using the correct intervention?
Within. We don’t see a child just once- see them on more than one occasion and the environment has to be suitable.
Apart form between and within child factors, what other factors affect typical speech acquisition?
Phonetic, phonological and lexical factors.
Name the 3 phonetic, phonological and lexical factors affecting speech acquisition.
- Vocabulary Size
- Word Frequency
- Phonotactics
- Phonetic Complexity
- Functional Load
How does Word Frequency affect speech production?
-High frequency (more common) words are much more accurate during speech acquisition.
What frequency of words are better to target during intervention?
High Frequency Words.
What did some studies show regarding word vocabulary and babbling?
Children with delayed babbling had smaller vocabularies.
Early speech production may trigger _______ learning. (expand _______)
Word, Vocabulary.
How does Phonotactics affect speech production?
The longer the word, the more likely the child will have production errors.
Complex syllables eg. ______ clusters are also more likely to have errors.
Consonant.
When assessing a child, what do phonetic, phonological and lexical factors of speech acquisition prove?
We must have a basic assessment.
What is phonetic complexity?
How difficult a sound is to articulate.
Initially in clinic, we should work with _____ ______ consonants. Why?
Early Emerging.
They are less phonetically complex.
Give a few example’s of early emerging consonants.
p m n w h
If we say a sound has a high functional load, what is meant by this?
That the sound appears/is used in many words.
Sounds emerging first tend to have a high _________ _________.
Functional Load.
Typical Speech Acquisition:
- 0 to 6wks = ____ and fuss.
- ___ to __ weeks = coo, laugh, produce vowel sounds.
- 16 to 30 weeks = _____-like vocalisations.
- 31 to 59 weeks = reduplicated ______.
Cry
6 to 16
Syllable
Babbling.
From ages 1;10 to 2;6, what is acquired?
All the vowels.
What are the initial vowels produced?
i = ee a = aa
The age of acquisition for _____ varies depending on each study.
Consonants.
Name the 8 early consonants.
m b j n w d p h
The early 8 consonants have a low what?
They have a low phonetic complexity aka. are easy to produce.
t k g f v j are some examples of the \_\_\_\_\_\_ 8 consonants.
Middle.
The Late 8 sounds are the most _____ to produce.
Complex.
What sounds are generally the most complex to produce?
- Liquids
- Dental Fricatives
- Grooved fricatives (s,z)
