Phonological Processes Week 8 Flashcards
What do we use to analyse the use of
phonemes and allophones?
Phonological Analysis.
What do we find out when we analyse the phonological system?
What vowels and consonants are used.
How do we find the phonological system of an individual?
Through Speech Assessment.
We use a ____ ________ _______ to elicit data from your client.
standardised speech assessment.
STAP, DEAP, EAT and CLEAR are all examples of what?
Phonological assessments.
What is the general layout of a phonological assessment?
Client names pictures and the therapist transcribes.
In phonological assessment what do we determine?
What Phonemes and Allophones are used, and if they obey any rules.
The expected phonological sounds to be made at a certain age is known as what?
Phonological Development.
What is a phonological disorder?
Not the right order of phonological development.
What is delayed development?
The correct order of phonological development, just slower than normal.
What is naturalness/ a natural feature?
Natural features are easy to articulate aka come more naturally.
What is Markedness?
A marked feature is phonologically more complex, so is harder to articulate, it is less common across languages.
When we start to develop marked sounds, we often will go back to producing ______ sounds in their place because they are easier to produce.
Natural.
What is the most natural syllable shape?
CV
Are plosives considered to be more or less natural than fricatives?
Plosives are more natural than fricatives.
What are more natural?
-voiced plosives/fricative/affricates or voiceless plosives/fricatives/affricates.
`Voiceless plosives/fricatives/affricates.
Voiced approximants are more _____ than voiceless approximants.
Natural.
What is easier?
[ta] or [da]
[ta]
What is easier/
[ta] or [sa]
[ta]
Initially when we start producing speech, what syllable shape are we most likely to produce?
CV.
We tend to reduce _____ sounds to natural sounds.
Marked.
According to Stampe, what is phonology governed by?
A set of natural sounds/ natural phonological processes.
__________ is the easier ways of producing sounds.
Naturalness.
What did Stampe believe about Naturalness?
That naturalness is innate, it is not learned.
What is a phonological process?
Processes convert a difficult aspect of the target sound into something that is phonologically similar but less difficult/challenging to produce.
Making a harder sound easier to produce by changing it to something phonologically similar, is known as what?
A phonological process.
As we phonologically develop, we ignore the _____ urge for naturalness in order to achieve what?
Innate, To achieve Markedness.
A phonological process can either be age appropriate (______) or it can be _______ speech.
Common, Disordered.
Generally at what age do most phonological processes stop?
At around 3 years old :)
Phonological processes can affect ______ structure.
Syllable.
What were adopted by SLTs as a way of describing errors in children’s speech?
Phonological Processes.
Name the 3 phonological processed affecting syllable structure.
Repetition (repeating a syllable)
Deletion (deleting a syllable)
Reduction (shortening a syllable).
What syllables are normally deleted?
Weak Syllables/ unstressed syllables.
In multisyllabic words, the ______ syllable is deleted.
Unstressed.
It is expected that a child younger than 3 1/2 will delete ________ syllables.
Unstressed.
Deleting an unstressed syllable is known as what?
Weak Syllable Deletion.
What is reduplication?
The complete or partial repetition of a syllable.
Syllables are repeated in place of ______ ________.
Other Syllables.
Saying [titi] instead of [teacher], what is this an example of?
Reduplication.
What is the deletion of a consonant in the Syllable Final position known as?
Final Consonant Deletion.
[bi] instead of [bean] - is an example of what?
Final Consonant Deletion.
If more than 1 consonant is deleted form a WI, WM or WF, what is this called?
Cluster Reduction.
Cluster Reduction occurs due to _______.
Context.
With a-
plosive + approximant
fricative + approximant
what sound will not be reduced in a cluster reduction?
Approximant is not produced.
If [st], [sp] are cluster reduced, what sound is not produced?
[s].
Both fricatives and approximants are ______ developing sounds.
Late.
In cluster reduction, fricatives and approximants, what sound is deleted?
Either or, as they are both developing.
What is Epenthesis?
Insertion of segment (often schwa) in the middle of a word.
Metathesis is the _____ of consonant production.
Reversible.
Name this-
Processes that describe the changes to consonants or vowels in a word.
Phonological Processes affecting system.
What is meant by a phonological process affecting system?
Typically a marked feature replaced with easier feature.
Name some typical phonological processes affecting system.
- Fronting
- Stopping: fricatives
- Stopping: affricates
- Deaffrication
- Gliding
- Pre-vocalic voicing
- Post-Vocalic voicing
- Consonant cluster simplification.
What is fronting?
Target consonants are produced at an anterior position. (produced further forward).
In Fronting, what would the following words be produced as?
[goat]
[sheep]
[Doat]
[seep]
Why is fronting a common phonological process?
It is easier to make a sound with a more frontal position.
Define stopping: fricatives.
When target fricatives produced as homorganic plosives.
If stopping occurred here what sound would be produced?
“sea”
“tea”
When a target affricate is produced as a (near) homorganic plosive, what is this known as?
Stopping : affricate.
If “jam” is produced “dam” what type of phonological process is this?
Stopping: affricate.
What is Deaffrication?
The substitution of an affricate with a fricative.
In Deaffrication we substitute an affricate with a ________.
Fricative.
What is Gliding?
When liquid sounds /l/ and /r/ are produced as /j/ and /w/.
When liquid sounds /l/ and /r/ are produced as /j/ and /w/, what is this known as?
Gliding.
What is this an example of?
Saying “wing” instead of “ring”.
Gliding.
What is the loss of voiced/voiceless contrast before a vowel known as?
Pre-Vocalic Voicing
Explain Pre-Vocalic Voicing.
When a voiceless sound is replaced with its voiced equivalent before a vowel.
Saying “bea” instead of “pea” is an example of what?
Pre-Vocalic Voicing.
What is post-vocalic voicing?
Substitution of a voiced sound with a voiceless sound at the end of a word. (after the vowel)
“bag” being produced “bak” is an example of what?
Post-Vocalic Voicing
What is consonant cluster simplification?
Substitution of one or more consonants with an easier consonant.
Marked sounds are replaced with ______ sounds.
Natural.
An example of Consonant ______ ________ is producing [sti] instead of [ski].
Cluster Simplification.
-Alveolarisation
-Vocalisation
-Labialisation
-Stopping of liquids
Are all examples of what?
Less common substitution processes.
Name this-
The less common substitution of labiodental consonant with an alveolar consonant. eg. an [f] with an [s].
Alveolarisation
Name this-
The less common substitution of syllabic consonant such as /l/ with a vowel. Give an example.
Vocalisation.
“apo” instead of “apple”.
______ is the substitution of a non-labial consonant with a labial (bilabial or labiodental) consonant. Eg. “sun” produced “fun”.
Labialisation.
The stopping of liquids is the substitution of a _____ consonant with a _____ consonant.
Liquid, Plosive.
Normally in typical speech there is a ______ of phonological ________.
Combination, Processes.
What do we name processes that are atypical in English phonological development?
Atypical Phonological Processes.
Name 2 atypical phonological processes.
- Initial Consonant Deletion.
- Backing.
What is Initial consonant deletion?
When the first consonant in syllable Initial/ word initial position is deleted,
Name this phonological process:
Saying “eet” instead of “feet”.
Initial Consonant Deletion.
Is Initial Consonant Deletion typical or atypical?
Atypical.
What is backing?
When target consonants are produced at a posterior position.
In backing an alveolar consonant could be made ______ or ___________.
Velar, Post-alveolar.
What is saying “bak” instead of “bat” an example of?
Backing.
Is backing typical?
No backing is atypical (fronting is typical).
