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BAMS Human Systems > ES. Glands and Hormones > Flashcards

ES. Glands and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what is the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

infundibulum

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2
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

thermoregulation
hormone secretion
circadian rhythms
motivation
emotions

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3
Q

what are the 2 groups of hormones secreted by hypothalamus?

A

primary and throphic

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4
Q

how does thermoregulation work?

A
  • low core body temp recognised by thermoreceptors in hypothalamus
  • they compare temp with ‘set point’
  • effectors increase heat production and decrease heat loss
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5
Q

how does the hypothalamus have a role in regulating the circadian rhythm?

A

responding to day/night cycles

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6
Q

where do hormones produces in the hypothalamus pass?

A

posterior pituitary along nerve axons

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7
Q

where are hormones produced in the hypothalamus released into circulation?

A

in posterior pituitary

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8
Q

the hypothalamus produces releasing hormones. where do these pass and via what?

A

to anterior pituitary via blood vessels

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9
Q

the hypothalamus produces releasing hormones. what do these trigger?

A

secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary

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10
Q

name hypothalamic hormones.

A

corticotropin releasing hormone
gonadotropin releasing hormone
thyrotropin releasing hormone
growth hormone releasing hormone
somatostatin (GH inhibiting hormone )

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11
Q

which hormones are related from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
growth hormone
prolactin

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12
Q

what does it mean if it is a hypothalamic releasing hormone?

A

have trophic effect and acts somewhere else after release of second hormone

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13
Q

what clinical effect would removing cortisol quickly have on a patient?

A

may lead to hypersensitivity to adrenaline

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14
Q

what does the stimulus do to the hypothalamus in feedback?

A

causes it to release releasing hormones to stimulate pituitary gland

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15
Q

what does negative feedback of thyroid hormone effect?

A

anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

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16
Q

how are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin produced and where?
where do they pass?

A

by neurons in the hypothalamus
pass along axons to posterior part of pituitary

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17
Q

what are the 2 nucleuses in the pituitary gland?

A

supraoptic and paraventricular

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18
Q

where does the antidiuretic hormone act and what does it do?**

A

kidney - water reabsorption in collecting ducts

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19
Q

what oxytocin do?

A
  • contraction of uterus (parturition)
  • milk ejection
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20
Q

what does prolactin do?

A

breast development and milk production

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21
Q

……………

A
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22
Q

where is the thyroid gland found?

A

in neck anterior to trachea

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23
Q

which hormones are produced in the thyroid gland?

A

thyroid hormones, T3, T4, calcitonin

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24
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

regulated calcium levels

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25
Q

what cells produce calcitonin?

A

parafollicular c cells

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26
Q

what is T3 thyroid hormone?

A

tri-iodo-thyronine

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27
Q

what is T3 thyroid hormone?

A

tri-iodo-thyronine

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28
Q

what does T4 thyroid hormone in respect to T3?

A

precursor for T3

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29
Q

what do T3 and T4 thyroid hormones do?

A
  • increase metabolic rate of cells
  • determines basal metabolic rate
  • essential for normal metal and childhood growth
  • permissive effect on action of adrenaline by up regulating adrenoreceptors
30
Q

what are the 2 main disorders of the thyroid hormone?

A

under or over secretion

31
Q

what is undersecretion of the thyroid hormone called in adults and children?

A

hypothyroidism = adult
cretinism, myoxydema = child

32
Q

what are the 2 terms to describe over secretion?

A

hyperthyroidism
graves disease

33
Q

what is simple goitre?

A

thyroid swelling associated with iodine deficiency
- low levels of thyroxine results in increases secretion of TSH

34
Q

how do you fix myxodema?

A

treat with thyroxine

35
Q

how many parathyroid glands is there and where do they lie?

A

4-5
- deep surface of thyroid gland

36
Q

how much pancreatic tissue is made of islets of langerhans?

A

1-2%

37
Q

what 3 hormones do islets of langerhans produce?

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin

38
Q

what is insulin released in response to and what does it do?

A

response to raised blood glucose level
acts to lower blood glucose

39
Q

insulin facilitates glucose entry into what..?

A

muscle cells, adipocytes (glucose uptake by liver is mot insulin dependent)

40
Q

insulin promotes to formation of what?

A

glycogen
triglycerides
facilitates protein synthesis

41
Q

how do we promote insulin secretion?

A

high blood glucose
high blood amino acids
glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide
vagus nerve activity

42
Q

how do we inhibit the secretion of insulin?

A

adrenaline
sympathetic nerves
somatostatin

43
Q

why is glucagon released and what does it act on?

A

response to low blood glucose concentration
acts to raise blood glucose

44
Q

what actions does glucagon do?

A
  • glycogenolysis in liver
  • gluconeogenesis in liver
  • lipolysis and ketone synthesis
45
Q

how do we promote the secretion of glucagon?

A

low blood glucose
high blood amino acids
cholecystokinin
autonomic nerve activity

46
Q

how do we inhibit secretion of glucagon?

A

insulin
somatostatin

47
Q

what metabolic changes take place in diabetes mellitus?

A

gluconeogenesis
lipolysis

48
Q

what is diabetes mellitus?

A

elevated blood glucose concentration due to decreases glucose uptake by cells

49
Q

what are the clinical features of diabetes mellitus?

A

polyuria (increased urine production)
polydipsia (increased fluid intake, thirsty)
glycosuria (glucose in urine)
diabetic neuropathy
skin and oral diseases (periodontitis, xerostomia)

50
Q

what type of diabetes is insulin dependent from onset?

A

type 1

51
Q

what type of diabetes is insulin independent from onset?

A

type 2

52
Q

describe the insulin secretion in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

type 1 = decreased
type 2 = normal

53
Q

how does the target cell respond to insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

type 1 = normal
type 2 = decreased

54
Q

which type of diabetes is considered late onset?

A

type 2

55
Q

which type of diabetes is related to being overweight?

A

type 2

56
Q

what is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

diet
oral hypoglycaemic agents

57
Q

what is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A

insulin injections and control diet

58
Q

where do the adrenal gland lie?

A

on top of the kidneys

59
Q

what are 3 cortex hormones?

A

aldosterone
cortisol
androgens

60
Q

where is cortisol produced in adrenal cortex?

A

zona fasciculata

61
Q

what are the actions of cortisol?

A

metabolic effects
permissive effects
antiinflammatory, imunosuppressant

62
Q

where is aldosterone produced?

A

zona glomerulosa

63
Q

what is the release of aldosterone controlled by?

A

reninangiotensin system

64
Q

what are the actions of aldosterone?

A
  • promotes reabsorption of Na+ and H20 in kidney
  • increases excretion of H+ and K+
65
Q

where do gonadocorticoids come from?

A

zona fasciculata and reticulates of adrenal cortex

66
Q

what do androgens contribute to?

A

growth and pubertal growth spurt

67
Q

what can excess glucocorticoids lead to?

A

bushings syndrome

68
Q

what can excess androgens lead to?

A

adrenal-genital syndrome

69
Q

what controls the adrenal medulla?

A

pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves

70
Q

what do adrenal medulla cells produce? what does this do?

A

adrenaline
- augments action of sympathetic nervous system

71
Q

what happens as a result go adrenal insufficiency? what is this?

A

Addisons disease
- decreased adrenal function and reduced levels of adrenal hormones:
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids

BAMS Human Systems (33 decks)

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