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phonetics > Phonological Processes Week 8 > Flashcards

Phonological Processes Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What do we use to analyse the use of

phonemes and allophones?

A

Phonological Analysis.

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2
Q

What do we find out when we analyse the phonological system?

A

What vowels and consonants are used.

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3
Q

How do we find the phonological system of an individual?

A

Through Speech Assessment.

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4
Q

We use a ____ ________ _______ to elicit data from your client.

A

standardised speech assessment.

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5
Q

STAP, DEAP, EAT and CLEAR are all examples of what?

A

Phonological assessments.

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6
Q

What is the general layout of a phonological assessment?

A

Client names pictures and the therapist transcribes.

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7
Q

In phonological assessment what do we determine?

A

What Phonemes and Allophones are used, and if they obey any rules.

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8
Q

The expected phonological sounds to be made at a certain age is known as what?

A

Phonological Development.

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9
Q

What is a phonological disorder?

A

Not the right order of phonological development.

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10
Q

What is delayed development?

A

The correct order of phonological development, just slower than normal.

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11
Q

What is naturalness/ a natural feature?

A

Natural features are easy to articulate aka come more naturally.

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12
Q

What is Markedness?

A

A marked feature is phonologically more complex, so is harder to articulate, it is less common across languages.

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13
Q

When we start to develop marked sounds, we often will go back to producing ______ sounds in their place because they are easier to produce.

A

Natural.

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14
Q

What is the most natural syllable shape?

A

CV

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15
Q

Are plosives considered to be more or less natural than fricatives?

A

Plosives are more natural than fricatives.

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16
Q

What are more natural?

-voiced plosives/fricative/affricates or voiceless plosives/fricatives/affricates.

A

`Voiceless plosives/fricatives/affricates.

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17
Q

Voiced approximants are more _____ than voiceless approximants.

A

Natural.

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18
Q

What is easier?

[ta] or [da]

A

[ta]

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19
Q

What is easier/

[ta] or [sa]

A

[ta]

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20
Q

Initially when we start producing speech, what syllable shape are we most likely to produce?

A

CV.

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21
Q

We tend to reduce _____ sounds to natural sounds.

A

Marked.

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22
Q

According to Stampe, what is phonology governed by?

A

A set of natural sounds/ natural phonological processes.

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23
Q

__________ is the easier ways of producing sounds.

A

Naturalness.

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24
Q

What did Stampe believe about Naturalness?

A

That naturalness is innate, it is not learned.

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25
Q

What is a phonological process?

A

Processes convert a difficult aspect of the target sound into something that is phonologically similar but less difficult/challenging to produce.

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26
Q

Making a harder sound easier to produce by changing it to something phonologically similar, is known as what?

A

A phonological process.

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27
Q

As we phonologically develop, we ignore the _____ urge for naturalness in order to achieve what?

A

Innate, To achieve Markedness.

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28
Q

A phonological process can either be age appropriate (______) or it can be _______ speech.

A

Common, Disordered.

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29
Q

Generally at what age do most phonological processes stop?

A

At around 3 years old :)

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30
Q

Phonological processes can affect ______ structure.

A

Syllable.

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31
Q

What were adopted by SLTs as a way of describing errors in children’s speech?

A

Phonological Processes.

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32
Q

Name the 3 phonological processed affecting syllable structure.

A

Repetition (repeating a syllable)
Deletion (deleting a syllable)
Reduction (shortening a syllable).

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33
Q

What syllables are normally deleted?

A

Weak Syllables/ unstressed syllables.

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34
Q

In multisyllabic words, the ______ syllable is deleted.

A

Unstressed.

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35
Q

It is expected that a child younger than 3 1/2 will delete ________ syllables.

A

Unstressed.

36
Q

Deleting an unstressed syllable is known as what?

A

Weak Syllable Deletion.

37
Q

What is reduplication?

A

The complete or partial repetition of a syllable.

38
Q

Syllables are repeated in place of ______ ________.

A

Other Syllables.

39
Q

Saying [titi] instead of [teacher], what is this an example of?

A

Reduplication.

40
Q

What is the deletion of a consonant in the Syllable Final position known as?

A

Final Consonant Deletion.

41
Q

[bi] instead of [bean] - is an example of what?

A

Final Consonant Deletion.

42
Q

If more than 1 consonant is deleted form a WI, WM or WF, what is this called?

A

Cluster Reduction.

43
Q

Cluster Reduction occurs due to _______.

A

Context.

44
Q

With a-
plosive + approximant
fricative + approximant
what sound will not be reduced in a cluster reduction?

A

Approximant is not produced.

45
Q

If [st], [sp] are cluster reduced, what sound is not produced?

A

[s].

46
Q

Both fricatives and approximants are ______ developing sounds.

A

Late.

47
Q

In cluster reduction, fricatives and approximants, what sound is deleted?

A

Either or, as they are both developing.

48
Q

What is Epenthesis?

A

Insertion of segment (often schwa) in the middle of a word.

49
Q

Metathesis is the _____ of consonant production.

A

Reversible.

50
Q

Name this-

Processes that describe the changes to consonants or vowels in a word.

A

Phonological Processes affecting system.

51
Q

What is meant by a phonological process affecting system?

A

Typically a marked feature replaced with easier feature.

52
Q

Name some typical phonological processes affecting system.

A
  • Fronting
  • Stopping: fricatives
  • Stopping: affricates
  • Deaffrication
  • Gliding
  • Pre-vocalic voicing
  • Post-Vocalic voicing
  • Consonant cluster simplification.
53
Q

What is fronting?

A

Target consonants are produced at an anterior position. (produced further forward).

54
Q

In Fronting, what would the following words be produced as?
[goat]
[sheep]

A

[Doat]

[seep]

55
Q

Why is fronting a common phonological process?

A

It is easier to make a sound with a more frontal position.

56
Q

Define stopping: fricatives.

A

When target fricatives produced as homorganic plosives.

57
Q

If stopping occurred here what sound would be produced?

“sea”

A

“tea”

58
Q

When a target affricate is produced as a (near) homorganic plosive, what is this known as?

A

Stopping : affricate.

59
Q

If “jam” is produced “dam” what type of phonological process is this?

A

Stopping: affricate.

60
Q

What is Deaffrication?

A

The substitution of an affricate with a fricative.

61
Q

In Deaffrication we substitute an affricate with a ________.

A

Fricative.

62
Q

What is Gliding?

A

When liquid sounds /l/ and /r/ are produced as /j/ and /w/.

63
Q

When liquid sounds /l/ and /r/ are produced as /j/ and /w/, what is this known as?

A

Gliding.

64
Q

What is this an example of?

Saying “wing” instead of “ring”.

A

Gliding.

65
Q

What is the loss of voiced/voiceless contrast before a vowel known as?

A

Pre-Vocalic Voicing

66
Q

Explain Pre-Vocalic Voicing.

A

When a voiceless sound is replaced with its voiced equivalent before a vowel.

67
Q

Saying “bea” instead of “pea” is an example of what?

A

Pre-Vocalic Voicing.

68
Q

What is post-vocalic voicing?

A

Substitution of a voiced sound with a voiceless sound at the end of a word. (after the vowel)

69
Q

“bag” being produced “bak” is an example of what?

A

Post-Vocalic Voicing

70
Q

What is consonant cluster simplification?

A

Substitution of one or more consonants with an easier consonant.

71
Q

Marked sounds are replaced with ______ sounds.

A

Natural.

72
Q

An example of Consonant ______ ________ is producing [sti] instead of [ski].

A

Cluster Simplification.

73
Q

-Alveolarisation
-Vocalisation
-Labialisation
-Stopping of liquids
Are all examples of what?

A

Less common substitution processes.

74
Q

Name this-

The less common substitution of labiodental consonant with an alveolar consonant. eg. an [f] with an [s].

A

Alveolarisation

75
Q

Name this-

The less common substitution of syllabic consonant such as /l/ with a vowel. Give an example.

A

Vocalisation.

“apo” instead of “apple”.

76
Q

______ is the substitution of a non-labial consonant with a labial (bilabial or labiodental) consonant. Eg. “sun” produced “fun”.

A

Labialisation.

77
Q

The stopping of liquids is the substitution of a _____ consonant with a _____ consonant.

A

Liquid, Plosive.

78
Q

Normally in typical speech there is a ______ of phonological ________.

A

Combination, Processes.

79
Q

What do we name processes that are atypical in English phonological development?

A

Atypical Phonological Processes.

80
Q

Name 2 atypical phonological processes.

A
  • Initial Consonant Deletion.

- Backing.

81
Q

What is Initial consonant deletion?

A

When the first consonant in syllable Initial/ word initial position is deleted,

82
Q

Name this phonological process:

Saying “eet” instead of “feet”.

A

Initial Consonant Deletion.

83
Q

Is Initial Consonant Deletion typical or atypical?

A

Atypical.

84
Q

What is backing?

A

When target consonants are produced at a posterior position.

85
Q

In backing an alveolar consonant could be made ______ or ___________.

A

Velar, Post-alveolar.

86
Q

What is saying “bak” instead of “bat” an example of?

A

Backing.

87
Q

Is backing typical?

A

No backing is atypical (fronting is typical).

phonetics (26 decks)

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