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BAMS Human Systems > Summary Alimentary > Flashcards

Summary Alimentary Flashcards

1
Q

what compromises the pharyngeal plexus and what type of fibres are present in it?

A

Vegus nerve fibres
glossopharyngeal fibres
motor/sensory nerve fibres

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1
Q

what vessels are closely related to the pharyngeal plexus?

A

internal and external corroted artery

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2
Q

name the pharyngeal constrictors.

A

superior, middle, inferior

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3
Q

how to the pharyngeal constrictors differ in arrangement compared to the rest of the GIT?

A

they have inner longitudinal and outer circular arrangements of muscle

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4
Q

what role do pharyngeal constrictors perform?
what happens if the nerve supply to this became damaged?
how would you test for this?

A

constriction of pharynx
food can’t pass down sufficiently
ask patient to say ‘ahhh’ if uvula goes to 1 side the nerve supply is damaged

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5
Q

describe the muscle layers in the muscular externa as you move from superior to inferior?

A

muscle is strained in the upper third sad transitions to smooth muscle in its lower third.

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6
Q

what are the anatomical regions of the stomach?

A

cardia, funds, pylorus, body (antrum)

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7
Q

what attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

greater omentum (yellow fatty tissue)

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8
Q

what is contained within the greater omentum?

A

adipose tissue
lymphatics
blood vessels
nerves

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9
Q

what is the role of the greater omentum?

A

encases infection

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10
Q

what structures are closely related to the oesophagus?

A
  • lines in neck thorax and abdomen
  • posterior to trachea and heart
  • pierces diaphragm
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11
Q

how do muscle types vary throughout the length of the oesophagus?

A

upper - skeletal
middle - mixed
lower - smooth

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12
Q

what form the lower oesphageal spincter?

A

diaphragm

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13
Q

what is the function of the temporalis?

A

elevation and retraction of mandible

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14
Q

what is the nerve supply of the temporalis?

A

trigeminal nerve (mandibular division)

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15
Q

what is the function and nerve supply of the buccinator?

A

maintains food in middle of oral cavity
- facial nerve (buccal branch)

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16
Q

what common pathology mat result in the buccinator not functioning and what are the functional consequences for patient?

A

stroke
- which leads to drooling
= can’t maintain food in the middle of the oral cavity

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17
Q

what are the origins and intersections of the masster muscle?

A

originates from zygotic arch (maxillary process of zygomatic bone).

inserts onto angle and lateral surfaces of the ramus of the mandible.

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18
Q

what is the function of the masster?

A

elevation and protrusion of the mandible

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19
Q

what is the nerve supply to the masster?

A

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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20
Q

how would you clinically test the integrity of the masster muscle?

A

get patient to clench teeth
- feel the bulk and power of the muscle

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21
Q

how do the secretions produced by the parotid gland enter the oral cavity?

A

pass through buccinator to open opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth

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22
Q

what nerve passes through the buccinator muscle?

A

facial nerve

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23
Q

what type of secretions do the paranoid glands produce?

A

serous
(watery)

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24
Q

what are the 3 major salivary glands and what secretions do they produce?

A

parotid gland = serous
submandibular = mixed seromucinous
sublingual = mucous

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25
Q

what are the components of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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26
Q

what are the anatomical boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A

base of skull and soft palate

27
Q

what types of lymphoid tissue are closely related to the opening of the auditory tube?

A

pharyngeal and tubal tonsils

28
Q

what does the auditory tube communicate with and why is this such a problematic site in children?

A

middle ear
its short and straight in children so allows easier access for infection

29
Q

what are the folds called on the inner lining of the stomach?

A

rugae

30
Q

what are the different cell types in cardia, body and pylorus of stomach?

A

c - mucous
b -parietal cells
p -mucous

31
Q

what is the material called that is churned in the stomach?

A

chyme

32
Q

what helps with the churning of chyme in the stomach?

A

muscularis propria and externa

33
Q

what are the divisions of the gut and which one does the stomach come under?

A

foregut = stomach
midgut
hindgut

34
Q

what type of cells exist in the gastric lining?
what are they produce?

A

parietal cells = produce hydrochloric acid
chief cells = found in lower regions and produce pepsin
mucous/surface mucous cells = produce mucosa

35
Q

what rule can be applied (site, incidence, size, %) for population affected with meckel’s diverticulum?

A

RULE OF 2
- within 2 feet from ileocaecal valve
- it affects 2% of population
- if symptomatic it presents before the age of 2
- approximately 2 inches long.

36
Q

what cell types are present in meckel’s diverticulum?

A

gastric, pancreatic or colonic mucosa
- mixture of these

37
Q

what is periodontitis?

A

ill mucosa is eroded which leads to inflammation of peritoneum
- ruptures gastric tissue

38
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder?

A

concentrate and store bile.

39
Q

what is the duct called that comes from he gallbladder?

A

cystic duct

40
Q

what is bile?

A

Contains water, cholesterol, bile pigments, phospholipids and bicarbonate
responsible for fat digestion

41
Q

what is gallstones?

A

crystalline bodies made of cholesterol or bilirubin and calcium salts

42
Q

what are they 2 main functional regions of the pancreas gland?

A

exocrine (hormonal)
endocrine (digestive)

43
Q

what functional group forms the bulk of the pancreas?

A

exocrine (99%)

44
Q

what is the most common pathology to affect the pancreas?

A

diabetes millitus

45
Q

what is the blood supply for the pancreas?
where do these vessels arise from?

A

superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
- from gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric arteries respectively

46
Q

where does the blood in the hepatic portal vein arise from?

A

GI organs, non-paired abdominal organs ie. small and large intestine

47
Q

what vessels unite to prom the hepatic portal vein?

A

superior mesenteric vein
splenic vein

48
Q

where do anastomoses (joining vessels) occur?

A

oesophagus & stomach
- can become enlarged in portal hypertension

49
Q

what is portal hypertension?
why is it so dangerous?

A

increase in pressure in the liver
- results in raised pressure in oesophageal and gastric vessels
- may rupture resulting in haematemesis

50
Q

what division of the gut does the coeliac trunk supply?

A

foregut

51
Q

what division of the gut does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

midgut

52
Q

where do the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery originate from?

A

abdominal aorta

53
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the liver called?

A

left
right
caudate
quadrate

54
Q

what is the function of the liver?

A

produce bile
synthesise proteins
inactivate hormones and drugs
coagulation

55
Q

where does bile produced in the liver open into in the intestinal tract?

A

via the major duodenal papilla
through the sphincter of oddi
into the 2nd part of duodenum

56
Q

what is the arterial supply of the liver?

A

hepatic artery

57
Q

where does the arterial supply of the liver (hepatic artery) arise from?

A

coeliac trunk

58
Q

what other structures are closely related to the coeliac trunk?

A

hepatic portal vein
bile duct

59
Q

what is the region called where all structures enter the liver?

A

porta hepatitis

60
Q

what is the round ligament of the liver?

A

remnants of the umbilical vein which lies in the free edge of the falciform ligament

61
Q

what is the purpose of the umbilical vein in foetal life?

A

bypasses the liver to allow nutrients to reach foetus directly rather than being processed in the liver

62
Q

name some other anatomical structures closely related to the liver?

A

Diaphragm, stomach, gallbladder, large intestine (transverse colon/hepatic flexure), right kidney, right and left costal margins, inferior vena cava, duodenum, oesophagus

63
Q

what cell types are present in the Islets of Langerhan’s?

A

alpha beta and delta cells

64
Q

what do alpha, beta and delta cells secrete in the Islets of Langerhan’s?

A

a - glucagon
b - insulin
d - somatostatin

65
Q

what pathology can be associated with defects of the beta cells in the pancreas?

A

diabetes melitus

BAMS Human Systems (33 decks)

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